MedKoo Biosciences

About us  |  Services  |  Products  |  News  |  Careers  |  Contact us

 

 

 


 

Back to products

 

 

Browse products

Approved anticancer agents

Anticancer agents in trials

Anticancer agents in preclinical trials

Anticancer molecular libraries

 


Other drug agents

Drug intermediates

Bio-reagents and biochemicals

 

 


 

 

 

 

 

 

MedKoo product information:

 Raloxifene Hydrochloride

MedKoo Code#:  100761

Name:  Raloxifene hydrochloride

CAS#:  84449-90-1.

 

Synonym:  US brand names: Evista;  Keoxifene. Abbreviation: RALOX .  Code name: LY 139481.  Chemical structure name: [6-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-benzo[b]thien-3-yl][4-[2-(1-piperidinyl)ethoxy]phenyl]methanone.

 

IUPAC/Chemical name:

(6-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)(4-(2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)methanone hydrochloride

 

Chemical structure:

Theoretical analysis :

 

Raloxifene

Chemical Formula: C28H27NO4S

Exact Mass: 473.16608

Molecular Weight: 473.58

m/z: 473.16608 (100.0%), 474.16943 (30.3%), 475.16188 (4.5%), 475.17279 (4.4%), 476.16523 (1.4%)

Elemental Analysis: C, 71.01; H, 5.75; N, 2.96; O, 13.51; S, 6.77

 

Raloxifene hydrochloride

Chemical Formula: C28H28ClNO4S

Molecular Weight: 510.04

Elemental Analysis: C, 65.94; H, 5.53; Cl, 6.95; N, 2.75; O, 12.55; S, 6.29

 

 

Availability and price:

This agent  is available. For quotation, question, and order, please send email to sales@medkoo.com to describe your needs. A representative will respond your email shortly. We offer significant discount for larger quantity order.

 

Quality control data:

Product will be shipped with supporting analytical data.

 

 

Information about this agent

raloxifene is a selective benzothiophene estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Raloxifene binds to estrogen receptors (ER) as a mixed estrogen agonist/antagonist; it displays both an ER-alpha-selective partial agonist/antagonist effect and a pure ER-beta-selective antagonist effect. This agent functions as an estrogen agonist in some tissues (bones, lipid metabolism) and as an estrogen antagonist in others (endometrium and breasts), with the potential for producing some of estrogen's beneficial effects without producing its adverse effects. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

 

EVISTA (raloxifene hydrochloride) is an estrogen agonist/antagonist, commonly referred to as a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that belongs to the benzothiophene class of compounds.Raloxifene HCl is an off-white to pale-yellow solid that is very slightly soluble in water. EVISTA is supplied in a tablet dosage form for oral administration. Each EVISTA tablet contains 60 mg of raloxifene HCl, which is the molar equivalent of 55.71 mg of free base. Inactive ingredients include anhydrous lactose, carnauba wax, crospovidone, FD&C Blue No. 2 aluminum lake, hypromellose, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, modified pharmaceutical glaze, polyethylene glycol, polysorbate 80, povidone, propylene glycol, and titanium dioxide.

 

 Mechanism of Action

Decreases in estrogen levels after oophorectomy or menopause lead to increases in bone resorption and accelerated bone loss. Bone is initially lost rapidly because the compensatory increase in bone formation is inadequate to offset resorptive losses. In addition to loss of estrogen, this imbalance between resorption and formation may be due to age-related impairment of osteoblasts or their precursors. In some women, these changes will eventually lead to decreased bone mass, osteoporosis, and increased risk for fractures, particularly of the spine, hip, and wrist. Vertebral fractures are the most common type of osteoporotic fracture in postmenopausal women. The biological actions of raloxifene are largely mediated through binding to estrogen receptors. This binding results in activation of certain estrogenic pathways and blockade of others. Thus, raloxifene is an estrogen agonist/antagonist, commonly referred to as a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Raloxifene decreases resorption of bone and reduces biochemical markers of bone turnover to the premenopausal range. These effects on bone are manifested as reductions in the serum and urine levels of bone turnover markers, decreases in bone resorption based on radiocalcium kinetics studies, increases in bone mineral density (BMD), and decreases in incidence of fractures.

 

References

  1: Iwamoto J. [Effects of SERMs on bone health. Discrimination of SERMs from bisphosphonates in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis]. Clin Calcium. 2010 Mar;20(3):396-407. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 20190370.

2: Takami M, Shimada H. [Effects of SERMs on bone health. SERM and metabolic markers of bone]. Clin Calcium. 2010 Mar;20(3):365-71. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 20190366.

3: Gennari L, Merlotti D, Nuti R. Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: focus on lasofoxifene. Clin Interv Aging. 2010 Feb 2;5:19-29. Review. PubMed PMID: 20169039; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2817938.

4: Nelson HD, Fu R, Griffin JC, Nygren P, Smith ME, Humphrey L. Systematic review: comparative effectiveness of medications to reduce risk for primary breast cancer. Ann Intern Med. 2009 Nov 17;151(10):703-15, W-226-35. Review. PubMed PMID: 19920271.

5: Chines AA, Komm BS. Bazedoxifene acetate: a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Drugs Today (Barc). 2009 Jul;45(7):507-20. Review. PubMed PMID: 19834628.

6: de Villiers TJ. Clinical issues regarding cardiovascular disease and selective estrogen receptor modulators in postmenopausal women. Climacteric. 2009;12 Suppl 1:108-11. Review. PubMed PMID: 19811253.

7: Wang T, You Q, Huang FS, Xiang H. Recent advances in selective estrogen receptor modulators for breast cancer. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2009 Sep;9(10):1191-201. Review. PubMed PMID: 19817711.

8: Puntoni M, Decensi A. The rationale and potential of cancer chemoprevention with special emphasis on breast cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2009 Sep;45 Suppl 1:346-54. Review. PubMed PMID: 19775631.

9: Blaha P, Dubsky P, Fitzal F, Bachleitner-Hofmann T, Jakesz R, Gnant M, Steger G. Breast cancer chemoprevention - a vision not yet realized. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2009 Sep;18(5):438-46. Epub 2009 Jul 20. Review. PubMed PMID: 19686352.

10: Gennari L. Lasofoxifene, a new selective estrogen receptor modulator for the treatment of osteoporosis and vaginal atrophy. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2009 Sep;10(13):2209-20. Review. PubMed PMID: 19640205.

11: Peng J, Sengupta S, Jordan VC. Potential of selective estrogen receptor modulators as treatments and preventives of breast cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2009 Jun;9(5):481-99. Review. PubMed PMID: 19519291.

12: Cutuli B, Lesur A, Namer M, Kerbrat P. [Breast cancer chemoprevention. Rational, trials results and future]. Bull Cancer. 2009 May;96(5):519-30. Review. French. PubMed PMID: 19467983.

13: Ohta H. [Evidence for the selective estrogen receptor modulator raloxifene--its pharmacological characteristics, efficacy and safety profiles]. Nippon Rinsho. 2009 May;67(5):960-6. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 19432117.

14: Ito M. [Bone quality]. Nippon Rinsho. 2009 May;67(5):921-5. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 19432110.

15: Clarke BL, Khosla S. New selective estrogen and androgen receptor modulators. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2009 Jul;21(4):374-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 19412100; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2860534.

