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Bendamustine HCl

Description of Bendamustine: Bendamustine hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt of bendamustine, a bifunctional mechlorethamine derivative with alkylator and antimetabolite activities. Bendamustine possesses three active moieties: an alkylating group; a benzimidazole ring, which may act as a purine analogue; and a butyric acid side chain. Although its exact mechanism of action is unknown, this agent appears to act primarily as an alkylator. Bendamustine metabolites alkylate and crosslink macromolecules, resulting in DNA, RNA and protein synthesis inhibition, and, subsequently, apoptosis. Bendamustine may differ from other alkylators in that it may be more potent in activating p53-dependent stress pathways and inducing apoptosis; it may induce mitotic catastrophe; and it may activate a base excision DNA repair pathway rather than an alkyltransferase DNA repair mechanism. Accordingly, this agent may be more efficacious and less susceptible to drug resistance than other alkylators. Bendamstine was approved in USA in March 2008. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus).

Current developer:   Cephalon, Inc

According to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendamustine, bendamustine was first synthesized in 1963 by Ozegowski and Krebs in East Germany (the former German Democratic Republic). It is a white, water soluble microcrystalline powder with amphoteric properties. Until 1990 it was available only in East Germany. East German investigators found that it was useful for treating chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin’s disease, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, multiple myeloma and lung cancer.

Bendamustine received its first marketing approval in Germany, which is marketed under the tradename Ribomustin, by Astellas Pharma GmbH's licensee, Mundipharma International Corporation Limited, which it is indicated as a single-agent or in combination with other anti-cancer agents for indolent NHL, multiple myeloma, and CLL. SymBio Pharmaceuticals Ltd holds exclusive rights to develop and market bendamustine HCl in Japan and selected Asia Pacific Rim countries.

In March 2008, Cephalon received approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration to market bendamustine in the US, where it is sold under the tradename Treanda, for treatment of CLL.  In October 2008, the FDA granted further approval to market Treanda for the treatment of indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) that has progressed during or within six months of treatment with rituximab or a rituximab-containing regimen.

 1: Elefante A, Czuczman MS. Bendamustine for the treatment of indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2010 May 1;67(9):713-23. PubMed PMID: 20410545.

2: Tageja N, Nagi J. Bendamustine: something old, something new. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2010 Apr 8. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20376452.

3: Cheson BD, Wendtner CM, Pieper A, Dreyling M, Friedberg J, Hoelzer D, Moreau P, Gribben J, Knop S, Montillo M, Rummel M. Optimal use of bendamustine in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphomas, and multiple myeloma: treatment recommendations from an international consensus panel. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2010 Feb;10(1):21-7. PubMed PMID: 20223726.

4: Michael M, Bruns I, Bölke E, Zohren F, Czibere A, Safaian NN, Neumann F, Haas R, Kobbe G, Fenk R. Bendamustine in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Eur J Med Res. 2010 Jan 29;15(1):13-9. PubMed PMID: 20159666.

5: Owen JS, Melhem M, Passarell JA, D'Andrea D, Darwish M, Kahl B. Bendamustine pharmacokinetic profile and exposure-response relationships in patients with indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2010 Feb 6. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20140617.

6: Dennie TW, Kolesar JM. Bendamustine for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and rituximab-refractory, indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Clin Ther. 2009;31 Pt 2:2290-311. Review. PubMed PMID: 20110042.

7: Cheson BD, Kroll ML. Bendamustine induced neurotoxicity. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol. 2009 Nov;7(11):743-6. PubMed PMID: 20075832.

8: Gandhi V, Burger JA. Bendamustine in B-Cell Malignancies: The New 46-Year-Old Kid on the Block. Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Dec 15;15(24):7456-7461. Epub . PubMed PMID: 19996200; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2795094.

9: Kahl BS, Bartlett NL, Leonard JP, Chen L, Ganjoo K, Williams ME, Czuczman MS, Robinson KS, Joyce R, van der Jagt RH, Cheson BD. Bendamustine is effective therapy in patients with rituximab-refractory, indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma: results from a Multicenter Study. Cancer. 2010 Jan 1;116(1):106-14. PubMed PMID: 19890959.

