Back to products

Browse products

Approved anticancer agents

Anticancer agents in trials

Anticancer molecular libraries

Drug intermediates

Bio-reagents and biochemicals

MedKoo product information:

Vandetanib

Vandetanib is an orally bioavailable 4-anilinoquinazoline. Vandetanib selectively inhibits the tyrosine kinase activity of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGF2), thereby blocking VEGF-stimulated endothelial cell proliferation and migration and reducing tumor vessel permeability. This agent also blocks the tyrosine kinase activity of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a receptor tyrosine kinase that mediates tumor cell proliferation and migration and angiogenesis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus).

Vandetanib is being developed by AstraZeneca. In April 2011, Vandetanib became the first drug to be approved by FDA for treatment of late-stage (metastatic) medullary thyroid cancer in adult patients who are ineligible for surgery. Vandetanib was first initially marketed without a tradename, and is being marketed under the trade name Caprelsa since August 2011. (source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandetanib).

Vandetanib is also  a medication currently undergoing clinical trials as a potential targeted treatment for non-small-cell lung cancer. There have been some promising results from a phase III trial with docetaxel.  There have also been ambivalent results when used with pemetrexed. Another trial with docetaxel was recruiting in July 2009. AstraZeneca withdrew EU regulatory submissions for Zactima in October 2009 after trials showed no benefit when the drug was administered alongside chemotherapy. (source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandetanib).

Current developer:    AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP.

1: Duplomb S, Benoit A, Mechtouff-Cimarelli L, Cho TH, Derbel O, Peix JL, de la Fouchardière C. Unusual Adverse Event With Vandetanib in Metastatic Medullary Thyroid Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011 Dec 12. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 22162581.

2: Langmuir PB, Yver A. Vandetanib for the Treatment of Thyroid Cancer. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Dec 7. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2011.272. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 22158569.

3: Ernesto S, Arpin D, Nesme P, Pérol M. Diffuse Interstitial Lung Disease Linked to Vandetanib. Clin Lung Cancer. 2011 Nov 29. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 22133289.

4: Koch L. Pharmacotherapy: Vandetanib-a new therapeutic option in advanced medullary thyroid cancer. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011 Nov 15;8(1):1. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2011.198. PubMed PMID: 22083086.

5: Solomon B, Rischin D. Progress in Molecular Targeted Therapy for Thyroid Cancer: Vandetanib in Medullary Thyroid Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011 Oct 24. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 22025155.

6: Wells SA Jr, Robinson BG, Gagel RF, Dralle H, Fagin JA, Santoro M, Baudin E, Elisei R, Jarzab B, Vasselli JR, Read J, Langmuir P, Ryan AJ, Schlumberger MJ. Vandetanib in Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Medullary Thyroid Cancer: A Randomized, Double-Blind Phase III Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2011 Nov 21. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 22025146.

7: Qi WX, Tang LN, He AN, Shen Z, Yao Y. The role of vandetanib in the second-line treatment for advanced non-small-cell-lung cancer: a meta-analysis of four randomized controlled trials. Lung. 2011 Dec;189(6):437-43. Epub 2011 Oct 11. PubMed PMID: 21986852.

8: Ahn J, Wee WR, Lee JH, Hyon JY. Vortex keratopathy in a patient receiving vandetanib for non-small cell lung cancer. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2011 Oct;25(5):355-7. Epub 2011 Sep 20. PubMed PMID: 21976946; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3178773.

9: Giovannetti E, Zucali PA, Assaraf YG, Leon LG, Smid K, Alecci C, Giancola F, Destro A, Gianoncelli L, Lorenzi E, Roncalli M, Santoro A, Peters GJ. Preclinical emergence of vandetanib as a potent antitumour agent in mesothelioma: molecular mechanisms underlying its synergistic interaction with pemetrexed and carboplatin. Br J Cancer. 2011 Nov 8;105(10):1542-53. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2011.400. Epub 2011 Oct 4. PubMed PMID: 21970874.