16: Cummings SR, Tice JA, Bauer S, Browner WS, Cuzick J, Ziv E, Vogel V, Shepherd J, Vachon C, Smith-Bindman R, Kerlikowske K. Prevention of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: approaches to estimating and reducing risk. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009 Mar 18;101(6):384-98. Epub 2009 Mar 10. Review. PubMed PMID: 19276457; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2720698.

17: Dunn BK, Ryan A. Phase 3 trials of aromatase inhibitors for breast cancer prevention: following in the path of the selective estrogen receptor modulators. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009 Feb;1155:141-61. Review. PubMed PMID: 19250201.

18: William WN Jr, Heymach JV, Kim ES, Lippman SM. Molecular targets for cancer chemoprevention. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2009 Mar;8(3):213-25. Review. PubMed PMID: 19247304.

19: Siris ES, Selby PL, Saag KG, Borgström F, Herings RM, Silverman SL. Impact of osteoporosis treatment adherence on fracture rates in North America and Europe. Am J Med. 2009 Feb;122(2 Suppl):S3-13. Review. PubMed PMID: 19187810.

20: Li Y, Brown PH. Prevention of ER-negative breast cancer. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2009;181:121-34. Review. PubMed PMID: 19213564.

21: Greenwald P, Dunn BK. Do we make optimal use of the potential of cancer prevention? Recent Results Cancer Res. 2009;181:3-17. Review. PubMed PMID: 19213552.

22: Parikh S, Avorn J, Solomon DH. Pharmacological management of osteoporosis in nursing home populations: a systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009 Feb;57(2):327-34. Review. PubMed PMID: 19207148.

23: Mitwally MF. Bazedoxifene: a selective estrogen-receptor modulator. Womens Health (Lond Engl). 2008 Jul;4(4):319-26. Review. PubMed PMID: 19072496.

24: Sugimoto T. [Progress in the treatment of osteoporosis]. Rinsho Byori. 2008 Oct;56(10):887-93. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 19068785.

25: Thomsen A, Kolesar JM. Chemoprevention of breast cancer. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2008 Dec 1;65(23):2221-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 19020189.

26: Serock MR, Wells AK, Khalil RA. Modulators of vascular sex hormone receptors and their effects in estrogen-deficiency states associated with menopause. Recent Pat Cardiovasc Drug Discov. 2008 Nov;3(3):165-86. Review. PubMed PMID: 18991792.

27: Cosman F. Parathyroid hormone treatment for osteoporosis. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2008 Dec;15(6):495-501. Review. PubMed PMID: 18971677.

28: Howell A. The endocrine prevention of breast cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Aug;22(4):615-23. Review. PubMed PMID: 18971122.

29: Body JJ. [Update on treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis]. Rev Med Brux. 2008 Sep;29(4):301-9. Review. French. PubMed PMID: 18949981.

30: Ohta H. [Evidence for the selective estrogen receptor modulator raloxifene: its evolving role in the treatment of osteoporosis]. Clin Calcium. 2008 Oct;18(10):1442-50. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 18830041.

31: Moen MD, Keating GM. Raloxifene: a review of its use in the prevention of invasive breast cancer. Drugs. 2008;68(14):2059-83. Review. PubMed PMID: 18778124.

32: Rastogi P. Chemoprevention in postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2008 Jul-Aug;15(4 Suppl):810-5. Review. PubMed PMID: 18596603.

33: Ganz PA, Land SR. Risks, benefits, and effects on quality of life of selective estrogen-receptor modulator therapy in postmenopausal women at increased risk of breast cancer. Menopause. 2008 Jul-Aug;15(4 Suppl):797-803. Review. PubMed PMID: 18596601.

34: Iwamoto J, Takeda T, Sato Y. Role of vitamin K2 in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Curr Drug Saf. 2006 Jan;1(1):87-97. Review. PubMed PMID: 18690918.

35: Lerman J, Siseles N. [Hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular prevention. Where are we now?]. Medicina (B Aires). 2008;68(3):251-7. Review. Spanish. PubMed PMID: 18689159.

36: Saji S, Kuroi K. Application of selective estrogen receptor modulators for breast cancer treatment according to their intrinsic nature. Breast Cancer. 2008;15(4):262-9. Epub 2008 Jul 25. Review. PubMed PMID: 18654829.

37: Morcel K, Rouquette S, Dugast C, Bendavid C, Audrain O, Levęque J. [Breast cancer prevention: from chemoprevention to prophylactic surgery]. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 2008 Nov;37(7):661-71. Epub 2008 Jul 23. Review. French. PubMed PMID: 18653291.

38: Powles TJ. Prevention of breast cancer using SERMs. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2008;630:232-6. Review. PubMed PMID: 18637495.

39: Swaby RF, Jordan VC. Low-dose estrogen therapy to reverse acquired antihormonal resistance in the treatment of breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer. 2008 Apr;8(2):124-33. Review. PubMed PMID: 18621608.

40: Vogel VG. Preventing breast cancer in high-risk women, 2008. Oncology (Williston Park). 2008 May;22(6):666-73; discussion 679, 682, 684. Review. PubMed PMID: 18561555.

41: Lee WL, Chao HT, Cheng MH, Wang PH. Rationale for using raloxifene to prevent both osteoporosis and breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 2008 Jun 20;60(2):92-107. Epub 2008 Jun 4. Review. PubMed PMID: 18534794.

42: Ohta H. [Muscle and bone health as a risk factor of fall among the elderly. Role of raloxifene in the prevention of osteoporotic fractures]. Clin Calcium. 2008 Jun;18(6):828-35. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 18515954.

43: Gennari L, Merlotti D, Paola VD, Nuti R. Raloxifene in breast cancer prevention. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2008 May;7(3):259-70. Review. PubMed PMID: 18462184.

44: Clay PG, Voss LE, Williams C, Daume EC. Valid treatment options for osteoporosis and osteopenia in HIV-infected persons. Ann Pharmacother. 2008 May;42(5):670-9. Epub 2008 Apr 15. Review. PubMed PMID: 18413693.

45: Lee WL, Cheng MH, Chao HT, Wang PH. The role of selective estrogen receptor modulators on breast cancer: from tamoxifen to raloxifene. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Mar;47(1):24-31. Review. PubMed PMID: 18400579.

46: Sturdee DW. The menopausal hot flush--anything new? Maturitas. 2008 May 20;60(1):42-9. Epub 2008 Apr 1. Review. PubMed PMID: 18384981.

47: Castrellon AB, Glück S. Chemoprevention of breast cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2008 Mar;8(3):443-52. Review. PubMed PMID: 18366291.

48: Valverde P. Pharmacotherapies to manage bone loss-associated diseases: a quest for the perfect benefit-to-risk ratio. Curr Med Chem. 2008;15(3):284-304. Review. PubMed PMID: 18288984.

49: Shelly W, Draper MW, Krishnan V, Wong M, Jaffe RB. Selective estrogen receptor modulators: an update on recent clinical findings. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2008 Mar;63(3):163-81. Review. PubMed PMID: 18279543.

50: Reeder JG, Vogel VG. Breast cancer risk management. Clin Breast Cancer. 2007 Dec;7(11):833-40. Review. PubMed PMID: 18269772.