10: Moosmann P, Heizmann M, Kotrubczik N, Wernli M, Bargetzi M. Weekly treatment with a combination of bortezomib and bendamustine in relapsed or refractory indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2010 Jan;51(1):149-52. PubMed PMID: 19860608.

11: Glode AE, Jarkowski A. Bendamustine: a new treatment option for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Pharmacotherapy. 2009 Nov;29(11):1375-84. Review. PubMed PMID: 19857152.

12: Friedberg JW. Bendamustine in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: the future is combination therapy. Leuk Lymphoma. 2009 Sep;50(9):1399-400. PubMed PMID: 19811324.

13: Glance LE, Cumpston A, Kanate A, Remick SC. Bendamustine-associated hemolytic anemia. Ann Pharmacother. 2009 Nov;43(11):1903-6. Epub 2009 Oct 6. PubMed PMID: 19809007.

14: Steinbild S, Frost A, Häring B, Unger C, Mross K. Phase II STUdy with 3rd- or 4th-line bendamustine (flat dose) therapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Onkologie. 2009 Sep;32(8-9):488-92. Epub 2009 Jul 23. PubMed PMID: 19745592.

15: von Minckwitz G, Linder M, Loibl S. The reawakening of bendamustine - also in breast cancer? Onkologie. 2009 Sep;32(8-9):462-3. Epub 2009 Aug 12. PubMed PMID: 19745588.

16: Knauf WU, Lissichkov T, Aldaoud A, Liberati A, Loscertales J, Herbrecht R, Juliusson G, Postner G, Gercheva L, Goranov S, Becker M, Fricke HJ, Huguet F, Del Giudice I, Klein P, Tremmel L, Merkle K, Montillo M. Phase III randomized study of bendamustine compared with chlorambucil in previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Sep 10;27(26):4378-84. Epub 2009 Aug 3. PubMed PMID: 19652068.

17: Eichbaum M, Bischofs E, Nehls K, Schneeweiss A, Sohn C. Bendamustine hydrochloride - a renaissance of alkylating strategies in anticancer medicine. Drugs Today (Barc). 2009 Jun;45(6):431-44. PubMed PMID: 19649333.

18: Leong H, Bonk ME. Bendamustine (Treanda) For Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: A Brief Overview. P T. 2009 Feb;34(2):73-76. PubMed PMID: 19561839; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2697069.

19: Masiello D, Tulpule A. Bendamustine therapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2009 Jul;10(10):1687-98. Review. PubMed PMID: 19527193.

20: Sanchez-Gonzalez B, Garcia M, Serrano S, Besses C, Salar A. Bendamustine-containing immunochemotherapy is active in transformed follicular lymphoma with overexpression of p53. Leuk Lymphoma. 2009 Mar;50(3):455-6. PubMed PMID: 19263299.

21: Cheson BD, Rummel MJ. Bendamustine: rebirth of an old drug. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Mar 20;27(9):1492-501. Epub 2009 Feb 17. Review. Erratum in: J Clin Oncol. 2009 Jun 10;27(17):2892. PubMed PMID: 19224851.

22: Weide R. Bendamustine HCL for the treatment of relapsed indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2008 Aug;4(4):727-32. PubMed PMID: 19209254; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2621381.

23: Knauf W. Bendamustine in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2009 Feb;9(2):165-74. Review. PubMed PMID: 19192955.

24: Kalaycio M. Bendamustine: a new look at an old drug. Cancer. 2009 Feb 1;115(3):473-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 19117340.

25: Plosker GL, Carter NJ. Bendamustine: a review of its use in the management of indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Drugs. 2008;68(18):2645-60. doi: 10.2165/0003495-200868180-00009. Review. PubMed PMID: 19093705.

