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Chelerythrine chloride

Chelerythrine is a benzophenanthridine alkaloid extracted from the plant Greater celandine (Chelidonium majus). It is a potent, selective, and cell-permeable protein kinase C inhibitor.

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7: Tay AS, Hu LF, Lu M, Wong PT, Bian JS. Hydrogen sulfide protects neurons against hypoxic injury via stimulation of ATP-sensitive potassium channel/protein kinase C/extracellular signal-regulated kinase/heat shock protein 90 pathway. Neuroscience. 2010 May 5;167(2):277-86. Epub 2010 Feb 8. PubMed PMID: 20149843.

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9: Cutini PH, Massheimer VL. Role of progesterone on the regulation of vascular muscle cells proliferation, migration and apoptosis. Steroids. 2010 Apr;75(4-5):355-61. Epub 2010 Feb 2. PubMed PMID: 20132833.

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18: Hurst-Kennedy J, Boyan BD, Schwartz Z. Lysophosphatidic acid signaling promotes proliferation, differentiation, and cell survival in rat growth plate chondrocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 May;1793(5):836-46. Epub 2009 Feb 21. PubMed PMID: 19233232.

19: Mok SA, Lund K, Campenot RB. A retrograde apoptotic signal originating in NGF-deprived distal axons of rat sympathetic neurons in compartmented cultures. Cell Res. 2009 May;19(5):546-60. PubMed PMID: 19188931.

20: Yang R, Piperdi S, Gorlick R. Activation of the RAF/mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway mediates apoptosis induced by chelerythrine in osteosarcoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Oct 15;14(20):6396-404. PubMed PMID: 18927278.

21: Rosenkranz V, Wink M. Alkaloids induce programmed cell death in bloodstream forms of trypanosomes (Trypanosoma b. brucei). Molecules. 2008 Oct 3;13(10):2462-73. PubMed PMID: 18833031.

22: Matkar SS, Wrischnik LA, Hellmann-Blumberg U. Production of hydrogen peroxide and redox cycling can explain how sanguinarine and chelerythrine induce rapid apoptosis. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2008 Sep 1;477(1):43-52. Epub 2008 Jun 4. PubMed PMID: 18555791.

23: Tu IH, Yen HT, Cheng HW, Chiu JH. Baicalein protects chicken embryonic cardiomyocyte against hypoxia-reoxygenation injury via mu- and delta- but not kappa-opioid receptor signaling. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008 Jul 7;588(2-3):251-8. Epub 2008 Apr 8. PubMed PMID: 18511038.

24: Qiu H, Dai H, Jain K, Shah R, Hong C, Pain J, Tian B, Vatner DE, Vatner SF, Depre C. Characterization of a novel cardiac isoform of the cell cycle-related kinase that is regulated during heart failure. J Biol Chem. 2008 Aug 8;283(32):22157-65. Epub 2008 May 28. PubMed PMID: 18508765; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2494910.

25: Vrba J, Dolezel P, Vicar J, Modrianský M, Ulrichová J. Chelerythrine and dihydrochelerythrine induce G1 phase arrest and bimodal cell death in human leukemia HL-60 cells. Toxicol In Vitro. 2008 Jun;22(4):1008-17. Epub 2008 Feb 15. PubMed PMID: 18358694.

26: Kaminskyy V, Kulachkovskyy O, Stoika R. A decisive role of mitochondria in defining rate and intensity of apoptosis induction by different alkaloids. Toxicol Lett. 2008 Apr 1;177(3):168-81. Epub 2008 Jan 31. PubMed PMID: 18325696.

27: Wan KF, Chan SL, Sukumaran SK, Lee MC, Yu VC. Chelerythrine induces apoptosis through a Bax/Bak-independent mitochondrial mechanism. J Biol Chem. 2008 Mar 28;283(13):8423-33. Epub 2008 Jan 29. PubMed PMID: 18230621; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2417179.