51: Okazaki R. [Effects of SERM on the cardiovascular system]. Nippon Rinsho. 2007 Nov 28;65 Suppl 9:381-5. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 18161136.

52: Okano H. [Evidence of raloxifene on postmenopausal osteoporosis]. Nippon Rinsho. 2007 Nov 28;65 Suppl 9:374-80. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 18161135.

53: Mizunuma H. [CORE study]. Nippon Rinsho. 2007 Nov 28;65 Suppl 9:294-8. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 18161121.

54: Soen S. [First choice drug for treatment of osteoporosis and the strategic points for choice of drugs]. Nippon Rinsho. 2007 Nov 28;65 Suppl 9:325-8. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 18159713.

55: Takeuchi Y. [Where do SERMs stand in the light of clinical application?]. Nippon Rinsho. 2007 Nov 28;65 Suppl 9:306-10. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 18159712.

56: Land SR, Ritter MW, Costantino JP, Julian TB, Cronin WM, Haile SR, Wolmark N, Ganz PA. Compliance with patient-reported outcomes in multicenter clinical trials: methodologic and practical approaches. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Nov 10;25(32):5113-20. Review. PubMed PMID: 17991930.

57: Lobo RA. Menopause and stroke and the effects of hormonal therapy. Climacteric. 2007 Oct;10 Suppl 2:27-31. Review. PubMed PMID: 17882669.

58: Iwamoto J, Takeda T, Sato Y. Effects of antifracture drugs in postmenopausal, male and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis--usefulness of alendronate and risedronate. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2007 Nov;8(16):2743-56. Review. PubMed PMID: 17956196.

59: Wu T, Chen X, Xie L. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) for uterine leiomyomas. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Oct 17;(4):CD005287. Review. PubMed PMID: 17943846.

60: Kremoser C, Albers M, Burris TP, Deuschle U, Koegl M. Panning for SNuRMs: using cofactor profiling for the rational discovery of selective nuclear receptor modulators. Drug Discov Today. 2007 Oct;12(19-20):860-9. Epub 2007 Sep 19. Review. PubMed PMID: 17933688.

61: Bevers TB. The STAR trial: evidence for raloxifene as a breast cancer risk reduction agent for postmenopausal women. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2007 Sep;5(8):719-24. Review. PubMed PMID: 17927929.

62: Lethaby AE, Vollenhoven BJ. An evidence-based approach to hormonal therapies for premenopausal women with fibroids. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2008 Apr;22(2):307-31. Epub 2007 Oct 1. Review. PubMed PMID: 17905660.

63: Fabian CJ. The what, why and how of aromatase inhibitors: hormonal agents for treatment and prevention of breast cancer. Int J Clin Pract. 2007 Dec;61(12):2051-63. Epub 2007 Sep 24. Review. PubMed PMID: 17892469; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2228389.

64: Inoue D. [Current and future prospects for anti-osteoporotic drugs]. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 2007 Sep;130(3):206-9. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 17878616.

65: Abu Fanne R, Brzezinski A, Danenberg HD. Raloxifene: cardiovascular considerations. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2007 Aug;7(8):871-6. Review. PubMed PMID: 17692049.

66: Asaga S, Jinno H, Sakata M, Kitajima M. [Current perspective of chemoprevention in breast cancer]. Nippon Rinsho. 2007 Jun 28;65 Suppl 6:627-32. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 17682221.

67: Caufriez A. Hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) in postmenopause: a reappraisal. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2007 Sep;68(4):241-50. Epub 2007 Jul 24. Review. PubMed PMID: 17651686.

68: Vogel VG. Chemoprevention strategies 2006. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2007 Feb;8(1):74-88. Review. PubMed PMID: 17634835.

69: Leung FP, Tsang SY, Wong CM, Yung LM, Chan YC, Leung HS, Yao X, Huang Y. Raloxifene, tamoxifen and vascular tone. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2007 Aug;34(8):809-13. Review. PubMed PMID: 17600563.

70: Gennari L, Merlotti D, Valleggi F, Martini G, Nuti R. Selective estrogen receptor modulators for postmenopausal osteoporosis: current state of development. Drugs Aging. 2007;24(5):361-79. Review. PubMed PMID: 17503894.

71: Palacios S. The future of the new selective estrogen receptor modulators. Menopause Int. 2007 Mar;13(1):27-34. Review. PubMed PMID: 17448265.

72: Lingxia X, Taixiang W, Xiaoyan C. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) for uterine leiomyomas. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Apr 18;(2):CD005287. Review. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD005287. PubMed PMID: 17443581.

73: Dunn BK, Ford LG. Hormonal interventions to prevent hormonal cancers: breast and prostate cancers. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2007 Jun;16(3):232-42. Review. PubMed PMID: 17415094.

74: Yodfat Y. [What's new in postmenopausal osteoporosis]. Harefuah. 2007 Feb;146(2):134-9, 164. Review. Hebrew. PubMed PMID: 17352284.

75: Regitz-Zagrosek V, Wintermantel TM, Schubert C. Estrogens and SERMs in coronary heart disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2007 Apr;7(2):130-9. Epub 2007 Feb 20. Review. PubMed PMID: 17317318.

76: Christodoulakos GE, Lambrinoudaki IV, Botsis DC. The cardiovascular effects of selective estrogen receptor modulators. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Dec;1092:374-84. Review. PubMed PMID: 17308162.

77: Greenwald P. A favorable view: progress in cancer prevention and screening. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2007;174:3-17. Review. PubMed PMID: 17302181.

78: Santos ME. Hormone replacement therapy and venous disease. Acta Chir Belg. 2006 Nov-Dec;106(6):659-61. Review. PubMed PMID: 17290689.

79: Oliveira VM, Aldrighi JM, Rinaldi JF. [Current status of breast cancer chemoprevention]. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2006 Nov-Dec;52(6):453-9. Review. Portuguese. PubMed PMID: 17242785.

80: Guo SW, Olive DL. Two unsuccessful clinical trials on endometriosis and a few lessons learned. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2007;64(1):24-35. Epub 2007 Jan 5. Review. PubMed PMID: 17202821.

81: Morrow M, Jordan VC. The current status of breast cancer chemoprevention: a star is born. J Surg Oncol. 2007 Jan 1;95(1):4-5. Review. PubMed PMID: 17192883.

82: Jordan VC, Brodie AM. Development and evolution of therapies targeted to the estrogen receptor for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. Steroids. 2007 Jan;72(1):7-25. Epub 2006 Dec 13. Review. PubMed PMID: 17169390; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2566956.

83: Vestergaard P. Current pharmacological options for the management of primary hyperparathyroidism. Drugs. 2006;66(17):2189-211. Review. PubMed PMID: 17137403.

84: Wenger NK. [Menopausal hormone therapy and cardiovascular disease]. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2006 Oct;59(10):1058-69. Review. Spanish. PubMed PMID: 17125716.

85: Uray IP, Brown PH. Prevention of breast cancer: current state of the science and future opportunities. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2006 Dec;15(12):1583-600. Review. PubMed PMID: 17107283.

86: Jordan VC. Optimising endocrine approaches for the chemoprevention of breast cancer beyond the Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) trial. Eur J Cancer. 2006 Nov;42(17):2909-13. Epub 2006 Oct 24. Review. PubMed PMID: 17064889.

