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Sulforaphane

Description of sulforaphane: Sulforaphane is a naturally-occurring phytochemical belonging to the class of isothiocyanates. As the aglycone metabolite of glucosinolate glucoraphanin (sulforaphane glucosinolate), sulforaphane acts as an antioxidant and potent stimulator of endogenous detoxifying enzymes. This agent displays anticarcinogenic properties due to its ability to induce phase II detoxification enzymes, such as glutathione S-transferase and quinone reductase, thereby providing protection against certain carcinogens and toxic, reactive oxygen species. Broccoli sprouts contain large amounts of sulforaphane, which is also found in other cruciferous vegetables including cabbage and kale. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus).

Sulforaphane exhibits anticancer, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial properties in experimental models. It is obtained from cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, Brussels sprouts or cabbages. The enzyme myrosinase transforms glucoraphanin, a glucosinolate, into sulforaphane upon damage to the plant (such as from chewing). Young sprouts of broccoli and cauliflower are particularly rich in glucoraphanin. [source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulforaphane].

Highlight of recent research using sulforaphane

Sulforaphane induced apoptosis  in colorectal cancer cell lines and retarded tumor Growth (data published in 2012).

Scientists from Taiwan recently reported the anticancer effects of the dietary isothiocyanate sulforaphane (SFN) on colorectal cancer (CRC), using primary cancer cells lines isolated from five Taiwanese colorectal cancer patients as the model for colorectal cancer.  Incubations at higher SFN doses (12.5 and 25 μM) resulted in cleavage of procaspase-3 and elevated caspase-2, -3, -8, and -9 activity, suggesting that the induction of apoptosis and the sulforaphane-induced mitosis delay at the lower dose are independently regulated. Daily SFN s.c. injections (400 micromol/kg/d for 3 weeks) in severe combined immunodeficient mice with primary human CRC (CP1 to CP5) s.c. tumors resulted in a decrease of mean tumor weight by 70% compared with vehicle-treated controls. Those findings suggest that, in addition to the known effects on cancer prevention, sulforaphane may have antitumor activity in established colorectal cancer. (Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:415231. Epub 2011 Jul 17.)

Sulforaphane increases drug-mediated cytotoxicity toward cancer stem-like cells of pancreas and prostate.(data published in 2011).

A group of German scientists recently reported that SF increases the effectiveness of various cytotoxic drugs against CSCs without inducing additional toxicity in mice. They investigated a combination therapy using established pancreatic CSCs. Although cisplatin (CIS), gemcitabine (GEM), doxorubicin, 5-flurouracil, or SF effectively induced apoptosis and prevented viability, combination of a drug with SF increased toxicity. Similarly, SF potentiated the drug effect in established prostate CSCs revealing that SF enhances drug cytotoxicity also in other tumor entities. Most importantly, combined treatment intensified inhibition of clonogenicity and spheroid formation and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) activity along with Notch-1 and c-Rel expression indicating that CSC characteristics are targeted. In vivo, combination treatment was most effective and totally abolished growth of CSC xenografts and tumor-initiating potential (source: Mol Ther. 2011 January 4; 19(1): 188–195. )

Sulforaphane modulates gene expression and alternative gene splicing in a PTEN null preclinical murine model of prostate cancer. (data published in 2010).

Scientists in Norwich recently report that  sulforaphane may perturb changes in transcription induced by PTEN deletion, and the effects of diet on global patterns of alternative gene splicing. ietary or therapeutic interventions to counteract the loss of PTEN expression could contribute to the prevention of prostate carcinogenesis or reduce the rate of cancer progression. (source: Mol Cancer. 2010 Jul 13;9:189.).

 1: Chen H, Wu J, Zhang J, Fujita Y, Ishima T, Iyo M, Hashimoto K. Protective effects of the antioxidant sulforaphane on behavioral changes and neurotoxicity in mice after the administration of methamphetamine. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2011 Dec 27. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 22200890.

2: Deng C, Tao R, Yu SZ, Jin H. Sulforaphane protects against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced cytotoxicity by increasing expression of heme oxygenase-1 in a PI3K/Akt-dependent manner. Mol Med Report. 2012 Mar;5(3):847-51. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2011.731. Epub 2011 Dec 21. PubMed PMID: 22200816.

