MedKoo product information:

Temoporfin

Description of temoporfin: Temoporfin is a synthetic light-activated chlorin with photodynamic activity. Upon systemic administration, temoporfin distributes throughout the body and is taken up by tumor cells. Upon stimulation of temoporfin by non-thermal laser light (at 652 nm), and in the presence of oxygen, this agent produces highly reactive short-lived singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen radicals, resulting in local damage to tumor cells. This may kill tumor cells and may reduce the tumor size. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

Temoporfin (INN) is a photosensitizer used in chemotherapy for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. In October 2001, Foscan® was approved in the European Union, Norway & Iceland as a local therapy for the palliative treatment of patients with advanced head and neck cancer who have failed prior therapies and are unsuitable for radiotherapy, surgery or systemic chemotherapy.

Foscan injection contains the active ingredient temoporfin, which is a type of medicine called a photosensitising agent. It is used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of advanced head and neck cancer. The medicine is administered by injection into a vein and is given 90 hours to distribute around the body, including into the cancer cells. The medicine doesn’t do anything until it is activated by a particular type of light. After 90 hours, a specialist in photodynamic therapy will direct a laser light source very precisely at the cancer. This light activates the medicine that is in the cancer cells, causing it to destroy them. The aim of the treatment is reduce symptoms by shrinking the cancer. This is called palliative treatment. It will not cure the cancer. Normally only one treatment is given, but this may be repeated after a few weeks.

Temoporfin (INN) is marketed in the European Union under the brand name Foscan. The US FDA deemed Foscan non-approvable in 2000. The EU approved its use in June 2001. It is photoactivated at 652 nm ie by red light. Patients can remain photosensitive for several weeks after treatment. [source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temoporfin].

Current developer:    Biolitec Pharma Ltd.

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4: Bombelli C, Stringaro A, Borocci S, Bozzuto G, Colone M, Giansanti L, Sgambato R, Toccaceli L, Mancini G, Molinari A. Efficiency of liposomes in the delivery of a photosensitizer controlled by the stereochemistry of a gemini surfactant component. Mol Pharm. 2010 Feb 1;7(1):130-7. PubMed PMID: 19929006.

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6: Dragicevic-Curic N, Gräfe S, Gitter B, Winter S, Fahr A. Surface charged temoporfin-loaded flexible vesicles: in vitro skin penetration studies and stability. Int J Pharm. 2010 Jan 15;384(1-2):100-8. Epub 2009 Oct 9. PubMed PMID: 19819321.

7: Kruijt B, van der Ploeg-van den Heuvel A, de Bruijn HS, Sterenborg HJ, Amelink A, Robinson DJ. Monitoring interstitial m-THPC-PDT in vivo using fluorescence and reflectance spectroscopy. Lasers Surg Med. 2009 Nov;41(9):653-64. PubMed PMID: 19802884.

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12: Dragicevic-Curic N, Scheglmann D, Albrecht V, Fahr A. Development of liposomes containing ethanol for skin delivery of temoporfin: characterization and in vitro penetration studies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2009 Nov 1;74(1):114-22. Epub 2009 Jul 14. PubMed PMID: 19651496.

13: Wright KE, Liniker E, Loizidou M, Moore C, Macrobert AJ, Phillips JB. Peripheral neural cell sensitivity to mTHPC-mediated photodynamic therapy in a 3D in vitro model. Br J Cancer. 2009 Aug 18;101(4):658-65. Epub 2009 Jul 28. PubMed PMID: 19638975; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2736832.

14: Kruijt B, Kascakova S, de Bruijn HS, van der Ploeg-van den Heuvel A, Sterenborg HJ, Robinson DJ, Amelink A. In vivo quantification of chromophore concentration using fluorescence differential path length spectroscopy. J Biomed Opt. 2009 May-Jun;14(3):034022. PubMed PMID: 19566315.