87: Smith MR. Treatment-related osteoporosis in men with prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Oct 15;12(20 Pt 2):6315s-6319s. Review. PubMed PMID: 17062721.

88: Bevers TB. Raloxifene and the prevention of breast cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2006 Nov;7(16):2301-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 17059385.

89: Szabo E. Selecting targets for cancer prevention: where do we go from here? Nat Rev Cancer. 2006 Nov;6(11):867-74. Epub 2006 Oct 12. Review. PubMed PMID: 17036038.

90: Liberman UA, Hochberg MC, Geusens P, Shah A, Lin J, Chattopadhyay A, Ross PD. Hip and non-spine fracture risk reductions differ among antiresorptive agents: Evidence from randomised controlled trials. Int J Clin Pract. 2006 Nov;60(11):1394-400. Epub 2006 Oct 4. Review. PubMed PMID: 17026515.

91: Kozakiewicz K, Wycisk A. [Hormonal replacement therapy and selective estrogen receptor modulators in prevention of cardiovascular disease]. Wiad Lek. 2006;59(5-6):377-82. Review. Polish. PubMed PMID: 17017486.

92: Draper MW. An update on raloxifene. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2006;16 Suppl 2:502-3. Review. PubMed PMID: 17010057.

93: Wickerham DL, Fourchotte V. An update on breast cancer prevention trials. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2006;16 Suppl 2:498-501. Review. PubMed PMID: 17010056.

94: Kaji H, Sugimoto T. [Anabolic treatment for osteoporosis: PTH treatment]. Clin Calcium. 2006 Sep;16(9):1480-85. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 16951472.

95: Geller BA, Vogel VG. Chemoprevention of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Breast Dis. 2005-2006;24:79-92. Review. PubMed PMID: 16917141.

96: Kleerekoper M. Osteoporosis prevention and therapy: preserving and building strength through bone quality. Osteoporos Int. 2006 Dec;17(12):1707-15. Epub 2006 Aug 15. Review. PubMed PMID: 16909196.

97: Close P, Neuprez A, Reginster JY. Developments in the pharmacotherapeutic management of osteoporosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2006 Aug;7(12):1603-15. Review. PubMed PMID: 16872263.

98: Audran M. Drug combination strategies for osteoporosis. Joint Bone Spine. 2006 Jul;73(4):374-8. Epub 2006 May 6. Review. PubMed PMID: 16765628.

99: Hochberg MC, Rizzoli R. Long-term experience with alendronate in the treatment of osteoporosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2006 Jun;7(9):1201-10. Review. PubMed PMID: 16732706.

100: Iwamoto J, Takeda T, Sato Y. Efficacy and safety of alendronate and risedronate for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006 May;22(5):919-28. Review. PubMed PMID: 16709313.

101: Shah S, Bell RJ, Davis SR. Homocysteine, estrogen and cognitive decline. Climacteric. 2006 Apr;9(2):77-87. Review. PubMed PMID: 16698655.

102: Urano T. [Molecular mechanism tissue-specific actions of selective estrogen receptor modulators]. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. 2006 Mar;43(2):147-51. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 16683636.

103: Ravn P, Nielsen TF, Christiansen C. What can be learned from the levormeloxifene experience? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2006;85(2):135-42. Review. PubMed PMID: 16532904.

104: Houssami N, Cuzick J, Dixon JM. The prevention, detection, and management of breast cancer. Med J Aust. 2006 Mar 6;184(5):230-4. Review. PubMed PMID: 16515434.

105: Dodwell D, Wardley A, Johnston S. Postmenopausal advanced breast cancer: options for therapy after tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors. Breast. 2006 Oct;15(5):584-94. Epub 2006 Feb 28. Review. PubMed PMID: 16504510.

106: Trémolličres F, Ribot C. [Raloxifene in postmenopausal women]. Gynecol Obstet Fertil. 2006 Feb;34(2):147-53. Epub 2006 Feb 17. Review. French. PubMed PMID: 16483822.

107: Smith MR. Therapy Insight: osteoporosis during hormone therapy for prostate cancer. Nat Clin Pract Urol. 2005 Dec;2(12):608-15; quiz 628. Review. PubMed PMID: 16474548.

108: Vogelvang TE, van der Mooren MJ, Mijatovic V, Kenemans P. Emerging selective estrogen receptor modulators: special focus on effects on coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Drugs. 2006;66(2):191-221. Review. PubMed PMID: 16451093.

109: Albertazzi P, Sharma S. Urogenital effects of selective estrogen receptor modulators: a systematic review. Climacteric. 2005 Sep;8(3):214-20. Review. PubMed PMID: 16390753.

110: Lam PM, Chung TK, Haines C. Where are we with postmenopausal hormone therapy in 2005? Gynecol Endocrinol. 2005 Nov;21(5):248-56. Review. PubMed PMID: 16373243.

111: Doraiswamy PM, Xiong GL. Pharmacological strategies for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2006 Jan;7(1):1-10. Review. PubMed PMID: 16370917.

112: Small RE. Uses and limitations of bone mineral density measurements in the management of osteoporosis. MedGenMed. 2005 May 9;7(2):3. Review. PubMed PMID: 16369382; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1681604.

113: McCarus DC. Fracture prevention in postmenopausal osteoporosis: a review of treatment options. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2006 Jan;61(1):39-50. Review. PubMed PMID: 16359568.

114: Bilezikian JP. Anabolic therapy for osteoporosis. Int J Fertil Womens Med. 2005 Mar-Apr;50(2):53-60. Review. PubMed PMID: 16334411.

115: Sambrook P. Who will benefit from treatment with selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)? Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2005 Dec;19(6):975-81. Review. PubMed PMID: 16301191.

116: Hamdy RC, Chesnut CH 3rd, Gass ML, Holick MF, Leib ES, Lewiecki ME, Maricic M, Watts NB. Review of treatment modalities for postmenopausal osteoporosis. South Med J. 2005 Oct;98(10):1000-14; quiz 1015-7, 1048. Review. PubMed PMID: 16295815.

117: Harvey HA, Kimura M, Hajba A. Toremifene: an evaluation of its safety profile. Breast. 2006 Apr;15(2):142-57. Epub 2005 Nov 9. Review. PubMed PMID: 16289904.

118: Rosen CJ, Brown SA. A rational approach to evidence gaps in the management of osteoporosis. Am J Med. 2005 Nov;118(11):1183-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 16271898.

119: Seeman E, Crans GG, Diez-Perez A, Pinette KV, Delmas PD. Anti-vertebral fracture efficacy of raloxifene: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2006 Feb;17(2):313-6. Epub 2005 Oct 11. Review. PubMed PMID: 16217588.

120: Cranney A, Adachi JD. Benefit-risk assessment of raloxifene in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Drug Saf. 2005;28(8):721-30. Review. PubMed PMID: 16048357.

121: Cavanagh PR, Licata AA, Rice AJ. Exercise and pharmacological countermeasures for bone loss during long-duration space flight. Gravit Space Biol Bull. 2005 Jun;18(2):39-58. Review. PubMed PMID: 16038092.

122: Gluck O, Maricic M. Skeletal and nonskeletal effects of raloxifene. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2003 Dec;1(3):123-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 16036075.