26: Bendamustine (Treanda) for CLL and NHL. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2008 Nov 17;50(1299):91-2. Erratum in: Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2008 Dec 1;50(1300):96. PubMed PMID: 19008789.

27: Roué G, López-Guerra M, Milpied P, Pérez-Galán P, Villamor N, Montserrat E, Campo E, Colomer D. Bendamustine is effective in p53-deficient B-cell neoplasms and requires oxidative stress and caspase-independent signaling. Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Nov 1;14(21):6907-15. PubMed PMID: 18980985.

28: Teichert J, Sohr R, Hennig L, Baumann F, Schoppmeyer K, Patzak U, Preiss R. Identification and quantitation of the N-acetyl-L-cysteine S-conjugates of bendamustine and its sulfoxides in human bile after administration of bendamustine hydrochloride. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009 Feb;37(2):292-301. Epub 2008 Oct 29. PubMed PMID: 18971319.

29: Pencheva I, Bogomilova A, Koseva N, Obreshkova D, Troev K. HPLC study on the stability of bendamustine hydrochloride immobilized onto polyphosphoesters. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2008 Dec 1;48(4):1143-50. Epub 2008 Sep 7. PubMed PMID: 18926656.

30: Blumel S, Goodrich A, Martin C, Dang NH. Bendamustine: a novel cytotoxic agent for hematologic malignancies. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2008 Oct;12(5):799-806. PubMed PMID: 18842536.

31: Cheson BD. Bendamustine: a new therapeutic option for hematologic malignancies. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol. 2008 Sep;6(9):631-3. PubMed PMID: 18827785.

32: Rummel MJ. Bendamustine in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and refractory lymphoma. Semin Hematol. 2008 Jul;45(3 Suppl 2):S7-10. Review. PubMed PMID: 18760709.

33: Pönisch W, Rozanski M, Goldschmidt H, Hoffmann FA, Boldt T, Schwarzer A, Ritter U, Rohrberg R, Schwalbe E, Uhlig J, Zehrfeld T, Schirmer V, Haas A, Kreibich U, Niederwieser D; East German Study Group of Haematology and Oncology (OSHO). Combined bendamustine, prednisolone and thalidomide for refractory or relapsed multiple myeloma after autologous stem-cell transplantation or conventional chemotherapy: results of a Phase I clinical trial. Br J Haematol. 2008 Oct;143(2):191-200. Epub 2008 Aug 24. PubMed PMID: 18752593.

34: Loibl S, Murmann C, Schwedler K, Warm M, Müller L, Heinrich G, Nekljudova V, von Minckwitz G. Phase I dose finding study evaluating the combination of bendamustine with weekly paclitaxel in patients with pre-treated metastatic breast cancer: RiTa trial. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2009 Apr;63(5):953-8. Epub 2008 Aug 21. PubMed PMID: 18716777.

35: Hussar DA. New drugs: Ciclesonide, certolizumab pegol, and bendamustine hydrochloride. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2008 Jul-Aug;48(4):557-61. PubMed PMID: 18653436.

36: Robinson KS, Williams ME, van der Jagt RH, Cohen P, Herst JA, Tulpule A, Schwartzberg LS, Lemieux B, Cheson BD. Phase II multicenter study of bendamustine plus rituximab in patients with relapsed indolent B-cell and mantle cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Sep 20;26(27):4473-9. Epub 2008 Jul 14. PubMed PMID: 18626004.

37: Apostolopoulos C, Castellano L, Stebbing J, Giamas G. Bendamustine as a model for the activity of alkylating agents. Future Oncol. 2008 Jun;4(3):323-32. Review. PubMed PMID: 18518757.

38: Keating MJ, Bach C, Yasothan U, Kirkpatrick P. Bendamustine. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2008 Jun;7(6):473-4. PubMed PMID: 18511926.

39: Manner H, Jung B, Tonassi L, Hackenberg U, Plum N, Josten KM, Kirchmaier CM, Frickhofen N. Successful treatment of catastrophic antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (CAPS) associated with splenic marginal-zone lymphoma with low-molecular weight heparin, rituximab and bendamustine. Am J Med Sci. 2008 May;335(5):394-7. PubMed PMID: 18480659.