15: Dragicevic-Curic N, Winter S, Krajisnik D, Stupar M, Milic J, Graefe S, Fahr A. Stability evaluation of temoporfin-loaded liposomal gels for topical application. J Liposome Res. 2009 Jun 29. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 19558347.

16: Ortner MA. Photodynamic therapy for cholangiocarcinoma: overview and new developments. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2009 Sep;25(5):472-6. Review. PubMed PMID: 19550314.

17: Dragicevic-Curic N, Winter S, Stupar M, Milic J, Krajisnik D, Gitter B, Fahr A. Temoporfin-loaded liposomal gels: viscoelastic properties and in vitro skin penetration. Int J Pharm. 2009 May 21;373(1-2):77-84. Epub 2009 Feb 24. PubMed PMID: 19429291.

18: Lorenz KJ, Maier H. Photodynamic therapy with meta-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin (Foscan) in the management of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: experience with 35 patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2009 Dec;266(12):1937-44. Epub 2009 Mar 17. PubMed PMID: 19290535.

19: Kiesslich T, Wolkersdörfer G, Neureiter D, Salmhofer H, Berr F. Photodynamic therapy for non-resectable perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2009 Jan;8(1):23-30. Epub 2008 Oct 28. PubMed PMID: 19247524.

20: Dragicevic-Curic N, Scheglmann D, Albrecht V, Fahr A. Development of different temoporfin-loaded invasomes-novel nanocarriers of temoporfin: characterization, stability and in vitro skin penetration studies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2009 May 1;70(2):198-206. Epub 2008 Dec 27. PubMed PMID: 19188048.

21: Axelsson J, Swartling J, Andersson-Engels S. In vivo photosensitizer tomography inside the human prostate. Opt Lett. 2009 Feb 1;34(3):232-4. PubMed PMID: 19183615.

22: Sasnauskiene A, Kadziauskas J, Vezelyte N, Jonusiene V, Kirveliene V. Apoptosis, autophagy and cell cycle arrest following photodamage to mitochondrial interior. Apoptosis. 2009 Mar;14(3):276-86. PubMed PMID: 19165602.

23: Moore CM, Pendse D, Emberton M; Medscape. Photodynamic therapy for prostate cancer--a review of current status and future promise. Nat Clin Pract Urol. 2009 Jan;6(1):18-30. Review. PubMed PMID: 19132003.

24: Lassalle HP, Dumas D, Gräfe S, D'Hallewin MA, Guillemin F, Bezdetnaya L. Correlation between in vivo pharmacokinetics, intratumoral distribution and photodynamic efficiency of liposomal mTHPC. J Control Release. 2009 Mar 4;134(2):118-24. Epub 2008 Nov 28. PubMed PMID: 19100297.

25: Kachatkou D, Sasnouski S, Zorin V, Zorina T, D'Hallewin MA, Guillemin F, Bezdetnaya L. Unusual photoinduced response of mTHPC liposomal formulation (Foslip). Photochem Photobiol. 2009 May-Jun;85(3):719-24. Epub 2008 Nov 19. PubMed PMID: 19067951.

26: Bressenot A, Marchal S, Bezdetnaya L, Garrier J, Guillemin F, Plénat F. Assessment of apoptosis by immunohistochemistry to active caspase-3, active caspase-7, or cleaved PARP in monolayer cells and spheroid and subcutaneous xenografts of human carcinoma. J Histochem Cytochem. 2009 Apr;57(4):289-300. Epub 2008 Nov 24. PubMed PMID: 19029405; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2664986.

27: Sehgal I, Sibrian-Vazquez M, Vicente MG. Photoinduced cytotoxicity and biodistribution of prostate cancer cell-targeted porphyrins. J Med Chem. 2008 Oct 9;51(19):6014-20. PubMed PMID: 18839477.