123: Gogas H, Markopoulos C, Blamey R. Should women be advised to take prophylactic endocrine treatment outside of a clinical trial setting? Ann Oncol. 2005 Dec;16(12):1861-6. Epub 2005 Jun 24. Review. PubMed PMID: 15980159.

124: Johansen AM. Breast cancer chemoprevention: a review of selective estrogen receptor modulators. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2005 Jun;9(3):317-20. Review. PubMed PMID: 15973842.

125: Neven P, Quail D, Marin F, Creatsas G, Depypere H, Rechberger T, Liu-Léage S, Pavo I, Schmitt H, Nickelsen T. Comparing raloxifene with continuous combined estrogen-progestin therapy in postmenopausal women: Review of Euralox 1. Maturitas. 2005 Oct 16;52(2):87-101. Review. PubMed PMID: 15967604.

126: Gasco M, Argusti A, Bonanni B, Decensi A. SERMs in chemoprevention of breast cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2005 Sep;41(13):1980-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 15964182.

127: Stevenson M, Jones ML, De Nigris E, Brewer N, Davis S, Oakley J. A systematic review and economic evaluation of alendronate, etidronate, risedronate, raloxifene and teriparatide for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Health Technol Assess. 2005 Jun;9(22):1-160. Review. PubMed PMID: 15929857.

128: Gaudio A, Morabito N. Pharmacological management of severe postmenopausal osteoporosis. Drugs Aging. 2005;22(5):405-17. Review. PubMed PMID: 15903353.

129: Cheifitz RL. Hormone replacement therapy--differing guidelines. S Afr Med J. 2005 Apr;95(4):232, 234, 236 passim. Review. PubMed PMID: 15889844.

130: Urano T. [Effects of estrogen and selective estrogen receptor modulators on osteoporosis]. Clin Calcium. 2005 Apr;15(4):591-5. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 15802770.

131: Wallace DJ. Rapid prevention of vertebral fractures associated with osteoporosis. Orthopedics. 2005 Mar;28(3):291-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 15790088.

132: Fabian CJ, Kimler BF. Selective estrogen-receptor modulators for primary prevention of breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Mar 10;23(8):1644-55. Review. PubMed PMID: 15755972.

133: Vogelvang TE, van der Mooren MJ, Mijatovic V. Hormone replacement therapy, selective estrogen receptor modulators, and tissue-specific compounds: cardiovascular effects and clinical implications. Treat Endocrinol. 2004;3(2):105-15. Review. PubMed PMID: 15743106.

134: Kobayashi H, Hamaya E. [Raloxifene hydrochloride (Evista Tablet 60 mg) for postmenopausal osteoporosis: mode of action and clinical efficacy]. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 2005 Jan;125(1):37-48. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 15738620.

135: Mokbel K. Risk-reducing strategies for breast cancer--a review of recent literature. Int J Fertil Womens Med. 2003 Nov-Dec;48(6):274-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 15646397.

136: Dunn BK, Wickerham DL, Ford LG. Prevention of hormone-related cancers: breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Jan 10;23(2):357-67. Review. PubMed PMID: 15637398.

137: Rogowski A, Fidler B. Selective estrogen receptor modulators: raloxifene. Med Health R I. 1999 Jan;82(1):29-30. Review. PubMed PMID: 15600142.

138: Teriparatide for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Drug Ther Bull. 2004 Dec;42(12):93-5. Review. PubMed PMID: 15587764.

139: Shintani M. [Which is the better choice, estrogen or SERMs in postmenopausal women?]. Clin Calcium. 2004 Oct;14(10):105-10. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 15577140.

140: Morii H. [Safety profile of raloxifene]. Clin Calcium. 2004 Oct;14(10):100-4. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 15577139.

141: Higuchi T, Mizunuma H. [Effects of SERM on breast cancer and cardiovascular disease: making a comparison between raloxifene use and hormone replacement therapy on the risks of the diseases]. Clin Calcium. 2004 Oct;14(10):81-4. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 15577136.

142: Ohta H. [Defining the role of raloxifene as a therapeutic agent for postmenopausal osteoporosis: focus on its pharmacological properties]. Clin Calcium. 2004 Oct;14(10):73-80. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 15577135.

143: Honjo H. [Additional effect of SERM: central nervous system]. Clin Calcium. 2004 Oct;14(10):69-72. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 15577134.

144: Ohmichi M, Kawagoe J, Abe A, Takahashi K, Kurachi H. [Cardiovascular effects of SERM]. Clin Calcium. 2004 Oct;14(10):61-7. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 15577133.

145: Kurebayashi J. [Additional effect of SERM: mammary gland]. Clin Calcium. 2004 Oct;14(10):47-51. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 15577131.

146: Cyaki O. [Relationship between changes in biochemical markers of bone turnover and prediction value of fracture risk]. Clin Calcium. 2004 Oct;14(10):39-46. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 15577130.

147: Mori S. [Contribution of bone quality to fracture risk]. Clin Calcium. 2004 Oct;14(10):33-8. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 15577129.

148: Inaba M. [SERM & bone metabolism: protective effects of SERM against fracture risk and its long-term beneficial effects]. Clin Calcium. 2004 Oct;14(10):27-31. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 15577128.

149: Nakamura T. [Bone quality in treatment with raroxifene ]. Clin Calcium. 2004 May;14(5):813-8. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 15577047.

150: Ohta H. [Selective estrogen receptor modulator]. Clin Calcium. 2004 Jan;14(1):165-72. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 15576973.

151: Greenwald P. Clinical trials in cancer prevention: current results and perspectives for the future. J Nutr. 2004 Dec;134(12 Suppl):3507S-3512S. Review. PubMed PMID: 15570061.

152: Tobias JS. Recent advances in endocrine therapy for postmenopausal women with early breast cancer: implications for treatment and prevention. Ann Oncol. 2004 Dec;15(12):1738-47. Review. PubMed PMID: 15550578.

153: Robertson JF. Selective oestrogen receptor modulators/new antioestrogens: a clinical perspective. Cancer Treat Rev. 2004 Dec;30(8):695-706. Review. PubMed PMID: 15541579.

154: Gadducci A, Cosio S, Genazzani AR. Use of estrogen antagonists and aromatase inhibitors in breast cancer and hormonally sensitive tumors of the uterine body. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2004 Oct;5(10):1031-44. Review. PubMed PMID: 15535424.

155: Fadanelli ME, Bone HG. Combining bisphosphonates with hormone therapy for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Treat Endocrinol. 2004;3(6):361-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 15511130.

156: Zizic TM. Pharmacologic prevention of osteoporotic fractures. Am Fam Physician. 2004 Oct 1;70(7):1293-300. Review. PubMed PMID: 15508540.

157: Del Puente A, Migliaccio S, Esposito A, Lello S, Ott SM. A reappraisal of therapeutic approaches to osteoporosis. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2004 Jun;16 Suppl(3):42-6. Review. PubMed PMID: 15506701.

158: Azoulay C. [Menopause in 2004: "hormone replacement therapy" is not what it used to be anymore]. Rev Med Interne. 2004 Nov;25(11):806-15. Review. French. PubMed PMID: 15501350.

159: Hussain SA, Williams S, Stevens A, Rea DW. Endocrine therapy for early breast cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2004 Oct;4(5):877-88. Review. PubMed PMID: 15485321.