40: Traynor K. Treanda approved for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2008 May 1;65(9):793. PubMed PMID: 18436722.

41: Bartel C, Obermã Ller N, Rummel MJ, Geiger H, Hauser IA. Remission of a B cell CLL-associated membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis Type I with rituximab and bendamustine. Clin Nephrol. 2008 Apr;69(4):285-9. PubMed PMID: 18397703.

42: Wiedmann M, Zeh J, Schoppmeyer K, Moebius C, Niederhagen M, Wittekind C, Mossner J, Caca K. Bendamustine--a new approach to the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma? J Chemother. 2008 Feb;20(1):112-8. PubMed PMID: 18343753.

43: Forero-Torres A, Saleh MN. Bendamustine in non-Hodgkin lymphoma: the double-agent that came from the Cold War. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma. 2007 Dec;8 Suppl 1:S13-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 18282361.

44: Friedberg JW, Cohen P, Chen L, Robinson KS, Forero-Torres A, La Casce AS, Fayad LE, Bessudo A, Camacho ES, Williams ME, van der Jagt RH, Oliver JW, Cheson BD. Bendamustine in patients with rituximab-refractory indolent and transformed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: results from a phase II multicenter, single-agent study. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jan 10;26(2):204-10. Erratum in: J Clin Oncol. 2008 Apr 10;26(11) 1911. PubMed PMID: 18182663.

45: Leoni LM, Bailey B, Reifert J, Bendall HH, Zeller RW, Corbeil J, Elliott G, Niemeyer CC. Bendamustine (Treanda) displays a distinct pattern of cytotoxicity and unique mechanistic features compared with other alkylating agents. Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Jan 1;14(1):309-17. PubMed PMID: 18172283.

46: Fenk R, Michael M, Zohren F, Graef T, Czibere A, Bruns I, Neumann F, Fenk B, Haas R, Kobbe G. Escalation therapy with bortezomib, dexamethasone and bendamustine for patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2007 Dec;48(12):2345-51. PubMed PMID: 18067009.

47: Reichmann U, Bokemeyer C, Wallwiener D, Bamberg M, Huober J. Salvage chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer: results of a phase II study with bendamustine. Ann Oncol. 2007 Dec;18(12):1981-4. Epub 2007 Sep 14. PubMed PMID: 17872900.

48: Schoppmeyer K, Kreth F, Wiedmann M, Mössner J, Preiss R, Caca K. A pilot study of bendamustine in advanced bile duct cancer. Anticancer Drugs. 2007 Jul;18(6):697-702. PubMed PMID: 17762399.

49: Bagchi S. Bendamustine for advanced sarcoma. Lancet Oncol. 2007 Aug;8(8):674. PubMed PMID: 17726779.

50: Eichbaum MH, Schuetz F, Khbeis T, Lauschner I, Foerster F, Sohn C, Schneeweiss A. Weekly administration of bendamustine as salvage therapy in metastatic breast cancer: final results of a phase II study. Anticancer Drugs. 2007 Sep;18(8):963-8. PubMed PMID: 17667603.

51: Gaul L, Mandl-Weber S, Baumann P, Emmerich B, Schmidmaier R. Bendamustine induces G2 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in myeloma cells: the role of ATM-Chk2-Cdc25A and ATM-p53-p21-pathways. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2008 Feb;134(2):245-53. Epub 2007 Jul 25. PubMed PMID: 17653574.

52: Weide R, Hess G, Köppler H, Heymanns J, Thomalla J, Aldaoud A, Losem C, Schmitz S, Haak U, Huber C, Unterhalt M, Hiddemann W, Dreyling M; German Low Grade Lymphoma Study Group. High anti-lymphoma activity of bendamustine/mitoxantrone/rituximab in rituximab pretreated relapsed or refractory indolent lymphomas and mantle cell lymphomas. A multicenter phase II study of the German Low Grade Lymphoma Study Group (GLSG). Leuk Lymphoma. 2007 Jul;48(7):1299-306. PubMed PMID: 17613757.