3: Krehl S, Loewinger M, Florian S, Kipp A, Banning A, Wessjohann L, Brauer M, Iori R, Esworthy RS, Chu FF, Brigelius-Flohé R. Glutathione peroxidase-2 and selenium decreased inflammation and tumors in a mouse model of inflammation-associated carcinogenesis whereas sulforaphane effects differed with selenium supply. Carcinogenesis. 2011 Dec 17. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 22180572.

4: Kim JY, Park HJ, Um SH, Sohn EH, Kim BO, Moon EY, Rhee DK, Pyo S. Sulforaphane suppresses vascular adhesion molecule-1 expression in TNF-α-stimulated mouse vascular smooth muscle cells: Involvement of the MAPK, NF-κB and AP-1 signaling pathways. Vascul Pharmacol. 2011 Dec 4. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 22155163.

5: Oh CJ, Kim JY, Min AK, Park KG, Harris RA, Kim HJ, Lee IK. Sulforaphane attenuates hepatic fibrosis via NF-E2-related factor 2-mediated inhibition of transforming growth factor-β/Smad signaling. Free Radic Biol Med. 2011 Dec 1. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 22155056.

6: Wang H, Lin W, Shen G, Khor TO, Nomeir AA, Kong AN. Development and validation of an LC-MS-MS method for the simultaneous determination of sulforaphane and its metabolites in rat plasma and its application in pharmacokinetic studies. J Chromatogr Sci. 2011 Nov-Dec;49(10):801-6. PubMed PMID: 22080809.

7: Lee YJ, Lee SH. Sulforaphane induces antioxidative and antiproliferative responses by generating reactive oxygen species in human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells. J Korean Med Sci. 2011 Nov;26(11):1474-82. Epub 2011 Oct 27. PubMed PMID: 22065904; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3207051.

8: Senanayake GV, Banigesh A, Wu L, Lee P, Juurlink BH. The Dietary Phase 2 Protein Inducer Sulforaphane Can Normalize the Kidney Epigenome and Improve Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Rats. Am J Hypertens. 2011 Nov 3. doi: 10.1038/ajh.2011.200. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 22052072.

9: Kensler TW, Ng D, Carmella SG, Chen M, Jacobson LP, Muñoz A, Egner PA, Chen JG, Qian GS, Chen TY, Fahey JW, Talalay P, Groopman JD, Yuan JM, Hecht SS. Modulation of the metabolism of airborne pollutants by glucoraphanin-rich and sulforaphane-rich broccoli sprout beverages in Qidong, China. Carcinogenesis. 2012 Jan;33(1):101-7. Epub 2011 Nov 1. PubMed PMID: 22045030.

10: Negi G, Kumar A, Sharma SS. Nrf2 and NF-κB modulation by sulforaphane counteracts multiple manifestations of diabetic neuropathy in rats and high glucose-induced changes. Curr Neurovasc Res. 2011 Oct 21. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 22023613.

11: Lee YJ, Jeong HY, Kim YB, Lee YJ, Won SY, Shim JH, Cho MK, Nam HS, Lee SH. Reactive oxygen species and PI3K/Akt signaling play key roles in the induction of Nrf2-driven heme oxygenase-1 expression in sulforaphane-treated human mesothelioma MSTO-211H cells. Food Chem Toxicol. 2011 Oct 14. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 22019695.

12: Pei Y, Wu B, Cao Q, Wu L, Yang G. Hydrogen sulfide mediates the anti-survival effect of sulforaphane on human prostate cancer cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2011 Dec 15;257(3):420-8. Epub 2011 Oct 8. PubMed PMID: 22005276.

13: Greco T, Shafer J, Fiskum G. Sulforaphane inhibits mitochondrial permeability transition and oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med. 2011 Dec 15;51(12):2164-71. Epub 2011 Sep 21. PubMed PMID: 21986339.

14: Sakao K, Singh SV. D,L-sulforaphane-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells is regulated by the adapter protein p66(Shc). J Cell Biochem. 2011 Sep 28. doi: 10.1002/jcb.23386. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21956685.

15: Liang H, Yuan Q. Natural sulforaphane as a functional chemopreventive agent: including a review of isolation, purification and analysis methods. Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2011 Sep 27. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21942647.