10: Saletti P, Sessa C, De Dosso S, Cerny T, Renggli V, Koeberle D. Phase I dose-finding study of vandetanib in combination with gemcitabine in locally advanced unresectable or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Oncology. 2011;81(1):50-4. Epub 2011 Sep 15. PubMed PMID: 21921646.

11: Deshpande H, Roman S, Thumar J, Sosa JA. Vandetanib (ZD6474) in the Treatment of Medullary Thyroid Cancer. Clin Med Insights Oncol. 2011;5:213-21. Epub 2011 Jul 20. PubMed PMID: 21836817; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3153121.

12: Wong HL, de Boer RH. Vandetanib for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2011 Oct;12(14):2271-8. Epub 2011 Aug 6. PubMed PMID: 21819274.

13: Bai F, Johnson J, Wang F, Yang L, Broniscer A, Stewart CF. Determination of vandetanib in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2011 Sep 1;879(25):2561-6. Epub 2011 Jul 18. PubMed PMID: 21803003; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3162072.

14: Monteverde M, Tonissi F, Fischel JL, Etienne-Grimaldi MC, Milano G, Merlano M, Lo Nigro C. Combination of docetaxel and vandetanib in docetaxel-sensitive or resistant PC3 cell line. Urol Oncol. 2011 Jul 25. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21795074.

15: Commander H, Whiteside G, Perry C. Vandetanib: first global approval. Drugs. 2011 Jul 9;71(10):1355-65. doi: 10.2165/11595310-000000000-00000. PubMed PMID: 21770481.

16: Brassard M, Neraud B, Trabado S, Salenave S, Brailly-Tabard S, Borget I, Baudin E, Leboulleux S, Chanson P, Schlumberger M, Young J. Endocrine effects of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor vandetanib in patients treated for thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Sep;96(9):2741-9. Epub 2011 Jun 29. PubMed PMID: 21715537.

17: Zhang L, Li S, Zhang Y, Zhan J, Zou BY, Smith R, Martin PD, Jiang Y, Liao H, Guan Z. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of vandetanib in Chinese patients with solid, malignant tumors: an open-label, phase I, rising multiple-dose study. Clin Ther. 2011 Mar;33(3):315-27. PubMed PMID: 21600385.

18: Gao M, Lola CM, Wang M, Miller KD, Sledge GW, Zheng QH. Radiosynthesis of [11C]Vandetanib and [11C]chloro-Vandetanib as new potential PET agents for imaging of VEGFR in cancer. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2011 Jun 1;21(11):3222-6. Epub 2011 Apr 20. PubMed PMID: 21549594.

19: Brave SR, Odedra R, James NH, Smith NR, Marshall GB, Acheson KL, Baker D, Howard Z, Jackson L, Ratcliffe K, Wainwright A, Lovick SC, Hickinson DM, Wilkinson RW, Barry ST, Speake G, Ryan AJ. Vandetanib inhibits both VEGFR-2 and EGFR signalling at clinically relevant drug levels in preclinical models of human cancer. Int J Oncol. 2011 Jul;39(1):271-8. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2011.1022. Epub 2011 Apr 29. PubMed PMID: 21537841.

20: Mayer EL, Dallabrida SM, Rupnick MA, Redline WM, Hannagan K, Ismail NS, Burstein HJ, Beckman JA. Contrary effects of the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor vandetanib on constitutive and flow-stimulated nitric oxide elaboration in humans. Hypertension. 2011 Jul;58(1):85-92. Epub 2011 Apr 11. PubMed PMID: 21482957.

21: Brooks S, Linehan WM, Srinivasan R, Kong HH. Successful laser treatment of vandetanib-associated cutaneous pigmentation. Arch Dermatol. 2011 Mar;147(3):364-5. PubMed PMID: 21422355; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3163301.

22: Martin P, Oliver S, Robertson J, Kennedy SJ, Read J, Duvauchelle T. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with vandetanib during coadministration with rifampicin or itraconazole. Drugs R D. 2011;11(1):37-51. doi: 10.2165/11586980-000000000-00000. PubMed PMID: 21410294.

