MedKoo product information:

Patupilone

Desciprtion of Patupilone (Epothilone B): Epothilone B is a compound isolated from the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum. Similar to paclitaxel, epothilone B induces microtubule polymerization and stabilizes microtubules against depolymerization conditions. In addition to promoting tubulin polymerization and stabilization of microtubules, this agent is cytotoxic for cells overexpressing P-glycoprotein, a characteristic that distinguishes it from the taxanes. Epothilone B may cause complete cell-cycle arrest. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus).

Current developer:    Novartis Pharma AG.

 1: Hortobagyi GN, Gomez HL, Li RK, Chung HC, Fein LE, Chan VF, Jassem J, Lerzo GL, Pivot XB, Hurtado de Mendoza F, Xu B, Vahdat LT, Peck RA, Mukhopadhyay P, Roché HH. Analysis of overall survival from a phase III study of ixabepilone plus capecitabine versus capecitabine in patients with MBC resistant to anthracyclines and taxanes. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010 Jul;122(2):409-18. Epub 2010 May 8. PubMed PMID: 20454927.

2: Rivera E. Implications of anthracycline-resistant and taxane-resistant metastatic breast cancer and new therapeutic options. Breast J. 2010 May-Jun;16(3):252-63. Epub 2010 Apr 12. PubMed PMID: 20408828.

3: Chuang E, Wiener N, Christos P, Kessler R, Cobham M, Donovan D, Goldberg GL, Caputo T, Doyle A, Vahdat L, Sparano JA. Phase I trial of ixabepilone plus pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in patients with adenocarcinoma of breast or ovary. Ann Oncol. 2010 Mar 31. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20357034.

4: Stalder MW, Anthony CT, Woltering EA. Metronomic Dosing Enhances The Anti-Angiogenic Effect of Epothilone B. J Surg Res. 2009 Dec 30. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20338584.

5: Yang CP, Liu L, Ikui AE, Horwitz SB. The interaction between mitotic checkpoint proteins, CENP-E and BubR1, is diminished in epothilone B-resistant A549 cells. Cell Cycle. 2010 Mar 4;9(6). [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20237434.

6: Perez EA, Patel T, Moreno-Aspitia A. Efficacy of ixabepilone in ER/PR/HER2-negative (triple-negative) breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010 Jun;121(2):261-71. Epub 2010 Mar 13. PubMed PMID: 20229176.

7: Huang H, Menefee M, Edgerly M, Zhuang S, Kotz H, Poruchynsky M, Huff LM, Bates S, Fojo T. A phase II clinical trial of ixabepilone (Ixempra; BMS-247550; NSC 710428), an epothilone B analog, in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2010 Mar 1;16(5):1634-41. Epub 2010 Feb 23. PubMed PMID: 20179242.

8: Chan A, Andreae PM, Northcote PT, Miller JH. Peloruside A inhibits microtubule dynamics in a breast cancer cell line MCF7. Invest New Drugs. 2010 Feb 20. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20169398.

9: Tomillero A, Moral MA. Gateways to clinical trials. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2009 Dec;31(10):661-700. PubMed PMID: 20140276.

10: Yardley DA. Visceral disease in patients with metastatic breast cancer: efficacy and safety of treatment with ixabepilone and other chemotherapeutic agents. Clin Breast Cancer. 2010 Feb;10(1):64-73. Review. PubMed PMID: 20133261.

11: Ott PA, Hamilton A, Jones A, Haas N, Shore T, Liddell S, Christos PJ, Doyle LA, Millward M, Muggia FM, Pavlick AC. A phase II trial of the epothilone B analog ixabepilone (BMS-247550) in patients with metastatic melanoma. PLoS One. 2010 Jan 20;5(1):e8714. PubMed PMID: 20098694; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2808339.

12: Guarneri V, Piacentini F, Barbieri E, Conte PF. Achievements and unmet needs in the management of advanced ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2010 May;117(2):152-8. Epub 2010 Jan 6. Review. PubMed PMID: 20056266.