53: Bertoni F, Zucca E. Bendamustine in lymphomas: more to combine? Leuk Lymphoma. 2007 Jul;48(7):1264-6. PubMed PMID: 17613752.

54: Hartmann JT, Mayer F, Schleicher J, Horger M, Huober J, Meisinger I, Pintoffl J, Käfer G, Kanz L, Grünwald V; German sarcoma group. Bendamustine hydrochloride in patients with refractory soft tissue sarcoma: a noncomparative multicenter phase 2 study of the German sarcoma group (AIO-001). Cancer. 2007 Aug 15;110(4):861-6. PubMed PMID: 17599772.

55: Strupp C, Knipp S, Hartmann J, Gattermann N, Haas R, Germing U. A pilot study of bendamustine in elderly patients with high-risk MDS and AML. Leuk Lymphoma. 2007 Jun;48(6):1161-6. PubMed PMID: 17577779.

56: Giles FJ. Bendamustine and cloretazine: alkylators with sharply contrasting activity in AML. Leuk Lymphoma. 2007 Jun;48(6):1064-6. PubMed PMID: 17577766.

57: Rasschaert M, Schrijvers D, Van den Brande J, Dyck J, Bosmans J, Merkle K, Vermorken JB. A phase I study of bendamustine hydrochloride administered day 1+2 every 3 weeks in patients with solid tumours. Br J Cancer. 2007 Jun 4;96(11):1692-8. Epub 2007 May 8. PubMed PMID: 17486132; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2359912.

58: Köster W, Stamatis G, Heider A, Avramidis K, Wilke H, Koch JA, Stahl M. Carboplatin in Combination with Bendamustine in Previously Untreated Patients with Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC). Clin Drug Investig. 2004;24(10):611-8. PubMed PMID: 17523723.

59: Rasschaert M, Schrijvers D, Van den Brande J, Dyck J, Bosmans J, Merkle K, Vermorken JB. A phase I study of bendamustine hydrochloride administered once every 3 weeks in patients with solid tumors. Anticancer Drugs. 2007 Jun;18(5):587-95. PubMed PMID: 17414628.

60: Köster W, Heider A, Niederle N, Wilke H, Stamatis G, Fischer JR, Koch JA, Stahl M. Phase II trial with carboplatin and bendamustine in patients with extensive stage small-cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2007 Apr;2(4):312-6. PubMed PMID: 17409803.

61: Bottke D, Bathe K, Wiegel T, Hinkelbein W. Phase I trial of radiochemotherapy with bendamustine in patients with recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Strahlenther Onkol. 2007 Mar;183(3):128-32. PubMed PMID: 17340070.

62: Schmittel A, Knödler M, Hortig P, Schulze K, Thiel E, Keilholz U. Phase II trial of second-line bendamustine chemotherapy in relapsed small cell lung cancer patients. Lung Cancer. 2007 Jan;55(1):109-13. Epub 2006 Nov 13. PubMed PMID: 17097191.

63: Teichert J, Baumann F, Chao Q, Franklin C, Bailey B, Hennig L, Caca K, Schoppmeyer K, Patzak U, Preiss R. Characterization of two phase I metabolites of bendamustine in human liver microsomes and in cancer patients treated with bendamustine hydrochloride. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2007 May;59(6):759-70. Epub 2006 Sep 7. PubMed PMID: 16957931.

64: Pönisch W, Mitrou PS, Merkle K, Herold M, Assmann M, Wilhelm G, Dachselt K, Richter P, Schirmer V, Schulze A, Subert R, Harksel B, Grobe N, Stelzer E, Schulze M, Bittrich A, Freund M, Pasold R, Friedrich T, Helbig W, Niederwieser D; East German Study Group of Hematology and Oncology (OSHO). Treatment of bendamustine and prednisone in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma results in superior complete response rate, prolonged time to treatment failure and improved quality of life compared to treatment with melphalan and prednisone--a randomized phase III study of the East German Study Group of Hematology and Oncology (OSHO). J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2006 Apr;132(4):205-12. Epub 2006 Jan 10. PubMed PMID: 16402269.