28: Simonis G, Wiedemann S, Schwarz K, Christ T, Sedding DG, Yu X, Marquetant R, Braun-Dullaeus RC, Ravens U, Strasser RH. Chelerythrine treatment influences the balance of pro- and anti-apoptotic signaling pathways in the remote myocardium after infarction. Mol Cell Biochem. 2008 Mar;310(1-2):119-28. Epub 2007 Dec 2. PubMed PMID: 18060473.

29: Kovzun OI, Kostiuchenko NM, Mykosha OS. [Effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone on the caspase-3 level and DNA fragmentation in hyperplasia tissue of human adrenals]. Ukr Biokhim Zh. 2007 Mar-Apr;79(2):38-43. Ukrainian. PubMed PMID: 18030748.

30: Kaminskyy V, Lin KW, Filyak Y, Stoika R. Differential effect of sanguinarine, chelerythrine and chelidonine on DNA damage and cell viability in primary mouse spleen cells and mouse leukemic cells. Cell Biol Int. 2008 Feb;32(2):271-7. Epub 2007 Sep 19. PubMed PMID: 18029203.

31: Zhong M, Wike LJ, Ryaby JT, Carney DH, Boyan BD, Schwartz Z. Thrombin peptide TP508 prevents nitric oxide mediated apoptosis in chondrocytes in the endochondral developmental pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008 Jan;1783(1):12-22. Epub 2007 Nov 20. PubMed PMID: 18023291.

32: Zhang F, Li C, Wang R, Han D, Zhang QG, Zhou C, Yu HM, Zhang GY. Activation of GABA receptors attenuates neuronal apoptosis through inhibiting the tyrosine phosphorylation of NR2A by Src after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Neuroscience. 2007 Dec 19;150(4):938-49. Epub 2007 Oct 10. PubMed PMID: 18022328.

33: Joo JD, Kim M, Horst P, Kim J, D'Agati VD, Emala CW Sr, Lee HT. Acute and delayed renal protection against renal ischemia and reperfusion injury with A1 adenosine receptors. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2007 Dec;293(6):F1847-57. Epub 2007 Oct 10. PubMed PMID: 17928414.

34: Gao J, Chang Chua C, Chen Z, Wang H, Xu X, C Hamdy R, McMullen JR, Shioi T, Izumo S, Chua BH. Resistin, an adipocytokine, offers protection against acute myocardial infarction. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2007 Nov;43(5):601-9. Epub 2007 Aug 22. PubMed PMID: 17904155; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2692307.

35: Cañas N, Valero T, Villarroya M, Montell E, Vergés J, García AG, López MG. Chondroitin sulfate protects SH-SY5Y cells from oxidative stress by inducing heme oxygenase-1 via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007 Dec;323(3):946-53. Epub 2007 Sep 20. PubMed PMID: 17885094.

36: Cohen MV, Yang XM, Downey JM. The pH hypothesis of postconditioning: staccato reperfusion reintroduces oxygen and perpetuates myocardial acidosis. Circulation. 2007 Apr 10;115(14):1895-903. Epub 2007 Mar 26. PubMed PMID: 17389262.

37: Bai LP, Zhao ZZ, Cai Z, Jiang ZH. Site-specific binding of chelerythrine to single cytosine and thymine bulges in DNA hairpins. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser (Oxf). 2006;(50):197-8. PubMed PMID: 17150885.

38: Kubal C, Sheth K, Nadal-Ginard B, Galiñanes M. Bone marrow cells have a potent anti-ischemic effect against myocardial cell death in humans. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006 Nov;132(5):1112-8. PubMed PMID: 17059931.

39: Zhang YH, Bhunia A, Wan KF, Lee MC, Chan SL, Yu VC, Mok YK. Chelerythrine and sanguinarine dock at distinct sites on BclXL that are not the classic BH3 binding cleft. J Mol Biol. 2006 Dec 1;364(3):536-49. Epub 2006 Sep 14. PubMed PMID: 17011577.

40: Sugahara K, Rubel EW, Cunningham LL. JNK signaling in neomycin-induced vestibular hair cell death. Hear Res. 2006 Nov;221(1-2):128-35. Epub 2006 Sep 26. PubMed PMID: 17005344; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2678547.