23: Cabebe EC, Fisher GA, Sikic BI. A phase I trial of vandetanib combined with capecitabine, oxaliplatin and bevacizumab for the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Invest New Drugs. 2011 Mar 15. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21404105.

24: Iwamoto H, Torimura T, Nakamura T, Hashimoto O, Inoue K, Kurogi J, Niizeki T, Kuwahara R, Abe M, Koga H, Yano H, Kerbel RS, Ueno T, Sata M. Metronomic S-1 chemotherapy and vandetanib: an efficacious and nontoxic treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. Neoplasia. 2011 Mar;13(3):187-97. PubMed PMID: 21390182; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3050862.

25: Sano D, Matsumoto F, Valdecanas DR, Zhao M, Molkentine DP, Takahashi Y, Hanna EY, Papadimitrakopoulou V, Heymach J, Milas L, Myers JN. Vandetanib restores head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells' sensitivity to cisplatin and radiation in vivo and in vitro. Clin Cancer Res. 2011 Apr 1;17(7):1815-27. Epub 2011 Feb 24. PubMed PMID: 21350000; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3074405.

26: Natale RB, Thongprasert S, Greco FA, Thomas M, Tsai CM, Sunpaweravong P, Ferry D, Mulatero C, Whorf R, Thompson J, Barlesi F, Langmuir P, Gogov S, Rowbottom JA, Goss GD. Phase III trial of vandetanib compared with erlotinib in patients with previously treated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011 Mar 10;29(8):1059-66. Epub 2011 Jan 31. PubMed PMID: 21282542.

27: de Boer RH, Arrieta Ó, Yang CH, Gottfried M, Chan V, Raats J, de Marinis F, Abratt RP, Wolf J, Blackhall FH, Langmuir P, Milenkova T, Read J, Vansteenkiste JF. Vandetanib plus pemetrexed for the second-line treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomized, double-blind phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2011 Mar 10;29(8):1067-74. Epub 2011 Jan 31. PubMed PMID: 21282537.

28: Kummar S, Gutierrez ME, Chen A, Turkbey IB, Allen D, Horneffer YR, Juwara L, Cao L, Yu Y, Kim YS, Trepel J, Chen H, Choyke P, Melillo G, Murgo AJ, Collins J, Doroshow JH. Phase I trial of vandetanib and bevacizumab evaluating the VEGF and EGF signal transduction pathways in adults with solid tumours and lymphomas. Eur J Cancer. 2011 May;47(7):997-1005. Epub 2011 Jan 17. PubMed PMID: 21247755; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3071434.

29: Walter MA, Benz MR, Hildebrandt IJ, Laing RE, Hartung V, Damoiseaux RD, Bockisch A, Phelps ME, Czernin J, Weber WA. Metabolic imaging allows early prediction of response to vandetanib. J Nucl Med. 2011 Feb;52(2):231-40. Epub 2011 Jan 13. PubMed PMID: 21233183.

30: Conconi MT, Marzaro G, Guiotto A, Urbani L, Zanusso I, Tonus F, Tommasini M, Parnigotto PP, Chilin A. New Vandetanib analogs: fused tricyclic quinazolines with antiangiogenic potential. Invest New Drugs. 2010 Dec 24. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21184131.

31: Crescenzi M, Persano L, Esposito G, Zulato E, Borsi L, Balza E, Ruol A, Ancona E, Indraccolo S, Amadori A. Vandetanib improves anti-tumor effects of L19mTNFalpha in xenograft models of esophageal cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2011 Feb 1;17(3):447-58. Epub 2010 Nov 24. PubMed PMID: 21106730.

32: Wachsberger PR, Lawrence YR, Liu Y, Daroczi B, Xu X, Dicker AP. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Expression Modulates Antitumor Efficacy of Vandetanib or Cediranib Combined With Radiotherapy in Human Glioblastoma Xenografts. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Nov 22. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21095630.

33: Macy ME, Deryckere D, Gore L. Vandetanib mediates anti-leukemia activity by multiple mechanisms and interacts synergistically with DNA damaging agents. Invest New Drugs. 2010 Nov 3. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21046425; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3222724.