160: Mobasseri S, Liebson PR, Klein LW. Hormone therapy and selective estrogen receptor modulators for prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women estrogen replacement from the cardiologist's perspective. Cardiol Rev. 2004 Nov-Dec;12(6):287-98. Review. PubMed PMID: 15476565.

161: Zelnak AB, O'Regan RM. Chemoprevention of breast cancer. Curr Probl Cancer. 2004 Jul-Aug;28(4):201-17. Review. PubMed PMID: 15318323.

162: Eng-Wong J, Zujewski JA. Raloxifene and its role in breast cancer prevention. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2004 Aug;4(4):523-32. Review. PubMed PMID: 15270657.

163: Sporn MB, Dowsett SA, Mershon J, Bryant HU. Role of raloxifene in breast cancer prevention in postmenopausal women: clinical evidence and potential mechanisms of action. Clin Ther. 2004 Jun;26(6):830-40. Review. PubMed PMID: 15262454.

164: Kessel B. Hip fracture prevention in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2004 Jun;59(6):446-55; quiz 485. Review. PubMed PMID: 15167766.

165: Dobnig H. A review of teriparatide and its clinical efficacy in the treatment of osteoporosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2004 May;5(5):1153-62. Review. PubMed PMID: 15155114.

166: Stepan JJ, Alenfeld F, Boivin G, Feyen JH, Lakatos P. Mechanisms of action of antiresorptive therapies of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocr Regul. 2003 Dec;37(4):225-38. Review. PubMed PMID: 15106819.

167: Devogelaer JP. A review of the effects of tibolone on the skeleton. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2004 Apr;5(4):941-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 15102576.

168: Martino S, Costantino J, McNabb M, Mershon J, Bryant K, Powles T, Secrest RJ. The role of selective estrogen receptor modulators in the prevention of breast cancer: comparison of the clinical trials. Oncologist. 2004;9(2):116-25. Review. PubMed PMID: 15047916.

169: Hosoi T. [Prevention of fractures with therapeutic agents for osteoporosis]. Nippon Rinsho. 2004 Feb;62 Suppl 2:596-601. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 15035197.

170: Itabashi A. [Raloxifene hydrochloride]. Nippon Rinsho. 2004 Feb;62 Suppl 2:528-35. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 15035185.

171: Itabashi A. [MORE study(raloxifene)]. Nippon Rinsho. 2004 Feb;62 Suppl 2:442-9. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 15035168.

172: Lufkin EG, Sarkar S, Kulkarni PM, Ciaccia AV, Siddhanti S, Stock J, Plouffe L Jr. Antiresorptive treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: review of randomized clinical studies and rationale for the Evista alendronate comparison (EVA) trial. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004 Mar;20(3):351-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 15025844.

173: Serrano D, Perego E, Costa A, Decensi A. Progress in chemoprevention of breast cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2004 Feb;49(2):109-17. Review. PubMed PMID: 15012972.

174: Kessenich C. An approach to postmenopausal osteoporosis treatment: a case study review. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. 2003 Dec;15(12):539-45. Review. PubMed PMID: 14983569.

175: This P, Guyot B. [Raloxifene and breast: from the SERMs concept to its place in clinical practice]. Gynecol Obstet Fertil. 2004 Jan;32(1):75-84. Review. French. PubMed PMID: 14736604.

176: Lo SS, Vogel VG. Endocrine prevention of breast cancer using selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SORMs). Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Mar;18(1):97-111. Review. PubMed PMID: 14687600.

177: Howell SJ, Johnston SR, Howell A. The use of selective estrogen receptor modulators and selective estrogen receptor down-regulators in breast cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Mar;18(1):47-66. Review. PubMed PMID: 14687597.

178: Uebelhart D, Frey D, Frey-Rindova P, Goerres G, Michel BA. [Therapy of osteoporosis: bisphosphonates, SERM's, teriparatide and strontium]. Z Rheumatol. 2003 Dec;62(6):512-7. Review. German. PubMed PMID: 14685711.

179: Meunier PJ. [Large clinical trials for osteoporosis]. Therapie. 2003 Sep-Oct;58(5):415-20. Review. French. PubMed PMID: 14682189.

180: Bonkhoff H, Motherby H, Fixemer T. [New insights into the role of estogens and their receptors in prostate cancer]. Urologe A. 2003 Dec;42(12):1594-601. Review. German. PubMed PMID: 14668987.

181: Serrano D, Bonanni B, Cazzaniga M, Galli A, Gonzaga AG, Decensi A. Pharmacological prevention of breast cancer: quo vadis? Breast. 2003 Dec;12(6):379-86. Review. PubMed PMID: 14659109.

182: Bernardi F, Pluchino N, Stomati M, Pieri M, Genazzani AR. CNS: sex steroids and SERMs. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 Nov;997:378-88. Review. PubMed PMID: 14644845.

183: Draper MW. The role of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) in postmenopausal health. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 Nov;997:373-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 14644844.

184: Smith RE. A review of selective estrogen receptor modulators and national surgical adjuvant breast and bowel project clinical trials. Semin Oncol. 2003 Oct;30(5 Suppl 16):4-13. Review. PubMed PMID: 14613021.

185: Strassmer-Weippl K, Goss PE. Prevention of breast cancer using SERMs and aromatase inhibitors. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2003 Jan;8(1):5-18. Review. PubMed PMID: 14587860.

186: Doggrell SA. Present and future pharmacotherapy for osteoporosis. Drugs Today (Barc). 2003 Aug;39(8):633-57. Review. PubMed PMID: 14566385.

187: Smith RE, Good BC. Chemoprevention of breast cancer and the trials of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project and others. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2003 Sep;10(3):347-57. Review. PubMed PMID: 14503912.

188: Fiechtner JJ. Hip fracture prevention. Drug therapies and lifestyle modifications that can reduce risk. Postgrad Med. 2003 Sep;114(3):22-8, 32. Review. PubMed PMID: 14503398.

189: Lippuner K. Medical treatment of vertebral osteoporosis. Eur Spine J. 2003 Oct;12 Suppl 2:S132-41. Epub 2003 Sep 17. Review. PubMed PMID: 13680313.

190: Heringa M. Review on raloxifene: profile of a selective estrogen receptor modulator. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2003 Aug;41(8):331-45. Review. PubMed PMID: 12940590.

191: Watts NB. Bisphosphonate treatment of osteoporosis. Clin Geriatr Med. 2003 May;19(2):395-414. Review. PubMed PMID: 12916293.

192: Miller P. Analysis of 1-year vertebral fracture risk reduction data in treatments for osteoporosis. South Med J. 2003 May;96(5):478-85. Review. Erratum in: South Med J. 2003 Sep;96(9):899. PubMed PMID: 12911187.

193: Simoncini T, Mannella P, Genazzani AR. [Cardiovascular effects of selective estrogen receptor modulators. Current perspectives]. Recenti Prog Med. 2003 Feb;94(2):51-6. Review. Italian. PubMed PMID: 12908369.

194: Martens MG. Risk of fracture and treatment to prevent osteoporosis-related fracture in postmenopausal women. A review. J Reprod Med. 2003 Jun;48(6):425-34. Review. PubMed PMID: 12856513.