41: Malíková J, Zdarilová A, Hlobilková A, Ulrichová J. The effect of chelerythrine on cell growth, apoptosis, and cell cycle in human normal and cancer cells in comparison with sanguinarine. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2006 Nov;22(6):439-53. Epub 2006 Sep 11. PubMed PMID: 16964588.

42: Malikova J, Zdarilova A, Hlobilkova A. Effects of sanguinarine and chelerythrine on the cell cycle and apoptosis. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2006 Jul;150(1):5-12. Review. PubMed PMID: 16936897.

43: Bouwman RA, van't Hof FN, de Ruijter W, van Beek-Harmsen BJ, Musters RJ, de Lange JJ, Boer C. The mechanism of sevoflurane-induced cardioprotection is independent of the applied ischaemic stimulus in rat trabeculae. Br J Anaesth. 2006 Sep;97(3):307-14. Epub 2006 Jul 18. PubMed PMID: 16849387.

44: Taylor K, Micha D, Ranson M, Dive C. Recent advances in targeting regulators of apoptosis in cancer cells for therapeutic gain. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2006 Jun;15(6):669-90. Review. PubMed PMID: 16732718.

45: Vohra HA, Galiñanes M. Myocardial preconditioning against ischemia-induced apoptosis and necrosis in man. J Surg Res. 2006 Jul;134(1):138-44. Epub 2006 Feb 20. PubMed PMID: 16488439.

46: Milanesi E, Costantini P, Gambalunga A, Colonna R, Petronilli V, Cabrelle A, Semenzato G, Cesura AM, Pinard E, Bernardi P. The mitochondrial effects of small organic ligands of BCL-2: sensitization of BCL-2-overexpressing cells to apoptosis by a pyrimidine-2,4,6-trione derivative. J Biol Chem. 2006 Apr 14;281(15):10066-72. Epub 2006 Feb 14. PubMed PMID: 16481323.

47: Habermehl D, Kammerer B, Handrick R, Eldh T, Gruber C, Cordes N, Daniel PT, Plasswilm L, Bamberg M, Belka C, Jendrossek V. Proapoptotic activity of Ukrain is based on Chelidonium majus L. alkaloids and mediated via a mitochondrial death pathway. BMC Cancer. 2006 Jan 17;6:14. PubMed PMID: 16417634; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1379651.

48: Wang JM, Wang H, Xu LN, Zou SQ. Hepatic injury in rats with obstructive jaundice: roles of the protein kinase C signal pathway and cytoprotection of fructose. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2005 Nov;4(4):577-81. PubMed PMID: 16286266.

49: Uemura Y, Kobayashi M, Nakata H, Kubota T, Saito T, Bandobashi K, Taguchi H. Role of protein kinase C in expression of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor in lung cancer cells. Int J Mol Med. 2005 Nov;16(5):873-81. PubMed PMID: 16211258.

50: Wang J, Wang H, Xiao B, Zou S. Roles of protein kinase C and fructose in hepatic injury caused by obstructive jaundice. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2005;25(4):435-8. PubMed PMID: 16196296.

51: Kemény-Beke A, Aradi J, Damjanovich J, Beck Z, Facskó A, Berta A, Bodnár A. Apoptotic response of uveal melanoma cells upon treatment with chelidonine, sanguinarine and chelerythrine. Cancer Lett. 2006 Jun 8;237(1):67-75. Epub 2005 Jul 12. PubMed PMID: 16019128.

52: Vogt A, Tamewitz A, Skoko J, Sikorski RP, Giuliano KA, Lazo JS. The benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloid, sanguinarine, is a selective, cell-active inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1. J Biol Chem. 2005 May 13;280(19):19078-86. Epub 2005 Mar 7. PubMed PMID: 15753082.

53: Parlakpinar H, Tasdemir S, Polat A, Bay-Karabulut A, Vardi N, Ucar M, Yanilmaz M, Kavakli A, Acet A. Protective effect of chelerythrine on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. Cell Biochem Funct. 2006 Jan-Feb;24(1):41-8. PubMed PMID: 15584091.