34: Fields EC, Damek D, Gaspar LE, Liu AK, Kavanagh BD, Waziri A, Lillehei K, Chen C. Phase I Dose Escalation Trial of Vandetanib With Fractionated Radiosurgery in Patients With Recurrent Malignant Gliomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Oct 29. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21035955.

35: Morabito A, Piccirillo MC, Costanzo R, Sandomenico C, Carillio G, Daniele G, Giordano P, Bryce J, Carotenuto P, La Rocca A, Di Maio M, Normanno N, Rocco G, Perrone F. Vandetanib: An overview of its clinical development in NSCLC and other tumors. Drugs Today (Barc). 2010 Sep;46(9):683-98. Review. PubMed PMID: 20967300.

36: Broniscer A, Baker JN, Tagen M, Onar-Thomas A, Gilbertson RJ, Davidoff AM, Pai Panandiker AS, Leung W, Chin TK, Stewart CF, Kocak M, Rowland C, Merchant TE, Kaste SC, Gajjar A. Phase I study of vandetanib during and after radiotherapy in children with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Nov 1;28(31):4762-8. Epub 2010 Oct 4. Erratum in: J Clin Oncol. 2010 Dec 20;28(36):5351. Panandiker, Atmaram Pai [corrected to Pai Panandiker, Atmaram S]. PubMed PMID: 20921456; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3020706.

37: Fava P, Quaglino P, Fierro MT, Novelli M, Bernengo MG. Therapeutic hotline. A rare vandetanib-induced photo-allergic drug eruption. Dermatol Ther. 2010 Sep-Oct;23(5):553-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1529-8019.2010.01360.x. PubMed PMID: 20868411.

38: Flanigan J, Deshpande H, Gettinger S. Current status of vandetanib (ZD6474) in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Biologics. 2010 Sep 13;4:237-43. PubMed PMID: 20859451; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2943196.

39: Boér K, Láng I, Llombart-Cussac A, Andreasson I, Vivanco GL, Sanders N, Pover GM, Murray E. Vandetanib with docetaxel as second-line treatment for advanced breast cancer: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized Phase II study. Invest New Drugs. 2010 Sep 10. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20830502.

40: Tai JH, Tessier J, Ryan AJ, Hoffman L, Chen X, Lee TY. Assessment of acute antivascular effects of vandetanib with high-resolution dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomographic imaging in a human colon tumor xenograft model in the nude rat. Neoplasia. 2010 Sep;12(9):697-707. PubMed PMID: 20824046; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2933690.

41: Wibom C, Sandström M, Henriksson R, Antti H, Johansson M, Bergenheim AT. Vandetanib alters the protein pattern in malignant glioma and normal brain in the BT4C rat glioma model. Int J Oncol. 2010 Oct;37(4):879-90. PubMed PMID: 20811710.

42: Alferez DG, Ryan AJ, Goodlad RA, Wright NA, Wilkinson RW. Effects of vandetanib on adenoma formation in a dextran sodium sulphate enhanced Apc(MIN/+) mouse model. Int J Oncol. 2010 Oct;37(4):767-72. PubMed PMID: 20811697.

43: Weil A, Martin P, Smith R, Oliver S, Langmuir P, Read J, Molz KH. Pharmacokinetics of vandetanib in subjects with renal or hepatic impairment. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2010 Sep 1;49(9):607-18. doi: 10.2165/11534330-000000000-00000. PubMed PMID: 20690783.

44: Blackhall FH, O'brien M, Schmid P, Nicolson M, Taylor P, Milenkova T, Kennedy SJ, Thatcher N. A phase I study of Vandetanib in combination with vinorelbine/cisplatin or gemcitabine/cisplatin as first-line treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2010 Aug;5(8):1285-8. PubMed PMID: 20661087.

45: Sano D, Fooshee DR, Zhao M, Andrews GA, Frederick MJ, Galer C, Milas ZL, Morrow PK, Myers JN. Targeted molecular therapy of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor vandetanib in a mouse model. Head Neck. 2011 Mar;33(3):349-58. doi: 10.1002/hed.21455. PubMed PMID: 20629091; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2958241.