16: Mas S, Gassó P, Trias G, Bernardo M, Lafuente A. Sulforaphane protects SK-N-SH cells against antipsychotic-induced oxidative stress. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2011 Sep 19. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2011.00988.x. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21923690.

17: Cramer JM, Teran-Garcia M, Jeffery EH. Enhancing sulforaphane absorption and excretion in healthy men through the combined consumption of fresh broccoli sprouts and a glucoraphanin-rich powder. Br J Nutr. 2011 Sep 13:1-6. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21910945.

18: Li Y, Zhang T, Schwartz SJ, Sun D. Sulforaphane potentiates the efficacy of 17-allylamino 17-demethoxygeldanamycin against pancreatic cancer through enhanced abrogation of Hsp90 chaperone function. Nutr Cancer. 2011 Oct;63(7):1151-9. Epub 2011 Aug 29. PubMed PMID: 21875325.

19: Kotowski U, Heiduschka G, Brunner M, Czembirek C, Eder-Czembirek C, Schmidt R, Fahim T, Thurnher D. Radiosensitization of head and neck cancer cells by the phytochemical agent sulforaphane. Strahlenther Onkol. 2011 Sep;187(9):575-80. Epub 2011 Aug 16. PubMed PMID: 21858418.

20: Clarke JD, Hsu A, Riedl K, Bella D, Schwartz SJ, Stevens JF, Ho E. Bioavailability and inter-conversion of sulforaphane and erucin in human subjects consuming broccoli sprouts or broccoli supplement in a cross-over study design. Pharmacol Res. 2011 Nov;64(5):456-63. Epub 2011 Jul 26. PubMed PMID: 21816223; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3183106.

21: Balasubramanian S, Chew YC, Eckert RL. Sulforaphane suppresses polycomb group protein level via a proteasome-dependent mechanism in skin cancer cells. Mol Pharmacol. 2011 Nov;80(5):870-8. Epub 2011 Aug 1. PubMed PMID: 21807989; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3198914.

22: Chen MJ, Tang WY, Hsu CW, Tsai YT, Wu JF, Lin CW, Cheng YM, Hsu YC. Apoptosis Induction in Primary Human Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines and Retarded Tumor Growth in SCID Mice by Sulforaphane. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:415231. Epub 2011 Jul 17. PubMed PMID: 21804859; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3139908.

23: Keum YS. Regulation of the Keap1/Nrf2 system by chemopreventive sulforaphane: implications of posttranslational modifications. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2011 Jul;1229:184-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06092.x. Review. PubMed PMID: 21793854.

24: Shieh P, Tsai ML, Chiu MH, Chen YO, Yi NL, Jan CR. Independent effects of the broccoli-derived compound sulforaphane on Ca2+ influx and apoptosis in Madin-Darby canine renal tubular cells. Chin J Physiol. 2010 Aug 31;53(4):215-22. PubMed PMID: 21793331.

25: Lai RH, Miller MJ, Jeffery E. Glucoraphanin hydrolysis by microbiota in the rat cecum results in sulforaphane absorption. Food Funct. 2010 Nov;1(2):161-6. Epub 2010 Oct 22. PubMed PMID: 21776467.

26: Ernst IM, Wagner AE, Huebbe P, Rimbach G. Cyanidin does not affect sulforaphane-mediated Nrf2 induction in cultured human keratinocytes. Br J Nutr. 2011 Jul 12:1-4. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21745425.

27: Hauder J, Winkler S, Bub A, Rüfer CE, Pignitter M, Somoza V. LC-MS/MS quantification of sulforaphane and indole-3-carbinol metabolites in human plasma and urine after dietary intake of selenium-fortified broccoli. J Agric Food Chem. 2011 Aug 10;59(15):8047-57. Epub 2011 Jul 6. PubMed PMID: 21732669.

28: Kim MR, Zhou L, Park BH, Kim JR. Induction of G₂/M arrest and apoptosis by sulforaphane in human osteosarcoma U2-OS cells. Mol Med Report. 2011 Sep-Oct;4(5):929-34. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2011.520. Epub 2011 Jun 29. PubMed PMID: 21720717.