54: Borgognone M, Pérez LM, Basiglio CL, Ochoa JE, Roma MG. Signaling modulation of bile salt-induced necrosis in isolated rat hepatocytes. Toxicol Sci. 2005 Jan;83(1):114-25. Epub 2004 Oct 20. PubMed PMID: 15496497.

55: Lewis AE, Susarla R, Wong BC, Langman MJ, Eggo MC. Protein kinase C delta is not activated by caspase-3 and its inhibition is sufficient to induce apoptosis in the colon cancer line, COLO 205. Cell Signal. 2005 Feb;17(2):253-62. PubMed PMID: 15494216.

56: Kim J, Lin J, Adam RM, Lamb C, Shively SB, Freeman MR. An oxidative stress mechanism mediates chelerythrine-induced heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor ectodomain shedding. J Cell Biochem. 2005 Jan 1;94(1):39-49. PubMed PMID: 15490481.

57: Alcendor RR, Kirshenbaum LA, Imai S, Vatner SF, Sadoshima J. Silent information regulator 2alpha, a longevity factor and class III histone deacetylase, is an essential endogenous apoptosis inhibitor in cardiac myocytes. Circ Res. 2004 Nov 12;95(10):971-80. Epub 2004 Oct 14. PubMed PMID: 15486319.

58: Tanaka K, Honda M, Takabatake T. Anti-apoptotic effect of atorvastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitor, on cardiac myocytes through protein kinase C activation. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2004 May-Jun;31(5-6):360-4. PubMed PMID: 15191412.

59: Nakajima T, Yukawa O, Azuma C, Ohyama H, Wang B, Kojima S, Hayata I, Hama-Inaba H. Involvement of protein kinase C-related anti-apoptosis signaling in radiation-induced apoptosis in murine thymic lymphoma(3SBH5) cells. Radiat Res. 2004 May;161(5):528-34. PubMed PMID: 15161371.

60: Chae HJ, Kim HR, Bae J, Chae SU, Ha KC, Chae SW. Signal transduction of the protective effect of insulin like growth factor-1 on adriamycin-induced apoptosis in cardiac muscle cells. Arch Pharm Res. 2004 Mar;27(3):324-33. PubMed PMID: 15089039.

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62: Okubo S, Tanabe Y, Fujioka N, Takeda K, Takekoshi N. Differential activation of protein kinase C between ischemic and pharmacological preconditioning in the rabbit heart. Jpn J Physiol. 2003 Jun;53(3):173-80. PubMed PMID: 14529578.

63: Lewis AE, Wong BC, Langman MJ, Eggo MC. Protein kinase C inhibition induces DNA fragmentation in COLO 205 cells which is blocked by cysteine protease inhibition but not mediated through caspase-3. Exp Cell Res. 2003 Sep 10;289(1):1-10. PubMed PMID: 12941599.

64: Schepers H, Geugien M, Eggen BJ, Vellenga E. Constitutive cytoplasmic localization of p21(Waf1/Cip1) affects the apoptotic process in monocytic leukaemia. Leukemia. 2003 Nov;17(11):2113-21. PubMed PMID: 12931225.

65: Platzbecker U, Ward JL, Deeg HJ. Chelerythrin activates caspase-8, downregulates FLIP long and short, and overcomes resistance to tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in KG1a cells. Br J Haematol. 2003 Aug;122(3):489-97. PubMed PMID: 12877678.

66: Yeh FT, Wu CH, Lee HZ. Signaling pathway for aloe-emodin-induced apoptosis in human H460 lung nonsmall carcinoma cell. Int J Cancer. 2003 Aug 10;106(1):26-33. PubMed PMID: 12794753.

67: Maddox JF, Roth RA, Ganey PE. Allyl alcohol activation of protein kinase C delta leads to cytotoxicity of rat hepatocytes. Chem Res Toxicol. 2003 May;16(5):609-15. PubMed PMID: 12755590.

