MedKoo product information:

Exherin

Exherin is a small, cyclic pentapeptide vascular-targeting agent with potential antineoplastic and antiangiogenic activities. ADH-1 selectively and competitively binds to and blocks N-cadherin, which may result in disruption of tumor vasculature, inhibition of tumor cell growth, and the induction of tumor cell and endothelial cell apoptosis. N-cadherin, a cell- surface transmembrane glycoprotein of the cadherin superfamily of proteins involved in calcium-mediated cell-cell adhesion and signaling mechanisms; may be upregulated in some aggressive tumors and the endothelial cells and pericytes of some tumor blood vessels. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus).

In a pilot study (phase I trial) at Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center, ADH-1 intravenous pretreatment before chemotherapy in metastatic melanoma completely destroyed tumors in half the patients, normally a very deadly cancer. It is being investigated for Advanced extremity melanoma in phase II trials. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADH-1).

Clinical trials results demonstrated that ADH-1 showed an acceptable toxicity profile, linear PK and hints of antitumour activity in gynaecological cancers. (source:Ann Oncol. 2009 Apr;20(4):741-5. Epub 2009 Feb 3. or  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19190075).

Current developer:    Adherix Technologies, Inc.

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7: Beasley GM, McMahon N, Sanders G, Augustine CK, Selim MA, Peterson B, Norris R, Peters WP, Ross MI, Tyler DS. A phase 1 study of systemic ADH-1 in combination with melphalan via isolated limb infusion in patients with locally advanced in-transit malignant melanoma. Cancer. 2009 Oct 15;115(20):4766-74. PubMed PMID: 19637344.

8: Perotti A, Sessa C, Mancuso A, Noberasco C, Cresta S, Locatelli A, Carcangiu ML, Passera K, Braghetti A, Scaramuzza D, Zanaboni F, Fasolo A, Capri G, Miani M, Peters WP, Gianni L. Clinical and pharmacological phase I evaluation of Exherin (ADH-1), a selective anti-N-cadherin peptide in patients with N-cadherin-expressing solid tumours. Ann Oncol. 2009 Apr;20(4):741-5. Epub 2009 Feb 3. PubMed PMID: 19190075.

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22: Suzuki Y, Ando F, Ohsawa I, Shimokata H, Ohta S. Association of alcohol dehydrogenase 2*1 allele with liver damage and insulin concentration in the Japanese. J Hum Genet. 2006;51(1):31-7. Epub 2005 Nov 24. PubMed PMID: 16307179.

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27: Matzkin LM. Activity variation in alcohol dehydrogenase paralogs is associated with adaptation to cactus host use in cactophilic Drosophila. Mol Ecol. 2005 Jun;14(7):2223-31. PubMed PMID: 15910339.

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29: Pfeiler E, Reed LK, Markow TA. Inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase after 2-propanol exposure in different geographic races of Drosophila mojavensis: lack of evidence for selection at the Adh-2 locus. J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol. 2005 Mar 15;304(2):159-68. PubMed PMID: 15726639.

30: Gomulski LM, Brogna S, Babaratsas A, Gasperi G, Zacharopoulou A, Savakis C, Bourtzis K. Molecular basis of the size polymorphism of the first intron of the Adh-1 gene of the mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata. J Mol Evol. 2004 Jun;58(6):732-42. PubMed PMID: 15461430.

31: Garabagi F, Strommer J. Distinct genes produce the alcohol dehydrogenases of pollen and maternal tissues in Petunia hybrida. Biochem Genet. 2004 Jun;42(5-6):199-208. PubMed PMID: 15260144.

32: Torney F, Partier A, Says-Lesage V, Nadaud I, Barret P, Beckert M. Heritable transgene expression pattern imposed onto maize ubiquitin promoter by maize adh-1 matrix attachment regions: tissue and developmental specificity in maize transgenic plants. Plant Cell Rep. 2004 Jul;22(12):931-8. Epub 2004 May 4. PubMed PMID: 15127223.

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40: Schwartz SM, Doody DR, Fitzgibbons ED, Ricks S, Porter PL, Chen C. Oral squamous cell cancer risk in relation to alcohol consumption and alcohol dehydrogenase-3 genotypes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001 Nov;10(11):1137-44. PubMed PMID: 11700261.

41: Chrostek L, Szczepura D, Szmitkowski M, Jelski W, Wierzchowski J. Alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in the stomach and small intestine of rats poisoned with methanol. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2001 May;20(5):255-8. PubMed PMID: 11476158.

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43: Brogna S, Benos PV, Gasperi G, Savakis C. The Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase gene may have evolved independently of the functionally homologous medfly, olive fly, and flesh fly genes. Mol Biol Evol. 2001 Mar;18(3):322-9. PubMed PMID: 11230533.