29: Jakubikova J, Cervi D, Ooi M, Kim K, Nahar S, Klippel S, Cholujova D, Leiba M, Daley JF, Delmore J, Negri J, Blotta S, McMillin DW, Hideshima T, Richardson PG, Sedlak J, Anderson KC, Mitsiades CS. Anti-tumor activity and signaling events triggered by the isothiocyanates, sulforaphane and phenethyl isothiocyanate, in multiple myeloma. Haematologica. 2011 Aug;96(8):1170-9. Epub 2011 Jun 28. PubMed PMID: 21712538; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3148911.

30: Sun X, Mi L, Liu J, Song L, Chung FL, Gan N. Sulforaphane prevents microcystin-LR-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in BALB/c mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2011 Aug 15;255(1):9-17. Epub 2011 May 27. PubMed PMID: 21684301.

31: Guerrero-Beltrán CE, Mukhopadhyay P, Horváth B, Rajesh M, Tapia E, García-Torres I, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Pacher P. Sulforaphane, a natural constituent of broccoli, prevents cell death and inflammation in nephropathy. J Nutr Biochem. 2011 Jun 16. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21684138; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3179776.

32: Clarke JD, Hsu A, Williams DE, Dashwood RH, Stevens JF, Yamamoto M, Ho E. Metabolism and tissue distribution of sulforaphane in nrf2 knockout and wild-type mice. Pharm Res. 2011 Dec;28(12):3171-9. Epub 2011 Jun 17. PubMed PMID: 21681606.

33: Han D, Row KH. Separation and purification of sulforaphane from broccoli by solid phase extraction. Int J Mol Sci. 2011;12(3):1854-61. Epub 2011 Mar 10. PubMed PMID: 21673926; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3111637.

34: Hamsa TP, Thejass P, Kuttan G. Induction of apoptosis by sulforaphane in highly metastatic B16F-10 melanoma cells. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2011 Jul;34(3):332-40. PubMed PMID: 21649489.

35: Jeon YK, Yoo DR, Jang YH, Jang SY, Nam MJ. Sulforaphane induces apoptosis in human hepatic cancer cells through inhibition of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase4, mediated by hypoxia inducible factor-1-dependent pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011 Oct;1814(10):1340-8. Epub 2011 May 25. PubMed PMID: 21640852.

36: Rajendran P, Delage B, Dashwood WM, Yu TW, Wuth B, Williams DE, Ho E, Dashwood RH. Histone deacetylase turnover and recovery in sulforaphane-treated colon cancer cells: competing actions of 14-3-3 and Pin1 in HDAC3/SMRT corepressor complex dissociation/reassembly. Mol Cancer. 2011 May 30;10:68. PubMed PMID: 21624135; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3127849.

37: Kanematsu S, Yoshizawa K, Uehara N, Miki H, Sasaki T, Kuro M, Lai YC, Kimura A, Yuri T, Tsubura A. Sulforaphane inhibits the growth of KPL-1 human breast cancer cells in vitro and suppresses the growth and metastasis of orthotopically transplanted KPL-1 cells in female athymic mice. Oncol Rep. 2011 Sep;26(3):603-8. doi: 10.3892/or.2011.1311. Epub 2011 May 20. PubMed PMID: 21617865.

38: Healy ZR, Liu H, Holtzclaw WD, Talalay P. Inactivation of tautomerase activity of macrophage migration inhibitory factor by sulforaphane: a potential biomarker for anti-inflammatory intervention. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2011 Jul;20(7):1516-23. Epub 2011 May 20. PubMed PMID: 21602309; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3132381.

39: Agyeman AS, Chaerkady R, Shaw PG, Davidson NE, Visvanathan K, Pandey A, Kensler TW. Transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of KEAP1 disrupted and sulforaphane-treated human breast epithelial cells reveals common expression profiles. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2011 May 20. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21597922.

40: Gaona-Gaona L, Molina-Jijón E, Tapia E, Zazueta C, Hernández-Pando R, Calderón-Oliver M, Zarco-Márquez G, Pinzón E, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Protective effect of sulforaphane pretreatment against cisplatin-induced liver and mitochondrial oxidant damage in rats. Toxicology. 2011 Aug 15;286(1-3):20-7. Epub 2011 May 6. PubMed PMID: 21575670.