68: Yamamoto S, Yang G, Zablocki D, Liu J, Hong C, Kim SJ, Soler S, Odashima M, Thaisz J, Yehia G, Molina CA, Yatani A, Vatner DE, Vatner SF, Sadoshima J. Activation of Mst1 causes dilated cardiomyopathy by stimulating apoptosis without compensatory ventricular myocyte hypertrophy. J Clin Invest. 2003 May;111(10):1463-74. PubMed PMID: 12750396; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC155047.

69: Chan SL, Lee MC, Tan KO, Yang LK, Lee AS, Flotow H, Fu NY, Butler MS, Soejarto DD, Buss AD, Yu VC. Identification of chelerythrine as an inhibitor of BclXL function. J Biol Chem. 2003 Jun 6;278(23):20453-6. Epub 2003 Apr 17. PubMed PMID: 12702731.

70: Vaudry D, Falluel-Morel A, Basille M, Pamantung TF, Fontaine M, Fournier A, Vaudry H, Gonzalez BJ. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide prevents C2-ceramide-induced apoptosis of cerebellar granule cells. J Neurosci Res. 2003 May 1;72(3):303-16. PubMed PMID: 12692897.

71: Zhou H, Kato A, Yasuda H, Odamaki M, Itoh H, Hishida A. The induction of heat shock protein-72 attenuates cisplatin-induced acute renal failure in rats. Pflugers Arch. 2003 Apr;446(1):116-24. Epub 2003 Feb 15. PubMed PMID: 12690470.

72: Ba F, Pang PK, Benishin CG. The establishment of a reliable cytotoxic system with SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cell culture. J Neurosci Methods. 2003 Feb 15;123(1):11-22. PubMed PMID: 12581845.

73: Gupta S, Purcell NH, Lin A, Sen S. Activation of nuclear factor-kappaB is necessary for myotrophin-induced cardiac hypertrophy. J Cell Biol. 2002 Dec 23;159(6):1019-28. Epub 2002 Dec 16. PubMed PMID: 12486112; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2173971.

74: Higuchi H, Yoon JH, Grambihler A, Werneburg N, Bronk SF, Gores GJ. Bile acids stimulate cFLIP phosphorylation enhancing TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. J Biol Chem. 2003 Jan 3;278(1):454-61. Epub 2002 Oct 28. PubMed PMID: 12407100.

75: Dodge ME, Rahimtula M, Mearow KM. Factors contributing to neurotrophin-independent survival of adult sensory neurons. Brain Res. 2002 Oct 25;953(1-2):144-56. PubMed PMID: 12384248.

76: Rabkin SW, Kong JY. Discordance between the effect of modulators of calcium on staurosporine-induced apoptosis and staurosporine-induced actin degradation. Cell Biol Int. 2002;26(5):433-40. PubMed PMID: 12095229.

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78: Hoffmann TK, Leenen K, Hafner D, Balz V, Gerharz CD, Grund A, Balló H, Hauser U, Bier H. Antitumor activity of protein kinase C inhibitors and cisplatin in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma lines. Anticancer Drugs. 2002 Jan;13(1):93-100. PubMed PMID: 11914646.

79: Liu H, Zhang HY, Zhu X, Shao Z, Yao Z. Preconditioning blocks cardiocyte apoptosis: role of K(ATP) channels and PKC-epsilon. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2002 Apr;282(4):H1380-6. PubMed PMID: 11893574.

80: Papp M, Li X, Zhuang J, Wang R, Uhal BD. Angiotensin receptor subtype AT(1) mediates alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis in response to ANG II. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2002 Apr;282(4):L713-8. PubMed PMID: 11880296.

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82: McCaig C, Perks CM, Holly JM. Signalling pathways involved in the direct effects of IGFBP-5 on breast epithelial cell attachment and survival. J Cell Biochem. 2002;84(4):784-94. PubMed PMID: 11835403.

83: de Thonel A, Bettaïeb A, Jean C, Laurent G, Quillet-Mary A. Role of protein kinase C zeta isoform in Fas resistance of immature myeloid KG1a leukemic cells. Blood. 2001 Dec 15;98(13):3770-7. PubMed PMID: 11739185.