65: Lissitchkov T, Arnaudov G, Peytchev D, Merkle Kh. Phase-I/II study to evaluate dose limiting toxicity, maximum tolerated dose, and tolerability of bendamustine HCl in pre-treated patients with B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (Binet stages B and C) requiring therapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2006 Feb;132(2):99-104. Epub 2005 Nov 15. PubMed PMID: 16292542.

66: Bergmann MA, Goebeler ME, Herold M, Emmerich B, Wilhelm M, Ruelfs C, Boening L, Hallek MJ; German CLL Study Group. Efficacy of bendamustine in patients with relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia: results of a phase I/II study of the German CLL Study Group. Haematologica. 2005 Oct;90(10):1357-64. PubMed PMID: 16219572.

67: Ferrajoli A. Bendamustine in relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Haematologica. 2005 Oct;90(10):1300A. PubMed PMID: 16219556.

68: Knop S, Straka C, Haen M, Schwedes R, Hebart H, Einsele H. The efficacy and toxicity of bendamustine in recurrent multiple myeloma after high-dose chemotherapy. Haematologica. 2005 Sep;90(9):1287-8. PubMed PMID: 16154860.

69: von Minckwitz G, Chernozemsky I, Sirakova L, Chilingirov P, Souchon R, Marschner N, Kleeberg U, Tsekov C, Fritze D, Thomssen C, Stuart N, Vermorken JB, Loibl S, Merkle Kh, Kaufmann M. Bendamustine prolongs progression-free survival in metastatic breast cancer (MBC): a phase III prospective, randomized, multicenter trial of bendamustine hydrochloride, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (BMF) versus cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (CMF) as first-line treatment of MBC. Anticancer Drugs. 2005 Sep;16(8):871-7. PubMed PMID: 16096436.

70: Herold M, Schulze A, Niederwieser D, Franke A, Fricke HJ, Richter P, Freund M, Ismer B, Dachselt K, Boewer C, Schirmer V, Weniger J, Pasold R, Winkelmann C, Klinkenstein C, Schulze M, Arzberger H, Bremer K, Hahnfeld S, Schwarzer A, Müller C, Müller C; for the East German Study Group Hematology and Oncology (OSHO). Bendamustine, vincristine and prednisone (BOP) versus cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone (COP) in advanced indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma: results of a randomised phase III trial (OSHO# 19). J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2006 Feb;132(2):105-12. Epub 2005 Aug 9. PubMed PMID: 16088404.

71: Rummel MJ, Al-Batran SE, Kim SZ, Welslau M, Hecker R, Kofahl-Krause D, Josten KM, Dürk H, Rost A, Neise M, von Grünhagen U, Chow KU, Hansmann ML, Hoelzer D, Mitrou PS. Bendamustine plus rituximab is effective and has a favorable toxicity profile in the treatment of mantle cell and low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2005 May 20;23(15):3383-9. PubMed PMID: 15908650.

72: Teichert J, Sohr R, Baumann F, Hennig L, Merkle K, Caca K, Preiss R. Synthesis and characterization of some new phase II metabolites of the alkylator bendamustine and their identification in human bile, urine, and plasma from patients with cholangiocarcinoma. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 Jul;33(7):984-92. Epub 2005 Apr 21. PubMed PMID: 15845750.

73: Weide R, Pandorf A, Heymanns J, Köppler H. Bendamustine/Mitoxantrone/Rituximab (BMR): a very effective, well tolerated outpatient chemoimmunotherapy for relapsed and refractory CD20-positive indolent malignancies. Final results of a pilot study. Leuk Lymphoma. 2004 Dec;45(12):2445-9. PubMed PMID: 15621757.