41: Rudolf E, Cervinka M. Sulforaphane induces cytotoxicity and lysosome- and mitochondria-dependent cell death in colon cancer cells with deleted p53. Toxicol In Vitro. 2011 Oct;25(7):1302-9. Epub 2011 May 1. PubMed PMID: 21557998.

42: Saw CL, Huang MT, Liu Y, Khor TO, Conney AH, Kong AN. Impact of Nrf2 on UVB-induced skin inflammation/photoprotection and photoprotective effect of sulforaphane. Mol Carcinog. 2011 Jun;50(6):479-86. doi: 10.1002/mc.20725. Epub 2010 Dec 28. PubMed PMID: 21557329.

43: Yanaka A. Sulforaphane enhances protection and repair of gastric mucosa against oxidative stress in vitro, and demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects on Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric mucosae in mice and human subjects. Curr Pharm Des. 2011;17(16):1532-40. PubMed PMID: 21548875.

44: Naumann P, Fortunato F, Zentgraf H, Büchler MW, Herr I, Werner J. Autophagy and cell death signaling following dietary sulforaphane act independently of each other and require oxidative stress in pancreatic cancer. Int J Oncol. 2011 Jul;39(1):101-9. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2011.1025. Epub 2011 Apr 29. PubMed PMID: 21537844.

45: Priya DK, Gayathri R, Gunassekaran G, Murugan S, Sakthisekaran D. Chemopreventive role of sulforaphane by upholding the GSH redox cycle in pre- and post-initiation phases of experimental lung carcinogenesis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2011;12(1):103-10. PubMed PMID: 21517240.

46: Facchini A, Stanic I, Cetrullo S, Borzì RM, Filardo G, Flamigni F. Sulforaphane protects human chondrocytes against cell death induced by various stimuli. J Cell Physiol. 2011 Jul;226(7):1771-9. doi: 10.1002/jcp.22506. PubMed PMID: 21506109.

47: Jeong JK, Moon MH, Seo JS, Seol JW, Lee YJ, Park SY. Sulforaphane blocks hypoxia-mediated resistance to TRAIL-induced tumor cell death. Mol Med Report. 2011 Mar-Apr;4(2):325-30. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2011.422. Epub 2011 Jan 11. PubMed PMID: 21468572.

48: Kaminski BM, Steinhilber D, Stein JM, Ulrich S. Phytochemicals Resveratrol and Sulforaphane as Potential Agents for Enhancing the Anti-Tumor Activities of Conventional Cancer Therapies. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2011 Apr 5. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21466425.

49: Zanichelli F, Capasso S, Cipollaro M, Pagnotta E, Cartenì M, Casale F, Iori R, Galderisi U. Dose-dependent effects of R-sulforaphane isothiocyanate on the biology of human mesenchymal stem cells, at dietary amounts, it promotes cell proliferation and reduces senescence and apoptosis, while at anti-cancer drug doses, it has a cytotoxic effect. Age (Dordr). 2011 Apr 6. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21465338.

50: Jee HG, Lee KE, Kim JB, Shin HK, Youn YK. Sulforaphane inhibits oral carcinoma cell migration and invasion in vitro. Phytother Res. 2011 Nov;25(11):1623-8. doi: 10.1002/ptr.3397. Epub 2011 Mar 17. PubMed PMID: 21413088.

51: Starrett W, Blake DJ. Sulforaphane inhibits de novo synthesis of IL-8 and MCP-1 in human epithelial cells generated by cigarette smoke extract. J Immunotoxicol. 2011 Jun;8(2):150-8. Epub 2011 Mar 14. PubMed PMID: 21401388.

52: Hu C, Eggler AL, Mesecar AD, van Breemen RB. Modification of keap1 cysteine residues by sulforaphane. Chem Res Toxicol. 2011 Apr 18;24(4):515-21. Epub 2011 Mar 10. PubMed PMID: 21391649; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3086360.

53: Hussain A, Priyani A, Sadrieh L, Brahmbhatt K, Ahmed M, Sharma C. Concurrent Sulforaphane and Eugenol Induces Differential Effects on Human Cervical Cancer Cells. Integr Cancer Ther. 2011 Mar 7. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21382956.