13: Harichand-Herdt S, O'Regan RM. Identifying Subsets of Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients Likely to Benefit From Treatment With the Epothilone B Analog Ixabepilone. Am J Clin Oncol. 2010 Jan 4. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20051810.

14: Cömezoğlu SN, Ly VT, Zhang D, Humphreys WG, Bonacorsi SJ, Everett DW, Cohen MB, Gan J, Beumer JH, Beijnen JH, Schellens HM, Lappin G. Biotransformation profiling of [(14)C]ixabepilone in human plasma, urine and feces samples using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2009;24(6):511-22. PubMed PMID: 20045986.

15: Toppmeyer DL, Goodin S. Ixabepilone, a New Treatment Option for Metastatic Breast Cancer. Am J Clin Oncol. 2009 Dec 17. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20023567.

16: Shen S, Kepp O, Martins I, Vitale I, Souquère S, Castedo M, Pierron G, Kroemer G. Defective autophagy associated with LC3 puncta in epothilone-resistant cancer cells. Cell Cycle. 2010 Jan 15;9(2):377-83. Epub 2010 Jan 29. PubMed PMID: 20023420.

17: Moulder S, Li H, Wang M, Gradishar WJ, Perez EA, Sparano JA, Pins M, Yang X, Sledge GW. A phase II trial of trastuzumab plus weekly ixabepilone and carboplatin in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010 Feb;119(3):663-71. PubMed PMID: 20012354.

18: Lazo JS, Reese CE, Vogt A, Vollmer LL, Kitchens CA, Günther E, Graham TH, Hopkins CD, Wipf P. Identifying a resistance determinant for the antimitotic natural products disorazole C1 and A1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010 Mar;332(3):906-11. Epub 2009 Dec 15. PubMed PMID: 20008956; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2835430.

19: McSheehy PM, Weidensteiner C, Cannet C, Ferretti S, Laurent D, Ruetz S, Stumm M, Allegrini PR. Quantified tumor t1 is a generic early-response imaging biomarker for chemotherapy reflecting cell viability. Clin Cancer Res. 2010 Jan 1;16(1):212-25. Epub 2009 Dec 15. PubMed PMID: 20008843.

20: Tomillero A, Moral MA. Gateways to clinical trials. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2009 Oct;31(8):541-57. PubMed PMID: 19967103.

21: Reiff EA, Nair SK, Henri JT, Greiner JF, Reddy BS, Chakrasali R, David SA, Chiu TL, Amin EA, Himes RH, Vander Velde DG, Georg GI. Total synthesis and evaluation of C26-hydroxyepothilone D derivatives for photoaffinity labeling of beta-tubulin. J Org Chem. 2010 Jan 1;75(1):86-94. PubMed PMID: 19954175; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2798899.

22: Galmarini CM. Sagopilone, a microtubule stabilizer for the potential treatment of cancer. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2009 Dec;10(12):1359-71. Review. PubMed PMID: 19943207.

23: Gradishar W. Management of advanced breast cancer with the epothilone B analog, ixabepilone. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2009 Sep 21;3:163-71. PubMed PMID: 19920932; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2769224.

24: De Geest K, Blessing JA, Morris RT, Yamada SD, Monk BJ, Zweizig SL, Matei D, Muller CY, Richards WE. Phase II clinical trial of ixabepilone in patients with recurrent or persistent platinum- and taxane-resistant ovarian or primary peritoneal cancer: a gynecologic oncology group study. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Jan 1;28(1):149-53. Epub 2009 Nov 16. PubMed PMID: 19917861; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2799230.

25: Kelly WK. Epothilones in prostate cancer. Urol Oncol. 2009 Nov 12. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 19914096.

26: Forli S, Manetti F, Altmann KH, Botta M. Evaluation of novel epothilone analogues by means of a common pharmacophore and a QSAR pseudoreceptor model for taxanes and epothilones. ChemMedChem. 2010 Jan;5(1):35-40. PubMed PMID: 19904799.

27: Po'uha ST, Shum MS, Goebel A, Bernard O, Kavallaris M. LIM-kinase 2, a regulator of actin dynamics, is involved in mitotic spindle integrity and sensitivity to microtubule-destabilizing drugs. Oncogene. 2010 Jan 28;29(4):597-607. Epub 2009 Nov 2. PubMed PMID: 19881550.