28: D'Hallewin MA, Kochetkov D, Viry-Babel Y, Leroux A, Werkmeister E, Dumas D, Gräfe S, Zorin V, Guillemin F, Bezdetnaya L. Photodynamic therapy with intratumoral administration of Lipid-Based mTHPC in a model of breast cancer recurrence. Lasers Surg Med. 2008 Oct;40(8):543-9. PubMed PMID: 18798287.

29: Wang KK, Mitra S, Foster TH. Photodynamic dose does not correlate with long-term tumor response to mTHPC-PDT performed at several drug-light intervals. Med Phys. 2008 Aug;35(8):3518-26. PubMed PMID: 18777912; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2562246.

30: Hofman JW, Carstens MG, van Zeeland F, Helwig C, Flesch FM, Hennink WE, van Nostrum CF. Photocytotoxicity of mTHPC (temoporfin) loaded polymeric micelles mediated by lipase catalyzed degradation. Pharm Res. 2008 Sep;25(9):2065-73. Epub 2008 Jul 3. PubMed PMID: 18597164; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2515570.

31: Betz CS, Rauschning W, Stranadko EP, Riabov MV, Albrecht V, Nifantiev NE, Hopper C. Optimization of treatment parameters for Foscan-PDT of basal cell carcinomas. Lasers Surg Med. 2008 Jul;40(5):300-11. PubMed PMID: 18563776.

32: Gravier J, Schneider R, Frochot C, Bastogne T, Schmitt F, Didelon J, Guillemin F, Barberi-Heyob M. Improvement of meta-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin-like photosensitizer selectivity with folate-based targeted delivery. synthesis and in vivo delivery studies. J Med Chem. 2008 Jul 10;51(13):3867-77. Epub 2008 Jun 14. PubMed PMID: 18553957.

33: Lassalle HP, Wagner M, Bezdetnaya L, Guillemin F, Schneckenburger H. Fluorescence imaging of Foscan and Foslip in the plasma membrane and in whole cells. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2008 Jul 24;92(1):47-53. Epub 2008 Apr 27. PubMed PMID: 18541438.

34: Bombelli C, Bordi F, Ferro S, Giansanti L, Jori G, Mancini G, Mazzuca C, Monti D, Ricchelli F, Sennato S, Venanzi M. New cationic liposomes as vehicles of m-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin in photodynamic therapy of infectious diseases. Mol Pharm. 2008 Jul-Aug;5(4):672-9. Epub 2008 May 29. PubMed PMID: 18507469.

35: Primo FL, Bentley MV, Tedesco AC. Photophysical studies and in vitro skin permeation/retention of Foscan/nanoemulsion (NE) applicable to photodynamic therapy skin cancer treatment. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2008 Jan;8(1):340-7. PubMed PMID: 18468080.

36: Naim R. [Photodynamic therapy using m-THPC (Foscan). Treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma]. HNO. 2008 May;56(5):490-2. Review. German. PubMed PMID: 18415064.

37: Hansch A, Frey O, Gajda M, Susanna G, Boettcher J, Bräuer R, Kaiser WA. Photodynamic treatment as a novel approach in the therapy of arthritic joints. Lasers Surg Med. 2008 Apr;40(4):265-72. PubMed PMID: 18412224.

38: Campbell SM, Curnow A. Extensive vulval intraepithelial neoplasia treated with a new regime of systemic photodynamic therapy using meta-tetrahydroxychlorin (Foscan). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2008 Apr;22(4):502-3. PubMed PMID: 18363917.

39: Kascáková S, Kruijt B, de Bruijn HS, van der Ploeg-van den Heuvel A, Robinson DJ, Sterenborg HJ, Amelink A. Ex vivo quantification of mTHPC concentration in tissue: influence of chemical extraction on the optical properties. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2008 May 29;91(2-3):99-107. Epub 2008 Feb 19. PubMed PMID: 18359242.