46: Herbst RS, Sun Y, Eberhardt WE, Germonpré P, Saijo N, Zhou C, Wang J, Li L, Kabbinavar F, Ichinose Y, Qin S, Zhang L, Biesma B, Heymach JV, Langmuir P, Kennedy SJ, Tada H, Johnson BE. Vandetanib plus docetaxel versus docetaxel as second-line treatment for patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (ZODIAC): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2010 Jul;11(7):619-26. PubMed PMID: 20570559.

47: Robinson BG, Paz-Ares L, Krebs A, Vasselli J, Haddad R. Vandetanib (100 mg) in patients with locally advanced or metastatic hereditary medullary thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Jun;95(6):2664-71. Epub 2010 Apr 6. PubMed PMID: 20371662; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2902067.

48: Zage PE, Zeng L, Palla S, Fang W, Nilsson MB, Heymach JV, Zweidler-McKay PA. A novel therapeutic combination for neuroblastoma: the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor/epidermal growth factor receptor/rearranged during transfection inhibitor vandetanib with 13-cis-retinoic acid. Cancer. 2010 May 15;116(10):2465-75. PubMed PMID: 20225331.

49: Drappatz J, Norden AD, Wong ET, Doherty LM, Lafrankie DC, Ciampa A, Kesari S, Sceppa C, Gerard M, Phan P, Schiff D, Batchelor TT, Ligon KL, Young G, Muzikansky A, Weiss SE, Wen PY. Phase I study of vandetanib with radiotherapy and temozolomide for newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Sep 1;78(1):85-90. Epub 2010 Feb 4. PubMed PMID: 20137866.

50: Annunziata CM, Walker AJ, Minasian L, Yu M, Kotz H, Wood BJ, Calvo K, Choyke P, Kimm D, Steinberg SM, Kohn EC. Vandetanib, designed to inhibit VEGFR2 and EGFR signaling, had no clinical activity as monotherapy for recurrent ovarian cancer and no detectable modulation of VEGFR2. Clin Cancer Res. 2010 Jan 15;16(2):664-72. Epub 2010 Jan 12. PubMed PMID: 20068097; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2943831.

51: Wells SA Jr, Gosnell JE, Gagel RF, Moley J, Pfister D, Sosa JA, Skinner M, Krebs A, Vasselli J, Schlumberger M. Vandetanib for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic hereditary medullary thyroid cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Feb 10;28(5):767-72. Epub 2010 Jan 11. PubMed PMID: 20065189; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2834392.

52: Lyros O, Mueller A, Heidel F, Schimanski CC, Gockel I, Galle PR, Lang H, Moehler M. Analysis of anti-proliferative and chemosensitizing effects of sunitinib on human esophagogastric cancer cells: Synergistic interaction with vandetanib via inhibition of multi-receptor tyrosine kinase pathways. Int J Cancer. 2010 Sep 1;127(5):1197-208. PubMed PMID: 20039326.

53: Hanrahan EO, Lin HY, Kim ES, Yan S, Du DZ, McKee KS, Tran HT, Lee JJ, Ryan AJ, Langmuir P, Johnson BE, Heymach JV. Distinct patterns of cytokine and angiogenic factor modulation and markers of benefit for vandetanib and/or chemotherapy in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Jan 10;28(2):193-201. Epub 2009 Nov 30. PubMed PMID: 19949019; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3040010.

54: Mross K, Fasol U, Frost A, Benkelmann R, Kuhlmann J, Büchert M, Unger C, Blum H, Hennig J, Milenkova TP, Tessier J, Krebs AD, Ryan AJ, Fischer R. DCE-MRI assessment of the effect of vandetanib on tumor vasculature in patients with advanced colorectal cancer and liver metastases: a randomized phase I study. J Angiogenes Res. 2009 Sep 21;1:5. PubMed PMID: 19946413; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2776237.