28: Fogh S, Machtay M, Werner-Wasik M, Curran WJ Jr, Bonanni R, Axelrod R, Andrews D, Dicker AP. Phase I trial using patupilone (epothilone B) and concurrent radiotherapy for central nervous system malignancies. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Jul 15;77(4):1009-16. Epub 2009 Oct 30. PubMed PMID: 19879067.

29: Stein WD, Huang H, Menefee M, Edgerly M, Kotz H, Dwyer A, Yang J, Bates SE. Other paradigms: growth rate constants and tumor burden determined using computed tomography data correlate strongly with the overall survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma. Cancer J. 2009 Sep-Oct;15(5):441-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 19826366.

30: Ferretti S, Allegrini PR, Becquet MM, McSheehy PM. Tumor interstitial fluid pressure as an early-response marker for anticancer therapeutics. Neoplasia. 2009 Sep;11(9):874-81. PubMed PMID: 19724681; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2735799.

31: Cheng KL, Bradley T, Budman DR. Novel microtubule-targeting agents - the epothilones. Biologics. 2008 Dec;2(4):789-811. PubMed PMID: 19707459; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2727900.

32: Puhalla S, Brufsky A. Ixabepilone: a new chemotherapeutic option for refractory metastatic breast cancer. Biologics. 2008 Sep;2(3):505-15. PubMed PMID: 19707381; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2721395.

33: Dietrich SA, Lindauer R, Stierlin C, Gertsch J, Matesanz R, Notararigo S, Díaz JF, Altmann KH. Epothilone analogues with benzimidazole and quinoline side chains: chemical synthesis, antiproliferative activity, and interactions with tubulin. Chemistry. 2009 Oct 5;15(39):10144-57. PubMed PMID: 19697384.

34: Shivanna M, Srinivas SP. Microtubule stabilization opposes the (TNF-alpha)-induced loss in the barrier integrity of corneal endothelium. Exp Eye Res. 2009 Dec;89(6):950-9. Epub 2009 Aug 18. PubMed PMID: 19695246; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2784278.

35: Pivot XB, Li RK, Thomas ES, Chung HC, Fein LE, Chan VF, Jassem J, de Mendoza FH, Mukhopadyay P, Roché HH. Activity of ixabepilone in oestrogen receptor-negative and oestrogen receptor-progesterone receptor-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative metastatic breast cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2009 Nov;45(17):2940-6. Epub 2009 Aug 13. PubMed PMID: 19683429.

36: Nimeiri HS, Singh DA, Kasza K, Taber DA, Ansari RH, Vokes EE, Kindler HL. The epothilone B analogue ixabepilone in patients with advanced hepatobiliary cancers: a trial of the University of Chicago Phase II Consortium. Invest New Drugs. 2009 Aug 11. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 19669700.

37: Moen MD. Ixabepilone: in locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer. Drugs. 2009 Jul 30;69(11):1471-81. doi: 10.2165/00003495-200969110-00006. Review. PubMed PMID: 19634925.

38: Michaud LB. The epothilones: how pharmacology relates to clinical utility. Ann Pharmacother. 2009 Jul;43(7):1294-309. Epub 2009 Jul 7. Review. PubMed PMID: 19584389.

39: Wang J, Zhang H, Ying L, Wang C, Jiang N, Zhou Y, Wang H, Bai H. Five new epothilone metabolites from Sorangium cellulosum strain So0157-2. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 2009 Sep;62(9):483-7. Epub 2009 Jul 3. PubMed PMID: 19575038.

40: Tomillero A, Moral MA. Gateways to clinical trials. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2009 Apr;31(3):183-226. PubMed PMID: 19536362.

41: Bekier ME, Fischbach R, Lee J, Taylor WR. Length of mitotic arrest induced by microtubule-stabilizing drugs determines cell death after mitotic exit. Mol Cancer Ther. 2009 Jun;8(6):1646-54. Epub 2009 Jun 9. PubMed PMID: 19509263.