44: Angeli P, Volpin R, Piovan D, Bortoluzzi A, Craighero R, Bottaro S, Finucci GF, Casiglia E, Sticca A, De Toni R, Pavan L, Gatta A. Acute effects of the oral administration of midodrine, an alpha-adrenergic agonist, on renal hemodynamics and renal function in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Hepatology. 1998 Oct;28(4):937-43. PubMed PMID: 9755229.

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49: Sumida M. Inheritance and linkage analysis of ten enzyme and blood protein loci in the Japanese brown frog Rana japonica. Biochem Genet. 1996 Oct;34(9-10):375-88. PubMed PMID: 8978910.

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51: Chen JS. Alcohol dehydrogenase: multiplicity and relatedness in the solvent-producing clostridia. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 1995 Oct;17(3):263-73. Review. PubMed PMID: 7576768.

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54: Yu M, Edenberg HJ. Structure and function of a long alternating purine-pyrimidine sequence in the mouse alcohol dehydrogenase Adh-1 gene. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1995 Jan 10;316(1):407-12. PubMed PMID: 7840644.

55: Garvin DF, Weeden NF, Doyle JJ. The reduced stability of a plant alcohol dehydrogenase is due to the substitution of serine for a highly conserved phenylalanine residue. Plant Mol Biol. 1994 Oct;26(2):643-55. PubMed PMID: 7948919.

56: Mangolin CA, Prioli AJ, Machado MF. Alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1) isozymes as markers at 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid x kinetin combinations in callus cultures of Cereus peruvianus (Cactaceae). Biochem Genet. 1994 Jun;32(5-6):191-200. PubMed PMID: 7993374.

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59: Yu M, Jerome RE, Edenberg HJ. A negative regulatory element upstream from the mouse Adh-1 gene can down-regulate a heterologous promoter. Gene. 1994 Apr 20;141(2):249-54. PubMed PMID: 8163197.

60: Stewart MJ, Cox G, Reifel-Miller A, Kim SY, Westbrook CA, Leibowitz DS. A novel transcriptional suppressor located within a downstream intron of the BCR gene. J Biol Chem. 1994 Apr 8;269(14):10820-9. PubMed PMID: 8144670.

61: Vonesch JL, Nakshatri H, Philippe M, Chambon P, Dollé P. Stage and tissue-specific expression of the alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (Adh-1) gene during mouse development. Dev Dyn. 1994 Mar;199(3):199-213. PubMed PMID: 8018987.

62: Gasperi G, Kafetzopoulos D, Christodoulidou A, Bouriotis V, Savakis C. Isolation and partial characterization of two alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes from the medfly Ceratitis capitata. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 1994 Jan;24(1):87-94. PubMed PMID: 8111424.

63: Rodríguez MA, Orozco E, Arroyo R. Proteins of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites involved in the adhesion to target cells. Arch Med Res. 1994 Summer;25(2):205-10. PubMed PMID: 7919814.

64: Zheng YW, Bey M, Liu H, Felder MR. Molecular basis of the alcohol dehydrogenase-negative deer mouse. Evidence for deletion of the gene for class I enzyme and identification of a possible new enzyme class. J Biol Chem. 1993 Nov 25;268(33):24933-9. PubMed PMID: 8227055.

65: Wisman E, Bergervoet M, Verkerk R, Zabel P. Isolation of a 6.2 kb genomic fragment carrying the Adh1 gene of tomato and its expression in transgenic tobacco. Plant Mol Biol. 1993 Nov;23(3):633-7. PubMed PMID: 8106015.

66: Lin Z, Edenberg HJ, Carr LG. A novel negative element in the promoter of the mouse alcohol dehydrogenase gene Adh-1. J Biol Chem. 1993 May 15;268(14):10260-7. PubMed PMID: 8486690.

67: Pshezhetsky AV, Danilova RA, Fedorova IM, Sagimbaeva SK, Pervushina SV, Obuchova MA, Svedas VK, Ashmarin IP. Influence of the immunization against heterologous alcohol dehydrogenase on liver alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes and alcohol abuse of rats. Eur J Biochem. 1993 Mar 15;212(3):757-61. PubMed PMID: 8462548.

68: Tabata M, Ohnoshi T, Ueoka H, Kiura K, Segawa Y, Shibayama T, Maeda T, Miyatake K, Takigawa N, Kimura I. [A case of small cell lung cancer associated with diabetes insipidus and Cushing's syndrome]. Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi. 1993 Feb;31(2):235-9. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 8390589.

69: Carr LG, Koivisto T, Eriksson CJ, Crabb DW. Detection of a CA repeat polymorphism in the rat class I alcohol dehydrogenase gene. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1993 Feb;17(1):107-9. PubMed PMID: 8095773.