40: Mannino S, Molinari A, Sabatino G, Ciafrè SA, Colone M, Maira G, Anile C, Arancia G, Mangiola A. Intratumoral vs systemic administration of meta-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin for photodynamic therapy of malignant gliomas: assessment of uptake and spatial distribution in C6 rat glioma model. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2008 Jan-Mar;21(1):227-31. PubMed PMID: 18336750.

41: Dragicevic-Curic N, Gräfe S, Albrecht V, Fahr A. Topical application of temoporfin-loaded invasomes for photodynamic therapy of subcutaneously implanted tumours in mice: a pilot study. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2008 Apr 25;91(1):41-50. Epub 2008 Feb 1. PubMed PMID: 18316200.

42: Dragicevic-Curic N, Scheglmann D, Albrecht V, Fahr A. Temoporfin-loaded invasomes: development, characterization and in vitro skin penetration studies. J Control Release. 2008 Apr 7;127(1):59-69. Epub 2007 Dec 26. PubMed PMID: 18281119.

43: Svensson J, Johansson A, Gräfe S, Gitter B, Trebst T, Bendsoe N, Andersson-Engels S, Svanberg K. Tumor selectivity at short times following systemic administration of a liposomal temoporfin formulation in a murine tumor model. Photochem Photobiol. 2007 Sep-Oct;83(5):1211-9. PubMed PMID: 17880517.

44: Betz CS, Jäger HR, Brookes JA, Richards R, Leunig A, Hopper C. Interstitial photodynamic therapy for a symptom-targeted treatment of complex vascular malformations in the head and neck region. Lasers Surg Med. 2007 Aug;39(7):571-82. PubMed PMID: 17868106.

45: Bendsoe N, Persson L, Johansson A, Axelsson J, Svensson J, Gräfe S, Trebst T, Andersson-Engels S, Svanberg S, Svanberg K. Fluorescence monitoring of a topically applied liposomal Temoporfin formulation and photodynamic therapy of nonpigmented skin malignancies. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2007;26(2):117-26. PubMed PMID: 17725537.

46: Buchholz J, Wergin M, Walt H, Gräfe S, Bley CR, Kaser-Hotz B. Photodynamic therapy of feline cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma using a newly developed liposomal photosensitizer: preliminary results concerning drug safety and efficacy. J Vet Intern Med. 2007 Jul-Aug;21(4):770-5. PubMed PMID: 17708398.

47: Sasnouski S, Pic E, Dumas D, Zorin V, D'Hallewin MA, Guillemin F, Bezdetnaya L. Influence of incubation time and sensitizer localization on meta-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (mTHPC)-induced photoinactivation of cells. Radiat Res. 2007 Aug;168(2):209-17. PubMed PMID: 17638401.

48: Johansson A, Svensson J, Bendsoe N, Svanberg K, Alexandratou E, Kyriazi M, Yova D, Gräfe S, Trebst T, Andersson-Engels S. Fluorescence and absorption assessment of a lipid mTHPC formulation following topical application in a non-melanotic skin tumor model. J Biomed Opt. 2007 May-Jun;12(3):034026. PubMed PMID: 17614734.

49: Pittet O, Petermann D, Michod D, Krueger T, Cheng C, Ris HB, Widmann C. Effect of the TAT-RasGAP(317-326) peptide on apoptosis of human malignant mesothelioma cells and fibroblasts exposed to meso-tetra-hydroxyphenyl-chlorin and light. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2007 Jul 27;88(1):29-35. Epub 2007 May 1. PubMed PMID: 17560792.

50: Kiesslich T, Berlanda J, Plaetzer K, Krammer B, Berr F. Comparative characterization of the efficiency and cellular pharmacokinetics of Foscan- and Foslip-based photodynamic treatment in human biliary tract cancer cell lines. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2007 Jun;6(6):619-27. Epub 2007 Feb 26. PubMed PMID: 17549263.

51: Lorenz KJ, Maier H. [Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Photodynamic therapy with Foscan]. HNO. 2008 Apr;56(4):402-9. German. PubMed PMID: 17516041.