42: Chiorazzi A, Nicolini G, Canta A, Oggioni N, Rigolio R, Cossa G, Lombardi R, Roglio I, Cervellini I, Lauria G, Melcangi RC, Bianchi R, Crippa D, Cavaletti G. Experimental epothilone B neurotoxicity: results of in vitro and in vivo studies. Neurobiol Dis. 2009 Aug;35(2):270-7. Epub 2009 May 21. PubMed PMID: 19464369.

43: Ebenhan T, Honer M, Ametamey SM, Schubiger PA, Becquet M, Ferretti S, Cannet C, Rausch M, McSheehy PM. Comparison of [18F]-tracers in various experimental tumor models by PET imaging and identification of an early response biomarker for the novel microtubule stabilizer patupilone. Mol Imaging Biol. 2009 Sep-Oct;11(5):308-21. Epub 2009 May 22. Erratum in: Mol Imaging Biol. 2009 Sep-Oct;11(5):379-80. PubMed PMID: 19462209.

44: Ten Bokkel Huinink WW, Sufliarsky J, Smit WM, Spanik S, Wagnerova M, Hirte HW, Kaye S, Johri AR, Oza AM. Safety and efficacy of patupilone in patients with advanced ovarian, primary fallopian, or primary peritoneal cancer: a phase I, open-label, dose-escalation study. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Jul 1;27(19):3097-103. Epub 2009 May 18. PubMed PMID: 19451434.

45: Villanueva C, Vuillemin AT, Demarchi M, Bazan F, Chaigneau L, Pivot X. Ixabepilone: a new active chemotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer. Womens Health (Lond Engl). 2009 Mar;5(2):115-21. Review. PubMed PMID: 19245349.

46: Gupta D, Mani S. The efficacy and safety of ixabepilone monotherapy in the treatment of breast and gynecologic malignancies. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2009 Jan;8(1):81-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 19236220.

47: Bley CR, Jochum W, Orlowski K, Furmanova P, Vuong V, McSheehy PM, Pruschy M. Role of the microenvironment for radiosensitization by patupilone. Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Feb 15;15(4):1335-42. PubMed PMID: 19228735.

48: Cigler T, Vahdat L. Integrating epothilones into the treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer: clinical perspectives on incorporating recent data in the practice setting. Clin Breast Cancer. 2008 Dec;8 Suppl 4:S166-70. Review. PubMed PMID: 19158037.

49: Nayeem A, Chiang SJ, Liu SW, Sun Y, You L, Basch J. Engineering enzymes for improved catalytic efficiency: a computational study of site mutagenesis in epothilone-B hydroxylase. Protein Eng Des Sel. 2009 Apr;22(4):257-66. Epub 2009 Jan 28. PubMed PMID: 19179341.

50: Hunt JT. Discovery of ixabepilone. Mol Cancer Ther. 2009 Feb;8(2):275-81. Epub 2009 Jan 27. Review. PubMed PMID: 19174552.

51: Boehnke Michaud L. The optimal therapeutic use of ixabepilone in patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2009 Jun;15(2):95-106. Epub 2009 Jan 26. Review. PubMed PMID: 19171553.

52: Dumontet C, Jordan MA, Lee FF. Ixabepilone: targeting betaIII-tubulin expression in taxane-resistant malignancies. Mol Cancer Ther. 2009 Jan;8(1):17-25. Review. PubMed PMID: 19139109.

53: Hopper-Borge E, Xu X, Shen T, Shi Z, Chen ZS, Kruh GD. Human multidrug resistance protein 7 (ABCC10) is a resistance factor for nucleoside analogues and epothilone B. Cancer Res. 2009 Jan 1;69(1):178-84. PubMed PMID: 19118001; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2745904.

54: Tomillero A, Moral MA. Gateways to clinical trials. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2008 Oct;30(8):643-72. PubMed PMID: 19088949.

55: Rivera E, Lee J, Davies A. Clinical development of ixabepilone and other epothilones in patients with advanced solid tumors. Oncologist. 2008 Dec;13(12):1207-23. Epub 2008 Dec 16. Review. PubMed PMID: 19088324.