55: Ansiaux R, Dewever J, Grégoire V, Feron O, Jordan BF, Gallez B. Decrease in tumor cell oxygen consumption after treatment with vandetanib (ZACTIMA; ZD6474) and its effect on response to radiotherapy. Radiat Res. 2009 Nov;172(5):584-91. PubMed PMID: 19883226.

56: Cesca M, Frapolli R, Berndt A, Scarlato V, Richter P, Kosmehl H, D'Incalci M, Ryan AJ, Giavazzi R. The effects of vandetanib on paclitaxel tumor distribution and antitumor activity in a xenograft model of human ovarian carcinoma. Neoplasia. 2009 Nov;11(11):1155-64. PubMed PMID: 19881951; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2767217.

57: Wachsberger P, Burd R, Ryan A, Daskalakis C, Dicker AP. Combination of vandetanib, radiotherapy, and irinotecan in the LoVo human colorectal cancer xenograft model. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Nov 1;75(3):854-61. PubMed PMID: 19801101.

58: Kong HH, Fine HA, Stern JB, Turner ML. Cutaneous pigmentation after photosensitivity induced by vandetanib therapy. Arch Dermatol. 2009 Aug;145(8):923-5. PubMed PMID: 19687425.

59: Jane EP, Premkumar DR, Addo-Yobo SO, Pollack IF. Abrogation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and Akt signaling by vandetanib synergistically potentiates histone deacetylase inhibitor-induced apoptosis in human glioma cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009 Oct;331(1):327-37. Epub 2009 Jul 21. PubMed PMID: 19622715; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2766222.

60: Chang CH, Chang JW, Hui CY, Yang CH. Severe photosensitivity reaction to vandetanib. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Sep 20;27(27):e114-5. Epub 2009 Jun 29. PubMed PMID: 19564539.

61: Siemann DW, Norris CM, Ryan A, Shi W. Impact of tumor cell VEGF expression on the in vivo efficacy of vandetanib (ZACTIMA; ZD6474). Anticancer Res. 2009 Jun;29(6):1987-92. PubMed PMID: 19528456; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2786495.

62: Yeh S, Fine HA, Smith JA. Corneal verticillata after dual anti-epidermal growth factor receptor and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 therapy (vandetanib) for anaplastic astrocytoma. Cornea. 2009 Jul;28(6):699-702. PubMed PMID: 19512898.

63: Ichihara E, Ohashi K, Takigawa N, Osawa M, Ogino A, Tanimoto M, Kiura K. Effects of vandetanib on lung adenocarcinoma cells harboring epidermal growth factor receptor T790M mutation in vivo. Cancer Res. 2009 Jun 15;69(12):5091-8. Epub 2009 Jun 2. PubMed PMID: 19491268.

64: Hanrahan EO, Ryan AJ, Mann H, Kennedy SJ, Langmuir P, Natale RB, Herbst RS, Johnson BE, Heymach JV. Baseline vascular endothelial growth factor concentration as a potential predictive marker of benefit from vandetanib in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2009 May 15;15(10):3600-9. Epub 2009 May 15. PubMed PMID: 19447868.

65: Horti J, Widmark A, Stenzl A, Federico MH, Abratt RP, Sanders N, Pover GM, Bodrogi I. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II study of vandetanib plus docetaxel/prednisolone in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2009 Apr;24(2):175-80. PubMed PMID: 19409038.

66: Zheng LS, Wang F, Li YH, Zhang X, Chen LM, Liang YJ, Dai CL, Yan YY, Tao LY, Mi YJ, Yang AK, To KK, Fu LW. Vandetanib (Zactima, ZD6474) antagonizes ABCC1- and ABCG2-mediated multidrug resistance by inhibition of their transport function. PLoS One. 2009;4(4):e5172. Epub 2009 Apr 23. PubMed PMID: 19390592; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2669214.

67: Morabito A, Piccirillo MC, Falasconi F, De Feo G, Del Giudice A, Bryce J, Di Maio M, De Maio E, Normanno N, Perrone F. Vandetanib (ZD6474), a dual inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinases: current status and future directions. Oncologist. 2009 Apr;14(4):378-90. Epub 2009 Apr 6. Review. PubMed PMID: 19349511.