52: Pereira SP, Ayaru L, Rogowska A, Mosse A, Hatfield AR, Bown SG. Photodynamic therapy of malignant biliary strictures using meso-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Jun;19(6):479-85. PubMed PMID: 17489058.

53: Molinari A, Bombelli C, Mannino S, Stringaro A, Toccacieli L, Calcabrini A, Colone M, Mangiola A, Maira G, Luciani P, Mancini G, Arancia G. m-THPC-mediated photodynamic therapy of malignant gliomas: assessment of a new transfection strategy. Int J Cancer. 2007 Sep 1;121(5):1149-55. PubMed PMID: 17471562.

54: Ayaru L, Wittmann J, Macrobert AJ, Novelli M, Bown SG, Pereira SP. Photodynamic therapy using verteporfin photosensitization in the pancreas and surrounding tissues in the Syrian golden hamster. Pancreatology. 2007;7(1):20-7. Epub 2007 Apr 18. PubMed PMID: 17449962.

55: Tran N, Krueger T, Pan Y, Yan H, Cheng C, Altermatt HJ, Ballini JP, Borle F, Ris HB, Andrejevic-Blant S. Correlation of photodynamic activity and fluorescence signaling for free and pegylated mTHPC in mesothelioma xenografts. Lasers Surg Med. 2007 Mar;39(3):237-44. PubMed PMID: 17345623.

56: Marchal S, François A, Dumas D, Guillemin F, Bezdetnaya L. Relationship between subcellular localisation of Foscan and caspase activation in photosensitised MCF-7 cells. Br J Cancer. 2007 Mar 26;96(6):944-51. Epub 2007 Feb 27. PubMed PMID: 17325708; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2360096.

57: Molinari A, Colone M, Calcabrini A, Stringaro A, Toccacieli L, Arancia G, Mannino S, Mangiola A, Maira G, Bombelli C, Mancini G. Cationic liposomes, loaded with m-THPC, in photodynamic therapy for malignant glioma. Toxicol In Vitro. 2007 Mar;21(2):230-4. Epub 2006 Sep 19. PubMed PMID: 17064875.

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60: Aalders MC, Triesscheijn M, Ruevekamp M, de Bruin M, Baas P, Faber DJ, Stewart FA. Doppler optical coherence tomography to monitor the effect of photodynamic therapy on tissue morphology and perfusion. J Biomed Opt. 2006 Jul-Aug;11(4):044011. PubMed PMID: 16965168.

61: van Veen RL, Nyst H, Rai Indrasari S, Adham Yudharto M, Robinson DJ, Tan IB, Meewis C, Peters R, Spaniol S, Stewart FA, Levendag PC, Sterenborg HJ. In vivo fluence rate measurements during Foscan-mediated photodynamic therapy of persistent and recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinomas using a dedicated light applicator. J Biomed Opt. 2006 Jul-Aug;11(4):041107. PubMed PMID: 16965135.

62: Sharwani A, Jerjes W, Hopper C, Lewis MP, El-Maaytah M, Khalil HS, Macrobert AJ, Upile T, Salih V. Photodynamic therapy down-regulates the invasion promoting factors in human oral cancer. Arch Oral Biol. 2006 Dec;51(12):1104-11. Epub 2006 Aug 4. PubMed PMID: 16889746.

63: Sasnouski S, Kachatkou D, Zorin V, Guillemin F, Bezdetnaya L. Redistribution of Foscan from plasma proteins to model membranes. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2006 Aug;5(8):770-7. Epub 2006 Jun 26. PubMed PMID: 16886093.

64: Opitz I, Krueger T, Pan Y, Altermatt HJ, Wagnières G, Ris HB. Preclinical comparison of mTHPC and verteporfin for intracavitary photodynamic therapy of malignant pleural mesothelioma. Eur Surg Res. 2006;38(3):333-9. Epub 2006 Jun 19. PubMed PMID: 16785733.