56: Hussain A, DiPaola RS, Baron AD, Higano CS, Tchekmedyian NS, Johri AR. Phase II trial of weekly patupilone in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Ann Oncol. 2009 Mar;20(3):492-7. Epub 2008 Dec 15. PubMed PMID: 19087985.

57: Mozzetti S, Iantomasi R, De Maria I, Prislei S, Mariani M, Camperchioli A, Bartollino S, Gallo D, Scambia G, Ferlini C. Molecular mechanisms of patupilone resistance. Cancer Res. 2008 Dec 15;68(24):10197-204. PubMed PMID: 19074887.

58: Gertsch J, Meier S, Müller M, Altmann KH. Differential effects of natural product microtubule stabilizers on microtubule assembly: single agent and combination studies with taxol, epothilone B, and discodermolide. Chembiochem. 2009 Jan 5;10(1):166-75. PubMed PMID: 19058273.

59: Lee JJ, Kelly WK. Epothilones: tubulin polymerization as a novel target for prostate cancer therapy. Nat Clin Pract Oncol. 2009 Feb;6(2):85-92. Epub 2008 Dec 2. Review. PubMed PMID: 19048010.

60: Keck GE, Giles RL, Cee VJ, Wager CA, Yu T, Kraft MB. Total synthesis of epothilones B and D: stannane equivalents for beta-keto ester dianions. J Org Chem. 2008 Dec 19;73(24):9675-91. PubMed PMID: 18991385; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2736362.

61: Risinger AL, Jackson EM, Polin LA, Helms GL, LeBoeuf DA, Joe PA, Hopper-Borge E, Ludueña RF, Kruh GD, Mooberry SL. The taccalonolides: microtubule stabilizers that circumvent clinically relevant taxane resistance mechanisms. Cancer Res. 2008 Nov 1;68(21):8881-8. PubMed PMID: 18974132; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2727482.

62: Goodin S. Ixabepilone: a novel microtubule-stabilizing agent for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2008 Nov 1;65(21):2017-26. Review. PubMed PMID: 18945860.

63: Klar U, Hoffmann J, Giurescu M. Sagopilone (ZK-EPO): from a natural product to a fully synthetic clinical development candidate. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2008 Nov;17(11):1735-48. Review. PubMed PMID: 18922109.

64: Liaw TY, Salam NK, McKay MJ, Cunningham AM, Hibbs DE, Kavallaris M. Class I beta-tubulin mutations in 2-methoxyestradiol-resistant acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells: implications for drug-target interactions. Mol Cancer Ther. 2008 Oct;7(10):3150-9. PubMed PMID: 18852118.

65: Halterman PA. Lapatinib and ixabepilone for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Pharmacotherapy. 2008 Oct;28(10):1255-66. Review. PubMed PMID: 18823221.

66: Quick QA. Epothilone B induces glioblastoma cell death via survivin down-regulation. Exp Oncol. 2008 Sep;30(3):195-201. PubMed PMID: 18806741.

67: Park SR, Park JW, Jung WS, Han AR, Ban YH, Kim EJ, Sohng JK, Sim SJ, Yoon YJ. Heterologous production of epothilones B and D in Streptomyces venezuelae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2008 Nov;81(1):109-17. Epub 2008 Sep 4. PubMed PMID: 18769916.

68: Liberatore AM, Coulomb H, Pons D, Dutruel O, Kasprzyk PG, Carlson M, Nelson AS, Newman SP, Stengel C, Auvray P, Hesry V, Foll B, Narboux N, Morlais D, Le Moing M, Bernetiere S, Dellile R, Camara J, Ferrandis E, Bigg DC, Prévost GP. IRC-083927 is a new tubulin binder that inhibits growth of human tumor cells resistant to standard tubulin-binding agents. Mol Cancer Ther. 2008 Aug;7(8):2426-34. Erratum in: Mol Cancer Ther. 2009 Jan;8(1):274. PubMed PMID: 18723488.