68: Natale RB, Bodkin D, Govindan R, Sleckman BG, Rizvi NA, Capó A, Germonpré P, Eberhardt WE, Stockman PK, Kennedy SJ, Ranson M. Vandetanib versus gefitinib in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: results from a two-part, double-blind, randomized phase ii study. J Clin Oncol. 2009 May 20;27(15):2523-9. Epub 2009 Mar 30. PubMed PMID: 19332730.

69: Yoshikawa D, Ojima H, Kokubu A, Ochiya T, Kasai S, Hirohashi S, Shibata T. Vandetanib (ZD6474), an inhibitor of VEGFR and EGFR signalling, as a novel molecular-targeted therapy against cholangiocarcinoma. Br J Cancer. 2009 Apr 21;100(8):1257-66. Epub 2009 Mar 24. PubMed PMID: 19319137; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2676540.

70: Flaig TW, Su LJ, McCoach C, Li Y, Raben D, Varella-Garcia M, Bemis LT. Dual epidermal growth factor receptor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibition with vandetanib sensitizes bladder cancer cells to cisplatin in a dose- and sequence-dependent manner. BJU Int. 2009 Jun;103(12):1729-37. Epub 2009 Feb 10. PubMed PMID: 19220256.

71: Saunders MP, Wilson R, Peeters M, Smith R, Godwood A, Oliver S, Van Cutsem E. Vandetanib with FOLFIRI in patients with advanced colorectal adenocarcinoma: results from an open-label, multicentre Phase I study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2009 Sep;64(4):665-72. Epub 2009 Jan 29. PubMed PMID: 19184020.

72: de Boer R, Humblet Y, Wolf J, Nogová L, Ruffert K, Milenkova T, Smith R, Godwood A, Vansteenkiste J. An open-label study of vandetanib with pemetrexed in patients with previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol. 2009 Mar;20(3):486-91. Epub 2008 Dec 16. PubMed PMID: 19088171.

73: Michael M, Gibbs P, Smith R, Godwood A, Oliver S, Tebbutt N. Open-label phase I trial of vandetanib in combination with mFOLFOX6 in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Invest New Drugs. 2009 Jun;27(3):253-61. Epub 2008 Nov 11. PubMed PMID: 19002384.

74: Heymach JV, Paz-Ares L, De Braud F, Sebastian M, Stewart DJ, Eberhardt WE, Ranade AA, Cohen G, Trigo JM, Sandler AB, Bonomi PD, Herbst RS, Krebs AD, Vasselli J, Johnson BE. Randomized phase II study of vandetanib alone or with paclitaxel and carboplatin as first-line treatment for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Nov 20;26(33):5407-15. Epub 2008 Oct 20. PubMed PMID: 18936474.

75: Bradshaw-Pierce EL, Steinhauer CA, Raben D, Gustafson DL. Pharmacokinetic-directed dosing of vandetanib and docetaxel in a mouse model of human squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther. 2008 Sep;7(9):3006-17. PubMed PMID: 18790781; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2673509.

76: Choi S, Sano D, Cheung M, Zhao M, Jasser SA, Ryan AJ, Mao L, Chen WT, El-Naggar AK, Myers JN. Vandetanib inhibits growth of adenoid cystic carcinoma in an orthotopic nude mouse model. Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Aug 15;14(16):5081-9. Erratum in: Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Jan 1;15(1):416. PubMed PMID: 18698025.

77: Padera TP, Kuo AH, Hoshida T, Liao S, Lobo J, Kozak KR, Fukumura D, Jain RK. Differential response of primary tumor versus lymphatic metastasis to VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 kinase inhibitors cediranib and vandetanib. Mol Cancer Ther. 2008 Aug;7(8):2272-9. Epub 2008 Aug 6. PubMed PMID: 18687659; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2664998.