54: Clarke JD, Hsu A, Yu Z, Dashwood RH, Ho E. Differential effects of sulforaphane on histone deacetylases, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in normal prostate cells versus hyperplastic and cancerous prostate cells. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2011 Jul;55(7):999-1009. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201000547. Epub 2011 Mar 4. PubMed PMID: 21374800; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3129466.

55: Egner PA, Chen JG, Wang JB, Wu Y, Sun Y, Lu JH, Zhu J, Zhang YH, Chen YS, Friesen MD, Jacobson LP, Muñoz A, Ng D, Qian GS, Zhu YR, Chen TY, Botting NP, Zhang Q, Fahey JW, Talalay P, Groopman JD, Kensler TW. Bioavailability of Sulforaphane from two broccoli sprout beverages: results of a short-term, cross-over clinical trial in Qidong, China. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2011 Mar;4(3):384-95. PubMed PMID: 21372038; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3076202.

56: Mizuno K, Kume T, Muto C, Takada-Takatori Y, Izumi Y, Sugimoto H, Akaike A. Glutathione biosynthesis via activation of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)--antioxidant-response element (ARE) pathway is essential for neuroprotective effects of sulforaphane and 6-(methylsulfinyl) hexyl isothiocyanate. J Pharmacol Sci. 2011;115(3):320-8. Epub 2011 Feb 24. PubMed PMID: 21358121.

57: Fiala JL, Egner PA, Wiriyachan N, Ruchirawat M, Kensler KH, Wogan GN, Groopman JD, Croy RG, Essigmann JM. Sulforaphane-mediated reduction of aflatoxin B₁-N⁷-guanine in rat liver DNA: impacts of strain and sex. Toxicol Sci. 2011 May;121(1):57-62. Epub 2011 Jan 28. PubMed PMID: 21278056; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3080186.

58: Zeng H, Trujillo ON, Moyer MP, Botnen JH. Prolonged sulforaphane treatment activates survival signaling in nontumorigenic NCM460 colon cells but apoptotic signaling in tumorigenic HCT116 colon cells. Nutr Cancer. 2011;63(2):248-55. PubMed PMID: 21271458.

59: Cramer JM, Jeffery EH. Sulforaphane absorption and excretion following ingestion of a semi-purified broccoli powder rich in glucoraphanin and broccoli sprouts in healthy men. Nutr Cancer. 2011;63(2):196-201. PubMed PMID: 21240766.

60: Bongard RD, Krenz GS, Gastonguay AJ, Williams CL, Lindemer BJ, Merker MP. Characterization of the threshold for NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase activity in intact sulforaphane-treated pulmonary arterial endothelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 2011 Apr 15;50(8):953-62. Epub 2011 Jan 14. PubMed PMID: 21238579.

61: Suganuma H, Fahey JW, Bryan KE, Healy ZR, Talalay P. Stimulation of phagocytosis by sulforaphane. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011 Feb 4;405(1):146-51. Epub 2011 Jan 8. PubMed PMID: 21219867; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3057406.

62: Srivastava RK, Tang SN, Zhu W, Meeker D, Shankar S. Sulforaphane synergizes with quercetin to inhibit self-renewal capacity of pancreatic cancer stem cells. Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2011 Jan 1;3:515-28. PubMed PMID: 21196331.

63: Saw CL, Huang MT, Liu Y, Khor TO, Conney AH, Kong AN. Impact of Nrf2 on UVB-induced skin inflammation/photoprotection and photoprotective effect of sulforaphane. Mol Carcinog. 2010 Dec 28. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21190227.

64: Kalpana Deepa Priya D, Gayathri R, Sakthisekaran D. Role of sulforaphane in the anti-initiating mechanism of lung carcinogenesis in vivo by modulating the metabolic activation and detoxification of benzo(a)pyrene. Biomed Pharmacother. 2011 Feb;65(1):9-16. Epub 2010 Sep 24. PubMed PMID: 21177068.

65: Tomczyk J, Olejnik A. [Sulforaphane--a possible agent in prevention and therapy of cancer]. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online). 2010 Nov 29;64:590-603. Review. Polish. PubMed PMID: 21160094.