70: Shean ML, Duester G. The role of alcohol dehydrogenase in retinoic acid homeostasis and fetal alcohol syndrome. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl. 1993;2:51-6. PubMed PMID: 7748347.

71: Gasperi G, Baruffi L, Malacrida AR, Robinson AS. A biochemical genetic study of alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes of the medfly, Ceratitis capitata Wied. Biochem Genet. 1992 Jun;30(5-6):289-304. PubMed PMID: 1616483.

72: Bayer CA, Curtiss SW, Weaver JA, Sullivan DT. Delineation of cis-acting sequences required for expression of Drosophila mojavensis Adh-1. Genetics. 1992 May;131(1):143-53. PubMed PMID: 1317314; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1204948.

73: Yum JS, Starmer WT, Sullivan DT. The structure of the Adh locus of Drosophila mettleri: an intermediate in the evolution of the Adh locus in the repleta group of Drosophila. Mol Biol Evol. 1991 Nov;8(6):857-67. PubMed PMID: 1775067.

74: Wisman E, Koornneef M, Chase T, Lifshytz E, Ramanna MS, Zabel P. Genetic and molecular characterization of an Adh-1 null mutant in tomato. Mol Gen Genet. 1991 Apr;226(1-2):120-8. PubMed PMID: 2034210.

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76: Menotti-Raymond M, Starmer WT, Sullivan DT. Characterization of the structure and evolution of the Adh region of Drosophila hydei. Genetics. 1991 Feb;127(2):355-66. PubMed PMID: 2004708; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1204363.

77: Nitschke R, Fröbe U, Greger R. Antidiuretic hormone acts via V1 receptors on intracellular calcium in the isolated perfused rabbit cortical thick ascending limb. Pflugers Arch. 1991 Feb;417(6):622-32. PubMed PMID: 1647518.

78: Luehrsen KR, Walbot V. Intron enhancement of gene expression and the splicing efficiency of introns in maize cells. Mol Gen Genet. 1991 Jan;225(1):81-93. PubMed PMID: 2000094.

79: van den Berg BM. A rapid and economical method for hybrid purity testing of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) F1 hybrids using ultrathin-layer isoelectric focusing of alcohol dehydrogenase variants from seeds. Electrophoresis. 1991 Jan;12(1):64-9. PubMed PMID: 1904813.

80: Ferl RJ. ARF-B(2): A Protein Complex that Specifically Binds to Part of the Anaerobic Response Element of Maize Adh 1. Plant Physiol. 1990 Jul;93(3):1094-101. PubMed PMID: 16667563; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1062636.

81: Carr LG, Edenberg HJ. cis-acting sequences involved in protein binding and in vitro transcription of the human alcohol dehydrogenase gene ADH2. J Biol Chem. 1990 Jan 25;265(3):1658-64. PubMed PMID: 2295648.

82: Holmes RS, Meyer J, VandeBerg JL. Baboon alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes: purification and properties of liver class I ADH. Moderate alcohol consumption reduces liver class I and class II ADH activities. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1990;344:819-41. PubMed PMID: 2392481.

83: Bond SL, Singh SM. Studies with cDNA probes on the in vivo effect of ethanol on expression of the genes of alcohol metabolism. Alcohol Alcohol. 1990;25(4):385-94. PubMed PMID: 2222572.

84: Boleda MD, Julià P, Moreno A, Parés X. Role of extrahepatic alcohol dehydrogenase in rat ethanol metabolism. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1989 Oct;274(1):74-81. PubMed PMID: 2774584.

85: Graf JD. Genetic mapping in Xenopus laevis: eight linkage groups established. Genetics. 1989 Oct;123(2):389-98. PubMed PMID: 2583481; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1203810.

86: Weaver JR, Andrews JM, Sullivan DT. Nucleotide sequence of the Adh-1 gene of Drosophila navojoa. Nucleic Acids Res. 1989 Sep 25;17(18):7524. PubMed PMID: 2798109; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC334838.

87: Tussey L, Felder MR. Tissue-specific genetic variation in the level of mouse alcohol dehydrogenase is controlled transcriptionally in kidney and posttranscriptionally in liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Aug;86(15):5903-7. PubMed PMID: 2474823; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC297739.

88: Nussrallah BA, Dam R, Wagner FW. Characterization of Coturnix quail liver alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes. Biochemistry. 1989 Jul 25;28(15):6245-51. PubMed PMID: 2789998.

89: Carr LG, Zhang K, Edenberg HJ. Protein-DNA interactions in the 5' region of the mouse alcohol dehydrogenase gene Adh-1. Gene. 1989 May 30;78(2):277-85. PubMed PMID: 2777084.