78: Kiura K, Nakagawa K, Shinkai T, Eguchi K, Ohe Y, Yamamoto N, Tsuboi M, Yokota S, Seto T, Jiang H, Nishio K, Saijo N, Fukuoka M. A randomized, double-blind, phase IIa dose-finding study of Vandetanib (ZD6474) in Japanese patients with non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2008 Apr;3(4):386-93. PubMed PMID: 18379357.

79: Ogino H, Yano S, Kakiuchi S, Yamada T, Ikuta K, Nakataki E, Goto H, Hanibuchi M, Nishioka Y, Ryan A, Sone S. Novel dual targeting strategy with vandetanib induces tumor cell apoptosis and inhibits angiogenesis in malignant pleural mesothelioma cells expressing RET oncogenic rearrangement. Cancer Lett. 2008 Jun 28;265(1):55-66. Epub 2008 Mar 24. PubMed PMID: 18364248.

80: Andersson MK, Aman P. Proliferation of Ewing sarcoma cell lines is suppressed by the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors gefitinib and vandetanib. Cancer Cell Int. 2008 Jan 4;8:1. PubMed PMID: 18177496; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2235833.

81: Troiani T, Serkova NJ, Gustafson DL, Henthorn TK, Lockerbie O, Merz A, Long M, Morrow M, Ciardiello F, Eckhardt SG. Investigation of two dosing schedules of vandetanib (ZD6474), an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, in combination with irinotecan in a human colon cancer xenograft model. Clin Cancer Res. 2007 Nov 1;13(21):6450-8. PubMed PMID: 17975157.

82: Arnold AM, Seymour L, Smylie M, Ding K, Ung Y, Findlay B, Lee CW, Djurfeldt M, Whitehead M, Ellis P, Goss G, Chan A, Meharchand J, Alam Y, Gregg R, Butts C, Langmuir P, Shepherd F; National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group Study BR.20. Phase II study of vandetanib or placebo in small-cell lung cancer patients after complete or partial response to induction chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy: National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group Study BR.20. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Sep 20;25(27):4278-84. PubMed PMID: 17878480.

83: Heymach JV, Johnson BE, Prager D, Csada E, Roubec J, Pesek M, Spásová I, Belani CP, Bodrogi I, Gadgeel S, Kennedy SJ, Hou J, Herbst RS. Randomized, placebo-controlled phase II study of vandetanib plus docetaxel in previously treated non small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Sep 20;25(27):4270-7. Erratum in: J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jan 1;26(1):165-6. PubMed PMID: 17878479.

84: Hanrahan EO, Heymach JV. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors vandetanib (ZD6474) and AZD2171 in lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2007 Aug 1;13(15 Pt 2):s4617-22. Review. PubMed PMID: 17671152.

85: Bradley DP, Tessier JL, Checkley D, Kuribayashi H, Waterton JC, Kendrew J, Wedge SR. Effects of AZD2171 and vandetanib (ZD6474, Zactima) on haemodynamic variables in an SW620 human colon tumour model: an investigation using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and the rapid clearance blood pool contrast agent, P792 (gadomelitol). NMR Biomed. 2008 Jan;21(1):42-52. Erratum in: NMR Biomed. 2008 Mar;21(3):302. PubMed PMID: 17458919.

86: Gustafson DL, Frederick B, Merz AL, Raben D. Dose scheduling of the dual VEGFR and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor vandetanib (ZD6474, Zactima) in combination with radiotherapy in EGFR-positive and EGFR-null human head and neck tumor xenografts. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2008 Feb;61(2):179-88. Epub 2007 Mar 29. PubMed PMID: 17393165.

87: Herbst RS, Heymach JV, O'Reilly MS, Onn A, Ryan AJ. Vandetanib (ZD6474): an orally available receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor that selectively targets pathways critical for tumor growth and angiogenesis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2007 Feb;16(2):239-49. Review. PubMed PMID: 17243944.

88: Sathornsumetee S, Rich JN. Vandetanib, a novel multitargeted kinase inhibitor, in cancer therapy. Drugs Today (Barc). 2006 Oct;42(10):657-70. Review. PubMed PMID: 17136225.