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86: Meldrum KK, Meldrum DR, Sezen SF, Crone JK, Burnett AL. Heat shock prevents simulated ischemia-induced apoptosis in renal tubular cells via a PKC-dependent mechanism. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2001 Jul;281(1):R359-64. PubMed PMID: 11404313.

87: Lodhi IJ, Sweeney JF, Clift RE, Hinshaw DB. Nuclear dependence of sulfur mustard-mediated cell death. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2001 Jan 1;170(1):69-77. PubMed PMID: 11141358.

88: Lynch K, Fernandez G, Pappalardo A, Peluso JJ. Basic fibroblast growth factor inhibits apoptosis of spontaneously immortalized granulosa cells by regulating intracellular free calcium levels through a protein kinase Cdelta-dependent pathway. Endocrinology. 2000 Nov;141(11):4209-17. PubMed PMID: 11089555.

89: Vaudry D, Gonzalez BJ, Basille M, Pamantung TF, Fontaine M, Fournier A, Vaudry H. The neuroprotective effect of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide on cerebellar granule cells is mediated through inhibition of the CED3-related cysteine protease caspase-3/CPP32. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Nov 21;97(24):13390-5. PubMed PMID: 11087878; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC27234.

90: Gonzalez B, Fisher C, Rosser BG. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDC) induced hepatocyte apoptosis is associated with early modulation of intracellular PKC activity. Mol Cell Biochem. 2000 Apr;207(1-2):19-27. PubMed PMID: 10888222.

91: Sweeney JF, Nguyen PK, Atkins KB, Hinshaw DB. Chelerythrine chloride induces rapid polymorphonuclear leukocyte apoptosis through activation of caspase-3. Shock. 2000 Jun;13(6):464-71. PubMed PMID: 10847634.

92: Nietsch HH, Roe MW, Fiekers JF, Moore AL, Lidofsky SD. Activation of potassium and chloride channels by tumor necrosis factor alpha. Role in liver cell death. J Biol Chem. 2000 Jul 7;275(27):20556-61. PubMed PMID: 10783394.

93: Yu R, Mandlekar S, Tan TH, Kong AN. Activation of p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathways and induction of apoptosis by chelerythrine do not require inhibition of protein kinase C. J Biol Chem. 2000 Mar 31;275(13):9612-9. PubMed PMID: 10734112.

94: Chmura SJ, Dolan ME, Cha A, Mauceri HJ, Kufe DW, Weichselbaum RR. In vitro and in vivo activity of protein kinase C inhibitor chelerythrine chloride induces tumor cell toxicity and growth delay in vivo. Clin Cancer Res. 2000 Feb;6(2):737-42. PubMed PMID: 10690561.

95: dos Santos AA, de Araujo EG. The effect of PKC activation on the survival of rat retinal ganglion cells in culture. Brain Res. 2000 Jan 24;853(2):338-43. PubMed PMID: 10640632.

96: Takashi E, Wang Y, Ashraf M. Activation of mitochondrial K(ATP) channel elicits late preconditioning against myocardial infarction via protein kinase C signaling pathway. Circ Res. 1999 Dec 3-17;85(12):1146-53. PubMed PMID: 10590241.

97: Zhu GH, Wong BC, Eggo MC, Yuen ST, Lai KC, Lam SK. Pharmacological inhibition of protein kinase C activity could induce apoptosis in gastric cancer cells by differential regulation of apoptosis-related genes. Dig Dis Sci. 1999 Oct;44(10):2020-6. PubMed PMID: 10548353.

98: Anthony ML, Zhao M, Brindle KM. Inhibition of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis following induction of apoptosis in HL-60 cells. J Biol Chem. 1999 Jul 9;274(28):19686-92. PubMed PMID: 10391908.

99: Lan L, Wong NS. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and protein kinase C are required for the inhibition of caspase activity by epidermal growth factor. FEBS Lett. 1999 Feb 5;444(1):90-6. PubMed PMID: 10037154.

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