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Ketamine

Ketamine is a drug used to cause a loss of feeling and awareness and to induce sleep in patients having surgery. It is also being studied in the treatment of nerve pain caused by chemotherapy. Ketamine blocks pathways to the brain that are involved in sensing pain. It is a type of general anesthetic. Also called Ketalar and ketamine hydrochloride.

Ereska™:  Ketamine, a non-opiate, is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (“NMDA”), receptor antagonist that has been in clinical use for over 30 years as a general anesthetic. Since its approval by the FDA, ketamine has been safely used as an anesthetic in tens of thousands of patients. NMDA receptors are located in the central nervous system and play a role in the perception of acute and chronic pain. Ketamine blocks NMDA receptors and therefore is a logical drug candidate for use as an analgesic for syndromes associated with acute pain, as well as breakthrough pain. Ketamine, at lower doses than that approved for use as an anesthetic, has been reported in the medical literature to be an effective medication for the treatment of postoperative pain, neuropathic pain and pain during emergency medical procedures. Javelin has developed Ereska, a proprietary nasal formulation of ketamine which is currently under development for treatment of acute moderate-to-severe pain. The Company believes that Ereska is optimized for use as a pain medication and may offer a safe, non-opioid alternative for the treatment of moderate-to-severe pain. (source: http://www.javelinpharmaceuticals.com/pmi150.html).

According to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketamine, Ketamine is a drug used in human and veterinary medicine developed by Parke-Davis (today a part of Pfizer) in 1962. Its hydrochloride salt is sold as Ketanest, Ketaset, and Ketalar. Pharmacologically, ketamine is classified as an NMDA receptor antagonist. At high, fully anesthetic level doses, ketamine has also been found to bind to opioid μ receptors and sigma receptors. Like other drugs of this class such as tiletamine and phencyclidine (PCP), it induces a state referred to as "dissociative anesthesia"  and is used as a recreational drug.  Ketamine has a wide range of effects in humans, including analgesia, anesthesia, hallucinations, elevated blood pressure, and bronchodilation. Ketamine is primarily used for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia, usually in combination with some sedative drug. Other uses include sedation in intensive care, analgesia (particularly in emergency medicine), and treatment of bronchospasm. It has been shown to be effective in treating depression in patients with bipolar disorder who have not responded to other anti-depressants. It is also a popular anesthetic in veterinary medicine. Ketamine is a chiral compound. Most pharmaceutical preparations of ketamine are racemic; however, some brands reportedly have (mostly undocumented) differences in enantiomeric proportions. The more active enantiomer, (S)-ketamine, is also available for medical use under the brand name Ketanest S.  However (R)-ketamine is also active, and has differences in affects; the S enantiomer being a dissociative and the R enantiomer a hallucinogen. (R)-ketamine, (S)-ketamine & racemic (R,S)-ketamine all have qualitatively separate distinct effect profiles, although S has the most active potency. Ketamine is a core medicine in the World Health Organization's "Essential Drugs List", which is a list of minimum medical needs for a basic health care system.

History of research on Ketamine

According to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketamine, Ketamine was discovered by Dr. Craig Newlands of Wayne State University. It was then developed by Parke-Davis in 1962 as part of an effort to find a safer anesthetic alternative to phencyclidine (PCP), which was likely to cause hallucinations, neurotoxicity and seizures. The drug was first given to American soldiers during the Vietnam War. It is still widely used in humans. It is also used widely in veterinary medicine, or as a battlefield anesthetic in developing nations. The drug was used in psychiatric and other academic research through the 1970s, culminating in 1978 with the publishing of John Lilly's The Scientist and Marcia Moore and Howard Alltounian's Journeys into the Bright World, which documented the unusual phenomenology of ketamine intoxication.  The incidence of recreational ketamine use increased through the end of the century, especially in the context of raves and other parties. The increase in illicit use prompted ketamine's placement in Schedule III of the United States Controlled Substance Act in August 1999.  In the United Kingdom, it became outlawed and labeled a Class C drug on 1 January 2006. In Canada ketamine is classified as a Schedule I narcotic, as of August 2005. In Hong Kong, as of year 2000, ketamine is regulated under Schedule 1 of Hong Kong Chapter 134 Dangerous Drugs Ordinance. It can only be used legally by health professionals, for university research purposes, or with a physician's prescription.

Current developer:    Javelin Pharmaceuticals Inc.

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95: Legge J, Ball N, Elliott DP. The potential role of ketamine in hospice analgesia: a literature review. Consult Pharm. 2006 Jan;21(1):51-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 16524352.

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311: Estrin JA, Belani KG, Karnavas AG, Peterson BJ, Leonard AS, Buckley JJ. A new approach to massive blood transfusion during pediatric liver resection. Surgery. 1986 Jun;99(6):664-70. PubMed PMID: 3012812.

312: Katzav S, Shapiro J, Segal S, Feldman M. General anesthesia during excision of a mouse tumor accelerates postsurgical growth of metastases by suppression of natural killer cell activity. Isr J Med Sci. 1986 May;22(5):339-45. PubMed PMID: 3744781.

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314: Lichtwardt JR, Girgis S. Transurethral resection of prostate with intravenous sedation. Urology. 1985 Aug;26(2):112-3. PubMed PMID: 2411044.

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