74: Schmidt-Hieber M, Schmittel A, Thiel E, Keilholz U. A phase II study of bendamustine chemotherapy as second-line treatment in metastatic uveal melanoma. Melanoma Res. 2004 Dec;14(6):439-42. PubMed PMID: 15577312.

75: Köppler H, Heymanns J, Pandorf A, Weide R. Bendamustine plus mitoxantrone--a new effective treatment for advanced chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: results of a phase I/II study. Leuk Lymphoma. 2004 May;45(5):911-3. PubMed PMID: 15291348.

76: Koenigsmann M, Knauf W, Herold M, Pasold R, Müller G, Eschenburg H, Kahl C, Lakner V, Assmann M, Jentsch-Ullrich K, Mohren M, Bartsch R, Franke A. Fludarabine and bendamustine in refractory and relapsed indolent lymphoma--a multicenter phase I/II Trial of the east german society of hematology and oncology (OSHO). Leuk Lymphoma. 2004 Sep;45(9):1821-7. PubMed PMID: 15223642.

77: Bremer K. High rates of long-lasting remissions after 5-day bendamustine chemotherapy cycles in pre-treated low-grade non-Hodgkin's-lymphomas. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2002 Nov;128(11):603-9. Epub 2002 Oct 26. PubMed PMID: 12458340.

78: Schwänen C, Hecker T, Hübinger G, Wölfle M, Rittgen W, Bergmann L, Karakas T. In vitro evaluation of bendamustine induced apoptosis in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia. 2002 Oct;16(10):2096-105. PubMed PMID: 12357363.

79: Weidmann E, Kim SZ, Rost A, Schuppert H, Seipelt G, Hoelzer D, Mitrou PS. Bendamustine is effective in relapsed or refractory aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Ann Oncol. 2002 Aug;13(8):1285-9. PubMed PMID: 12181253.

80: Rummel MJ, Mitrou PS, Hoelzer D. Bendamustine in the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: results and future perspectives. Semin Oncol. 2002 Aug;29(4 Suppl 13):27-32. Review. PubMed PMID: 12170430.

81: Pönisch W, Niederwieser D. Bendamustine in the treatment of multiple myeloma: results and future perspectives. Semin Oncol. 2002 Aug;29(4 Suppl 13):23-6. PubMed PMID: 12170429.

82: Aivado M, Schulte K, Henze L, Burger J, Finke J, Haas R. Bendamustine in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: results and future perspectives. Semin Oncol. 2002 Aug;29(4 Suppl 13):19-22. PubMed PMID: 12170428.

83: Schrijvers D, Vermorken JB. Phase I studies with bendamustine: an update. Semin Oncol. 2002 Aug;29(4 Suppl 13):15-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 12170427.

84: Rummel MJ, Chow KU, Hoelzer D, Mitrou PS, Weidmann E. In vitro studies with bendamustine: enhanced activity in combination with rituximab. Semin Oncol. 2002 Aug;29(4 Suppl 13):12-4. PubMed PMID: 12170426.

85: Gandhi V. Metabolism and mechanisms of action of bendamustine: rationales for combination therapies. Semin Oncol. 2002 Aug;29(4 Suppl 13):4-11. Review. PubMed PMID: 12170425.

86: Diehl V, Cheson BD. Bendamustine in the treatment of hematologic malignancies. Introduction. Semin Oncol. 2002 Aug;29(4 Suppl 13):1-3. PubMed PMID: 12170424.

87: Konstantinov SM, Kostovski A, Topashka-Ancheva M, Genova M, Berger MR. Cytotoxic efficacy of bendamustine in human leukemia and breast cancer cell lines. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2002 May;128(5):271-8. PubMed PMID: 12029443.

88: Weide R, Heymanns J, Gores A, Köppler H. Bendamustine mitoxantrone and rituximab (BMR): a new effective regimen for refractory or relapsed indolent lymphomas. Leuk Lymphoma. 2002 Feb;43(2):327-31. PubMed PMID: 11999564.

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