65: Desroches MC, Bautista-Sanchez A, Lamotte C, Labeque B, Auchère D, Farinotti R, Maillard P, Grierson DS, Prognon P, Kasselouri A. Pharmacokinetics of a tri-glucoconjugated 5,10,15-(meta)-trihydroxyphenyl-20-phenyl porphyrin photosensitizer for PDT. A single dose study in the rat. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2006 Oct 2;85(1):56-64. Epub 2006 Jun 12. PubMed PMID: 16765603.

66: Pegaz B, Debefve E, Ballini JP, Wagnières G, Spaniol S, Albrecht V, Scheglmann DV, Nifantiev NE, van den Bergh H, Konan-Kouakou YN. Photothrombic activity of m-THPC-loaded liposomal formulations: pre-clinical assessment on chick chorioallantoic membrane model. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2006 May;28(1-2):134-40. Epub 2006 Feb 28. PubMed PMID: 16504490.

67: Ohlerth S, Laluhová D, Buchholz J, Roos M, Walt H, Kaser-Hotz B. Changes in vascularity and blood volume as a result of photodynamic therapy can be assessed with power Doppler ultrasonography. Lasers Surg Med. 2006 Mar;38(3):229-34. PubMed PMID: 16392148.

68: Moore CM, Nathan TR, Lees WR, Mosse CA, Freeman A, Emberton M, Bown SG. Photodynamic therapy using meso tetra hydroxy phenyl chlorin (mTHPC) in early prostate cancer. Lasers Surg Med. 2006 Jun;38(5):356-63. PubMed PMID: 16392142.

69: Krueger T, Pan Y, Tran N, Altermatt HJ, Opitz I, Ris HB. Intraoperative photodynamic therapy of the chest cavity in malignant pleural mesothelioma bearing rats. Lasers Surg Med. 2005 Oct;37(4):271-7. PubMed PMID: 16245295.

70: Buchholz J, Kaser-Hotz B, Khan T, Rohrer Bley C, Melzer K, Schwendener RA, Roos M, Walt H. Optimizing photodynamic therapy: in vivo pharmacokinetics of liposomal meta-(tetrahydroxyphenyl)chlorin in feline squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2005 Oct 15;11(20):7538-44. PubMed PMID: 16243829.

71: Lovat LB, Jamieson NF, Novelli MR, Mosse CA, Selvasekar C, Mackenzie GD, Thorpe SM, Bown SG. Photodynamic therapy with m-tetrahydroxyphenyl chlorin for high-grade dysplasia and early cancer in Barrett's columnar lined esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005 Oct;62(4):617-23. PubMed PMID: 16185985.

72: Foster TH, Pearson BD, Mitra S, Bigelow CE. Fluorescence anisotropy imaging reveals localization of meso-tetrahydroxyphenyl chlorin in the nuclear envelope. Photochem Photobiol. 2005 Nov-Dec;81(6):1544-7. PubMed PMID: 16178663.

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75: Kirveliene V, Grazeliene G, Dabkeviciene D, Micke I, Kirvelis D, Juodka B, Didziapetriene J. Schedule-dependent interaction between Doxorubicin and mTHPC-mediated photodynamic therapy in murine hepatoma in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2006 Jan;57(1):65-72. Epub 2005 Nov 5. PubMed PMID: 16001168.

76: Mitra S, Maugain E, Bolotine L, Guillemin F, Foster TH. Temporally and spatially heterogeneous distribution of mTHPC in a murine tumor observed by two-color confocal fluorescence imaging and spectroscopy in a whole-mount model. Photochem Photobiol. 2005 Sep-Oct;81(5):1123-30. PubMed PMID: 15971933.

77: Triesscheijn M, Ruevekamp M, Aalders M, Baas P, Stewart FA. Outcome of mTHPC mediated photodynamic therapy is primarily determined by the vascular response. Photochem Photobiol. 2005 Sep-Oct;81(5):1161-7. PubMed PMID: 15934792.