195: Prichard RS, Hill AD, Dijkstra B, McDermott EW, O'Higgins NJ. The prevention of breast cancer. Br J Surg. 2003 Jul;90(7):772-83. Review. PubMed PMID: 12854100.

196: Rastogi P, Vogel VG. Update on breast cancer prevention. Oncology (Williston Park). 2003 Jun;17(6):799-805; discussion 808-10, 813. Review. PubMed PMID: 12846124.

197: Miller E. Therapeutic options: an evidence-based approach to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Int J Fertil Womens Med. 2003 May-Jun;48(3):122-6; discussion 137-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 12839143.

198: Bentrem DJ, Jordan VC. Antiestrogens: the past and the future. Zentralbl Gynakol. 2002 Dec;124(12):551-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 12822068.

199: Howell A, Howell SJ, Evans DG. New approaches to the endocrine prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2003 Jul;52 Suppl 1:S39-44. Epub 2003 Jun 18. Review. PubMed PMID: 12819938.

200: Mortimer JE, Urban JH. Long-term toxicities of selective estrogen-receptor modulators and antiaromatase agents. Oncology (Williston Park). 2003 May;17(5):652-9; discussion 659, 662, 666 passim. Review. PubMed PMID: 12800793.

201: Peverill RE. Hormone therapy and venous thromboembolism. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Mar;17(1):149-64. Review. PubMed PMID: 12763518.

202: Khan A. Advances in osteoporosis therapy. 2003 update of practical guidelines. Can Fam Physician. 2003 Apr;49:441-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 12729240; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2214205.

203: Kahán Z, Thurzó L. [Breakthrough in breast cancer chemoprevention]. Orv Hetil. 2003 Mar 30;144(13):597-603. Review. Hungarian. PubMed PMID: 12728784.

204: Eichner SF, Lloyd KB, Timpe EM. Comparing therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis prevention and treatment. Ann Pharmacother. 2003 May;37(5):711-24. Review. PubMed PMID: 12708951.

205: Chemoprevention of breast cancer: recommendations and rationale. Am Fam Physician. 2003 Mar 15;67(6):1309-14. Review. PubMed PMID: 12674459.

206: Body JJ. Zoledronic acid: an advance in tumour bone disease therapy and a new hope for osteoporosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2003 Apr;4(4):567-80. Review. PubMed PMID: 12667119.

207: Visvanathan K, Davidson NE. Aromatase inhibitors as adjuvant therapy in breast cancer. Oncology (Williston Park). 2003 Mar;17(3):335-42, 347; discussion 347-50, 354. Review. PubMed PMID: 12661266.

208: Marsden J. The menopause, hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2002 Dec;83(1-5):123-32. Review. PubMed PMID: 12650709.

209: Matsumoto T. [Osteoporosis]. Ryumachi. 2002 Dec;42(6):863-71. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 12632605.

210: Powles TJ. Anti-oestrogenic chemoprevention of breast cancer-the need to progress. Eur J Cancer. 2003 Mar;39(5):572-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 12628835.

211: Bartl R. [Osteoporosis]. Internist (Berl). 2002 Dec;43(12):1529-30, 1533-43. Review. German. Erratum in: Internist (Berl). 2003 Feb;44(2):183. PubMed PMID: 12607392.

212: Somigliana E, Chiodini A, Odorizzi MP, Pompei F, Viganň P. [The therapy of endometriosis. New prospects]. Minerva Ginecol. 2003 Feb;55(1):15-23. Review. Italian. PubMed PMID: 12598839.

213: Häuselmann HJ, Rizzoli R. A comprehensive review of treatments for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2003 Jan;14(1):2-12. Review. PubMed PMID: 12577179.

214: Cuzick J, Powles T, Veronesi U, Forbes J, Edwards R, Ashley S, Boyle P. Overview of the main outcomes in breast-cancer prevention trials. Lancet. 2003 Jan 25;361(9354):296-300. Review. PubMed PMID: 12559863.

215: Wenger NK. [The current state of hormonal prevention of coronary heart disease in menopausal women]. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2003 Jan;56(1):1-8. Review. Spanish. PubMed PMID: 12549992.

216: Pappas SG, Jordan VC. Chemoprevention of breast cancer: current and future prospects. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2002;21(3-4):311-21. Review. PubMed PMID: 12549769.

217: Vogel VG, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL, Cronin WM. National surgical adjuvant breast and bowel project update: prevention trials and endocrine therapy of ductal carcinoma in situ. Clin Cancer Res. 2003 Jan;9(1 Pt 2):495S-501S. Review. PubMed PMID: 12538506.

218: Body JJ. Management of primary osteoporosis. Acta Clin Belg. 2002 Sep-Oct;57(5):277-83. Review. PubMed PMID: 12534136.

219: Dimai HP, Pietschmann P, Resch H, Leb G, Klaushofer K. [Guidelines for drug therapy of postmenopausal osteoporosis]. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2002;152(23-24):596-612. Review. German. PubMed PMID: 12530170.

220: Miller E, Kalin MF. A review of combination regimens for osteoporosis--prevention and treatment. Int J Fertil Womens Med. 2002 Sep-Oct;47(5):198-204. Review. PubMed PMID: 12469706.

221: Grimes DA, Lobo RA. Perspectives on the Women's Health Initiative trial of hormone replacement therapy. Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Dec;100(6):1344-53. Review. PubMed PMID: 12468183.

222: Brown JP, Josse RG; Scientific Advisory Council of the Osteoporosis Society of Canada. 2002 clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in Canada. CMAJ. 2002 Nov 12;167(10 Suppl):S1-34. Review. Erratum in: CMAJ. 2003 Feb 18;168(4):400. CMAJ. 2003 Mar 18;168(6):676.. CMAJ. 2003 Mar 4;168(5):544. PubMed PMID: 12427685; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC134653.

223: Zec RF, Trivedi MA. The effects of estrogen replacement therapy on neuropsychological functioning in postmenopausal women with and without dementia: a critical and theoretical review. Neuropsychol Rev. 2002 Jun;12(2):65-109. Review. PubMed PMID: 12371603.

224: Lamy O, Krieg MA. [Hormone replacement therapy and its derivatives in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis]. Rev Med Suisse Romande. 2002 Aug;122(8):377-81. Review. French. PubMed PMID: 12357730.

225: Trémolličres F, Lopes P. [Specific estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)]. Presse Med. 2002 Sep 7;31(28):1323-8. Review. French. PubMed PMID: 12355995.

226: Sayegh RA, Stubblefield PG. Bone metabolism and the perimenopause overview, risk factors, screening, and osteoporosis preventive measures. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2002 Sep;29(3):495-510. Review. PubMed PMID: 12353670.

227: Cranney A, Tugwell P, Zytaruk N, Robinson V, Weaver B, Adachi J, Wells G, Shea B, Guyatt G; Osteoporosis Methodology Group and The Osteoporosis Research Advisory Group. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. IV. Meta-analysis of raloxifene for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocr Rev. 2002 Aug;23(4):524-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 12202467.

228: Chlebowski RT, Col N, Winer EP, Collyar DE, Cummings SR, Vogel VG 3rd, Burstein HJ, Eisen A, Lipkus I, Pfister DG; American Society of Clinical Oncology Breast Cancer Technology Assessment Working Group. American Society of Clinical Oncology technology assessment of pharmacologic interventions for breast cancer risk reduction including tamoxifen, raloxifene, and aromatase inhibition. J Clin Oncol. 2002 Aug 1;20(15):3328-43. Review. PubMed PMID: 12149307.