90: Roberts JK, Chang K, Webster C, Callis J, Walbot V. Dependence of Ethanolic Fermentation, Cytoplasmic pH Regulation, and Viability on the Activity of Alcohol Dehydrogenase in Hypoxic Maize Root Tips. Plant Physiol. 1989 Apr;89(4):1275-8. PubMed PMID: 16666696; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1056008.

91: Keung WM, Ho YW, Fong WP, Lee CY. Isolation and characterization of shrew (Suncus murinus) liver alcohol dehydrogenases. Comp Biochem Physiol B. 1989;93(1):169-73. PubMed PMID: 2666017.

92: Strommer J, Ortiz D. Mu1-induced mutant alleles of maize exhibit background-dependent changes in expression and RNA processing. Dev Genet. 1989;10(6):452-9. PubMed PMID: 2481578.

93: Atkinson PW, Mills LE, Starmer WT, Sullivan DT. Structure and evolution of the Adh genes of Drosophila mojavensis. Genetics. 1988 Nov;120(3):713-23. PubMed PMID: 3224808; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1203550.

94: Felder MR, Watson G, Huff MO, Ceci JD. Mechanism of induction of mouse kidney alcohol dehydrogenase by androgen. Androgen-induced stimulation of transcription of the Adh-1 gene. J Biol Chem. 1988 Oct 5;263(28):14531-7. PubMed PMID: 3170554.

95: Fischer JA, Maniatis T. Drosophila Adh: a promoter element expands the tissue specificity of an enhancer. Cell. 1988 May 6;53(3):451-61. PubMed PMID: 3365768.

96: Blatt C, Saxe D, Marzluff WF, Lobo S, Nesbitt MN, Simon MI. Mapping and gene order of U1 small nuclear RNA, endogenous viral env sequence, amylase, and alcohol dehydrogenase-3 on mouse chromosome 3. Somat Cell Mol Genet. 1988 Mar;14(2):133-42. PubMed PMID: 2450406.

97: Suseelan KN, Mitra R, Bhatia CR. Purification and characterization of variant alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes from durum wheat. Biochem Genet. 1987 Aug;25(7-8):581-90. PubMed PMID: 3447591.

98: Alderman J, Takagi T, Lieber CS. Ethanol-metabolizing pathways in deermice. Estimation of flux calculated from isotope effects. J Biol Chem. 1987 Jun 5;262(16):7497-503. PubMed PMID: 3294834.

99: Arroyo R, Orozco E. Localization and identification of an Entamoeba histolytica adhesin. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1987 Mar;23(2):151-8. PubMed PMID: 2883572.

100: Julià P, Farrés J, Parés X. Characterization of three isoenzymes of rat alcohol dehydrogenase. Tissue distribution and physical and enzymatic properties. Eur J Biochem. 1987 Jan 2;162(1):179-89. PubMed PMID: 3816781.

101: Ellis JG, Llewellyn DJ, Dennis ES, Peacock WJ. Maize Adh-1 promoter sequences control anaerobic regulation: addition of upstream promoter elements from constitutive genes is necessary for expression in tobacco. EMBO J. 1987 Jan;6(1):11-6. PubMed PMID: 15981329; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC553349.

102: Julià P, Boleda MD, Parés X. Kinetic properties and physiological significance of the ADH-1 isoenzyme of rat stomach alcohol dehydrogenase. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1987;232:189-201. PubMed PMID: 3615420.

103: Holmes RS, VandeBerg JL. Baboon alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes: phenotypic changes in liver following chronic consumption of alcohol. Isozymes Curr Top Biol Med Res. 1987;16:1-20. PubMed PMID: 3610585.

104: Zhang K, Bosron WF, Edenberg HJ. Structure of the mouse Adh-1 gene and identification of a deletion in a long alternating purine-pyrimidine sequence in the first intron of strains expressing low alcohol dehydrogenase activity. Gene. 1987;57(1):27-36. PubMed PMID: 3428612.

105: Patterson LS, Zhang K, Edenberg HJ, Bosron WF. Genetic control of liver alcohol dehydrogenase expression in inbred mice. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl. 1987;1:157-9. PubMed PMID: 3426672.

106: Ceci JD, Zheng YW, Felder MR. Molecular analysis of mouse alcohol dehydrogenase: nucleotide sequence of the Adh-1 gene and genetic mapping of a related nucleotide sequence to chromosome 3. Gene. 1987;59(2-3):171-82. PubMed PMID: 2893758.

107: Holmes RS, Courtney YR, VandeBerg JL. Alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes in baboons: tissue distribution, catalytic properties, and variant phenotypes in liver, kidney, stomach, and testis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1986 Dec;10(6):623-30. PubMed PMID: 3544915.

108: Keith B, Chua NH. Monocot and dicot pre-mRNAs are processed with different efficiencies in transgenic tobacco. EMBO J. 1986 Oct;5(10):2419-25. PubMed PMID: 16453710; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1167134.

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