66: Lee CH, Jeong SJ, Yun SM, Kim JH, Lee HJ, Ahn KS, Won SH, Kim HS, Lee HJ, Ahn KS, Zhu S, Chen CY, Kim SH. Down-regulation of phosphoglucomutase 3 mediates sulforaphane-induced cell death in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Proteome Sci. 2010 Dec 16;8:67. PubMed PMID: 21159204; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3024296.

67: Qazi A, Pal J, Maitah M, Fulciniti M, Pelluru D, Nanjappa P, Lee S, Batchu RB, Prasad M, Bryant CS, Rajput S, Gryaznov S, Beer DG, Weaver DW, Munshi NC, Goyal RK, Shammas MA. Anticancer activity of a broccoli derivative, sulforaphane, in barrett adenocarcinoma: potential use in chemoprevention and as adjuvant in chemotherapy. Transl Oncol. 2010 Dec 1;3(6):389-99. PubMed PMID: 21151478; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3000464.

68: Guerrero-Beltrán CE, Calderón-Oliver M, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Chirino YI. Protective effect of sulforaphane against oxidative stress: Recent advances. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2010 Dec 1. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21129940.

69: Jeong SI, Choi BM, Jang SI. Sulforaphane suppresses TARC/CCL17 and MDC/CCL22 expression through heme oxygenase-1 and NF-κB in human keratinocytes. Arch Pharm Res. 2010 Nov;33(11):1867-76. Epub 2010 Nov 30. PubMed PMID: 21116791.

70: Facchini A, Stanic I, Cetrullo S, Borzì RM, Filardo G, Flamigni F. Sulforaphane protects human chondrocytes against cell death induced by various stimuli. J Cell Physiol. 2010 Nov 10. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21069808.

71: Greco T, Fiskum G. Brain mitochondria from rats treated with sulforaphane are resistant to redox-regulated permeability transition. J Bioenerg Biomembr. 2010 Dec;42(6):491-7. PubMed PMID: 21061051; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3040633.

72: Sharma C, Sadrieh L, Priyani A, Ahmed M, Hassan AH, Hussain A. Anti-carcinogenic effects of sulforaphane in association with its apoptosis-inducing and anti-inflammatory properties in human cervical cancer cells. Cancer Epidemiol. 2011 Jun;35(3):272-8. Epub 2010 Oct 16. PubMed PMID: 20956097.

73: Mao L, Wang HD, Wang XL, Qiao L, Yin HX. Sulforaphane attenuates matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression following spinal cord injury in mice. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2010 Fall;40(4):354-60. PubMed PMID: 20947810.

74: Kim MJ, Kim SH, Lim SJ. Comparison of the apoptosis-inducing capability of sulforaphane analogues in human colon cancer cells. Anticancer Res. 2010 Sep;30(9):3611-9. PubMed PMID: 20944144.

75: Kanematsu S, Uehara N, Miki H, Yoshizawa K, Kawanaka A, Yuri T, Tsubura A. Autophagy inhibition enhances sulforaphane-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells. Anticancer Res. 2010 Sep;30(9):3381-90. PubMed PMID: 20944112.

76: Kallifatidis G, Labsch S, Rausch V, Mattern J, Gladkich J, Moldenhauer G, Büchler MW, Salnikov AV, Herr I. Sulforaphane increases drug-mediated cytotoxicity toward cancer stem-like cells of pancreas and prostate. Mol Ther. 2011 Jan;19(1):188-95. Epub 2010 Oct 12. Erratum in: Mol Ther. 2011 Sep;19(9):1747. PubMed PMID: 20940707; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3017446.

77: Kerns M, DePianto D, Yamamoto M, Coulombe PA. Differential modulation of keratin expression by sulforaphane occurs via Nrf2-dependent and -independent pathways in skin epithelia. Mol Biol Cell. 2010 Dec;21(23):4068-75. Epub 2010 Oct 6. PubMed PMID: 20926689; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2993737.

78: Bergström P, Andersson HC, Gao Y, Karlsson JO, Nodin C, Anderson MF, Nilsson M, Hammarsten O. Repeated transient sulforaphane stimulation in astrocytes leads to prolonged Nrf2-mediated gene expression and protection from superoxide-induced damage. Neuropharmacology. 2011 Feb-Mar;60(2-3):343-53. Epub 2010 Oct 1. PubMed PMID: 20888844.

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