78: Cunderlíková B, Moan J, Sjaastad I. pH dependent uptake of porphyrin-type photosensitizers by solid tumor cells in vitro is not induced by modification of transmembrane potential. Cancer Lett. 2005 May 10;222(1):39-47. PubMed PMID: 15837539.

79: Bayés M, Rabasseda X, Prous JR. Gateways to clinical trials. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2005 Apr;27(3):193-219. PubMed PMID: 15834452.

80: Mitra S, Foster TH. Photophysical parameters, photosensitizer retention and tissue optical properties completely account for the higher photodynamic efficacy of meso-tetra-hydroxyphenyl-chlorin vs Photofrin. Photochem Photobiol. 2005 Jul-Aug;81(4):849-59. PubMed PMID: 15807635.

81: Marchal S, Fadloun A, Maugain E, D'Hallewin MA, Guillemin F, Bezdetnaya L. Necrotic and apoptotic features of cell death in response to Foscan photosensitization of HT29 monolayer and multicell spheroids. Biochem Pharmacol. 2005 Apr 15;69(8):1167-76. PubMed PMID: 15794937.

82: Shikowitz MJ, Abramson AL, Steinberg BM, DeVoti J, Bonagura VR, Mullooly V, Nouri M, Ronn AM, Inglis A, McClay J, Freeman K. Clinical trial of photodynamic therapy with meso-tetra (hydroxyphenyl) chlorin for respiratory papillomatosis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005 Feb;131(2):99-105. PubMed PMID: 15723939.

83: Wolfsen HC. Present status of photodynamic therapy for high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2005 Mar;39(3):189-202. Review. PubMed PMID: 15718860.

84: Zimcík P, Miletín M. [Photodynamic therapy as a new prospective method for cancer treatment--II. Overview of photosensitizers]. Ceska Slov Farm. 2004 Nov;53(6):271-9. Review. Czech. PubMed PMID: 15630992.

85: Campbell SM, Gould DJ, Salter L, Clifford T, Curnow A. Photodynamic therapy using meta-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin (Foscan) for the treatment of vulval intraepithelial neoplasia. Br J Dermatol. 2004 Nov;151(5):1076-80. PubMed PMID: 15541088.

86: Dysart JS, Singh G, Patterson MS. Calculation of singlet oxygen dose from photosensitizer fluorescence and photobleaching during mTHPC photodynamic therapy of MLL cells. Photochem Photobiol. 2005 Jan-Feb;81(1):196-205. PubMed PMID: 15469385.

87: Mallas E, Karamanolis G, Zissis M, Karvouni E, Kostopanagiotou G, Macropoulou M, Serafetinidis AA, Ladas S, Raptis SA. Photodynamic therapy in normal pig stomach: protective effect of octreotide. Endoscopy. 2004 Oct;36(10):893-7. PubMed PMID: 15452786.

88: Triesscheijn M, Ruevekamp M, Aalders M, Baas P, Stewart FA. Comparative sensitivity of microvascular endothelial cells, fibroblasts and tumor cells after in vitro photodynamic therapy with meso-tetra-hydroxyphenyl-chlorin. Photochem Photobiol. 2004 Sep-Oct;80(2):236-41. PubMed PMID: 15362947.

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101: Yan F, Kopelman R. The embedding of meta-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)-chlorin into silica nanoparticle platforms for photodynamic therapy and their singlet oxygen production and pH-dependent optical properties. Photochem Photobiol. 2003 Dec;78(6):587-91. PubMed PMID: 14743867.

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123: Nathan TR, Whitelaw DE, Chang SC, Lees WR, Ripley PM, Payne H, Jones L, Parkinson MC, Emberton M, Gillams AR, Mundy AR, Bown SG. Photodynamic therapy for prostate cancer recurrence after radiotherapy: a phase I study. J Urol. 2002 Oct;168(4 Pt 1):1427-32. PubMed PMID: 12352410.

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