69: Beardsley EK, Chi KN. Systemic therapy after first-line docetaxel in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2008 Sep;2(3):161-6. Review. PubMed PMID: 18685415.

70: Trivedi M, Budihardjo I, Loureiro K, Reid TR, Ma JD. Epothilones: a novel class of microtubule-stabilizing drugs for the treatment of cancer. Future Oncol. 2008 Aug;4(4):483-500. Review. PubMed PMID: 18684060.

71: Kuppens IE. Current state of the art of new tubulin inhibitors in the clinic. Curr Clin Pharmacol. 2006 Jan;1(1):57-70. Review. PubMed PMID: 18666378.

72: Bunnell C, Vahdat L, Schwartzberg L, Gralow J, Klimovsky J, Poulart V, Peck R, Thomas E. Phase I/II study of ixabepilone plus capecitabine in anthracycline-pretreated/resistant and taxane-resistant metastatic breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer. 2008 Jun;8(3):234-41. PubMed PMID: 18650153.

73: Goel S, Goldberg GL, Kuo DY, Muggia F, Arezzo J, Mani S. Novel neurosensory testing in cancer patients treated with the epothilone B analog, ixabepilone. Ann Oncol. 2008 Dec;19(12):2048-52. Epub 2008 Jul 21. PubMed PMID: 18644829; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2733111.

74: Bijman MN, van Berkel MP, van Nieuw Amerongen GP, Boven E. Interference with actin dynamics is superior to disturbance of microtubule function in the inhibition of human ovarian cancer cell motility. Biochem Pharmacol. 2008 Sep 15;76(6):707-16. Epub 2008 Jul 2. PubMed PMID: 18644348.

75: Buzdar AU. Clinical experience with epothilones in patients with breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer. 2008 Mar;8 Suppl 2:S71-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 18637402.

76: Tomillero A, Moral MA. Gateways to clinical trials. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2008 Apr;30(3):231-51. PubMed PMID: 18597009.

77: Hoffmann J, Vitale I, Buchmann B, Galluzzi L, Schwede W, Senovilla L, Skuballa W, Vivet S, Lichtner RB, Vicencio JM, Panaretakis T, Siemeister G, Lage H, Nanty L, Hammer S, Mittelstaedt K, Winsel S, Eschenbrenner J, Castedo M, Demarche C, Klar U, Kroemer G. Improved cellular pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics underlie the wide anticancer activity of sagopilone. Cancer Res. 2008 Jul 1;68(13):5301-8. PubMed PMID: 18593931.

78: Khawaja NR, Carré M, Kovacic H, Estève MA, Braguer D. Patupilone-induced apoptosis is mediated by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species through Bim relocalization to mitochondria. Mol Pharmacol. 2008 Oct;74(4):1072-83. Epub 2008 Jul 1. PubMed PMID: 18593821.

79: Swain SM, Arezzo JC. Neuropathy associated with microtubule inhibitors: diagnosis, incidence, and management. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol. 2008 Jun;6(6):455-67. Review. PubMed PMID: 18567992.

80: Moulder SL. Ixabepilone for the treatment of taxane-refractory breast cancer. Future Oncol. 2008 Jun;4(3):333-40. Review. PubMed PMID: 18518758.

81: Goodin S. Novel cytotoxic agents: epothilones. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2008 May 15;65(10 Suppl 3):S10-5. Review. PubMed PMID: 18463327.

82: Donovan D, Vahdat LT. Epothilones: clinical update and future directions. Oncology (Williston Park). 2008 Apr 15;22(4):408-16; discussion 416, 421, 424 passim. Review. PubMed PMID: 18472615.

83: Goel S, Cohen M, Cömezoglu SN, Perrin L, André F, Jayabalan D, Iacono L, Comprelli A, Ly VT, Zhang D, Xu C, Humphreys WG, McDaid H, Goldberg G, Horwitz SB, Mani S. The effect of ketoconazole on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ixabepilone: a first in class epothilone B analogue in late-phase clinical development. Clin Cancer Res. 2008 May 1;14(9):2701-9. PubMed PMID: 18451235.

84: Vahdat LT. Clinical studies with epothilones for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Semin Oncol. 2008 Apr;35(2 Suppl 2):S22-30; quiz S40. Review. PubMed PMID: 18410796.

85: Burris HA 3rd. Preclinical investigations with epothilones in breast cancer models. Semin Oncol. 2008 Apr;35(2 Suppl 2):S15-21; quiz S39. Review. PubMed PMID: 18410795.

86: Altmann KH, Memmert K. Epothilones as lead structures for new anticancer drugs--pharmacology, fermentation, and structure-activity-relationships. Prog Drug Res. 2008;66:273, 275-334. Review. PubMed PMID: 18416309.

87: Vahdat L. Ixabepilone: a novel antineoplastic agent with low susceptibility to multiple tumor resistance mechanisms. Oncologist. 2008 Mar;13(3):214-21. Review. PubMed PMID: 18378531.

88: Pivot X, Villanueva C, Chaigneau L, Nguyen T, Demarchi M, Maurina T, Stein U, Borg C. Ixabepilone, a novel epothilone analog in the treatment of breast cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2008 Apr;17(4):593-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 18363523.

89: Harrison M, Swanton C. Epothilones and new analogues of the microtubule modulators in taxane-resistant disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2008 Apr;17(4):523-46. Review. PubMed PMID: 18363517.

90: Lee FY, Smykla R, Johnston K, Menard K, McGlinchey K, Peterson RW, Wiebesiek A, Vite G, Fairchild CR, Kramer R. Preclinical efficacy spectrum and pharmacokinetics of ixabepilone. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2009 Jan;63(2):201-12. Epub 2008 Mar 19. PubMed PMID: 18350296.

91: Lee FY, Borzilleri R, Fairchild CR, Kamath A, Smykla R, Kramer R, Vite G. Preclinical discovery of ixabepilone, a highly active antineoplastic agent. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2008 Dec;63(1):157-66. Epub 2008 Mar 18. Review. PubMed PMID: 18347795.

92: Lee JJ, Swain SM. The epothilones: translating from the laboratory to the clinic. Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Mar 15;14(6):1618-24. Review. PubMed PMID: 18347162.

93: Dinh P, Harnett P, Piccart-Gebhart MJ, Awada A. New therapies for ovarian cancer: cytotoxics and molecularly targeted agents. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2008 Aug;67(2):103-12. Epub 2008 Mar 14. Review. PubMed PMID: 18342536.

94: Denduluri N, Swain SM. Ixabepilone for the treatment of solid tumors: a review of clinical data. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2008 Mar;17(3):423-35. Review. PubMed PMID: 18321240.

95: Villanueva C, Dufresne A, Pivot X, Viel E. [Efficacy and safety of ixabepilone (BMS-247550), a novel epothilone B analogue]. Bull Cancer. 2008 Feb;95(2):197-204. Review. French. PubMed PMID: 18304905.

96: O'Reilly T, Wartmann M, Brueggen J, Allegrini PR, Floersheimer A, Maira M, McSheehy PM. Pharmacokinetic profile of the microtubule stabilizer patupilone in tumor-bearing rodents and comparison of anti-cancer activity with other MTS in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2008 Nov;62(6):1045-54. Epub 2008 Feb 27. PubMed PMID: 18301895.

97: Han SJ, Park SW, Park BW, Sim SJ. Selective production of epothilone B by heterologous expression of propionyl-CoA synthetase in Sorangium cellulosum. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2008 Jan;18(1):135-7. PubMed PMID: 18239430.

98: Sakaushi S, Nishida K, Fukada T, Senda-Murata K, Oka S, Sugimoto K. Differential responses of mitotic spindle pole formation to microtubule-stabilizing agents epothilones A and B at low concentrations. Cell Cycle. 2008 Feb 15;7(4):477-83. Epub 2007 Nov 9. PubMed PMID: 18235240.

99: Pronzato P. New therapeutic options for chemotherapy-resistant metastatic breast cancer: the epothilones. Drugs. 2008;68(2):139-46. Review. PubMed PMID: 18197722.

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