229: Gluck O, Maricic M. Raloxifene: recent information on skeletal and non-skeletal effects. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2002 Jul;14(4):429-32. Review. PubMed PMID: 12118180.

230: Gnatuk CL. The controversy over estrogen replacement therapy: an update on clinical trials. Curr Womens Health Rep. 2002 Apr;2(2):89-94. Review. PubMed PMID: 12116607.

231: Kinsinger LS, Harris R, Woolf SH, Sox HC, Lohr KN. Chemoprevention of breast cancer: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2002 Jul 2;137(1):59-69. Review. PubMed PMID: 12093250.

232: Bayes M, Rabasseda X, Prous JR. Gateways to clinical trials. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2002 May;24(4):217-48. Review. PubMed PMID: 12092009.

233: Delmas PD. Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Lancet. 2002 Jun 8;359(9322):2018-26. Review. PubMed PMID: 12076571.

234: Alba E, Ragonesi G, Colla F, Mazzoleni A, Farina C. [Antiestrogen therapy in the treatment of breast neoplasms]. Minerva Ginecol. 2002 Jun;54(3):245-51. Review. Italian. PubMed PMID: 12063440.

235: Maricic M, Gluck O. Review of raloxifene and its clinical applications in osteoporosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2002 Jun;3(6):767-75. Review. PubMed PMID: 12036416.

236: Arun B, Anthony M, Dunn B. The search for the ideal SERM. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2002 Jun;3(6):681-91. Review. PubMed PMID: 12036407.

237: Boyack M, Lookinland S, Chasson S. Efficacy of raloxifene for treatment of menopause: a systematic review. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. 2002 Apr;14(4):150-65. Review. PubMed PMID: 12001746.

238: Ishii J. [Comparative analyses on osteoporosis guidelines in Japan, EU and USA]. Nippon Rinsho. 2002 Mar;60 Suppl 3:288-97. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 11979921.

239: Nakamura T. [Treatment of osteoporosis: overview]. Nippon Rinsho. 2002 Mar;60 Suppl 3:273-9. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 11979919.

240: Hayashi Y. [Advancement of treatment for osteoporosis]. Nippon Rinsho. 2002 Mar;60 Suppl 3:13-20. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 11979899.

241: Bentrem DJ, Craig Jordan V. Tamoxifen, raloxifene and the prevention of breast cancer. Minerva Endocrinol. 2002 Jun;27(2):127-39. Review. PubMed PMID: 11961504.

242: Rhodes DJ. Identifying and counseling women at increased risk for breast cancer. Mayo Clin Proc. 2002 Apr;77(4):355-60; quiz 360-1. Review. PubMed PMID: 11936931.

243: Zujewski J. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and retinoids in breast cancer chemoprevention. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2002;39(2-3):264-70. Review. PubMed PMID: 11921197.

244: Vogel VG. Follow-up of the breast cancer prevention trial and the future of breast cancer prevention efforts. Clin Cancer Res. 2001 Dec;7(12 Suppl):4413s-4418s; discussion 4411s-4412s. Review. PubMed PMID: 11916233.

245: Johnston SR. Endocrine manipulation in advanced breast cancer: recent advances with SERM therapies. Clin Cancer Res. 2001 Dec;7(12 Suppl):4376s-4387s; discussion 4411s-4412s. Review. PubMed PMID: 11916228.

246: Fabian CJ, Kimler BF. Chemoprevention for high-risk women: tamoxifen and beyond. Breast J. 2001 Sep-Oct;7(5):311-20. Review. PubMed PMID: 11906441.

247: Hirsimäki P, Aaltonen A, Mäntylä E. Toxicity of antiestrogens. Breast J. 2002 Mar-Apr;8(2):92-6. Review. PubMed PMID: 11896754.

248: Hodsman AB. Fragility fractures in dialysis and transplant patients. Is it osteoporosis, and how should it be treated? Perit Dial Int. 2001;21 Suppl 3:S247-55. Review. PubMed PMID: 11887831.

249: Leong KH. Medical treatment of osteoporosis--increasing options. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2002 Jan;31(1):43-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 11885495.

250: Salih AK, Fentiman IS. Breast cancer prevention: present and future. Cancer Treat Rev. 2001 Oct;27(5):261-73. Review. PubMed PMID: 11871862.

251: Goss PE, Strasser K. Chemoprevention with aromatase inhibitors--trial strategies. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2001 Dec;79(1-5):143-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 11850218.

252: Marcus R, Wong M, Heath H 3rd, Stock JL. Antiresorptive treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: comparison of study designs and outcomes in large clinical trials with fracture as an endpoint. Endocr Rev. 2002 Feb;23(1):16-37. Review. PubMed PMID: 11844743.

253: Barrón-González A, Arias-Martínez J, Castro-Romero I. [Antiestrogens: mechanism of action and clinical applications]. Salud Publica Mex. 2001 Nov-Dec;43(6):577-84. Review. Spanish. PubMed PMID: 11816234.

254: Park WC, Jordan VC. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMS) and their roles in breast cancer prevention. Trends Mol Med. 2002 Feb;8(2):82-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 11815274.

255: Meunier PJ. Anabolic agents for treating postmenopausal osteoporosis. Joint Bone Spine. 2001 Dec;68(6):576-81. Review. PubMed PMID: 11809001.

256: Pritchard KI. Breast cancer prevention with selective estrogen receptor modulators: a perspective. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001 Dec;949:89-98. Review. PubMed PMID: 11795385.

257: Komm BS, Lyttle CR. Developing a SERM: stringent preclinical selection criteria leading to an acceptable candidate (WAY-140424) for clinical evaluation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001 Dec;949:317-26. Review. PubMed PMID: 11795370.

258: Anthony M, Williams JK, Dunn BK. What would be the properties of an ideal SERM? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001 Dec;949:261-78. Review. PubMed PMID: 11795362.

259: Hendrix SL, McNeeley SG. Effect of selective estrogen receptor modulators on reproductive tissues other than endometrium. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001 Dec;949:243-50. Review. PubMed PMID: 11795359.

260: Yaffe K. Estrogens, selective estrogen receptor modulators, and dementia: what is the evidence? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001 Dec;949:215-22. Review. PubMed PMID: 11795356.

261: Mosca L. Rationale and overview of the Raloxifene Use for the Heart (RUTH) trial. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001 Dec;949:181-5. Review. PubMed PMID: 11795352.

262: Blum A, Cannon RO 3rd. Selective estrogen receptor modulator effects on serum lipoproteins and vascular function in postmenopausal women and in hypercholesterolemic men. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001 Dec;949:168-74. Review. PubMed PMID: 11795350.

263: Walsh BW. The effects of estrogen and selective estrogen receptor modulators on cardiovascular risk factors. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001 Dec;949:163-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 11795349.

264: Cuzick J; International Breast Cancer Intervention Study. A brief review of the International Breast Cancer Intervention Study (IBIS), the other current breast cancer prevention trials, and proposals for future trials. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001 Dec;949:123-33. Review. PubMed PMID: 11795344.

265: Thiebaud D, Secrest RJ. Selective estrogen receptor modulators: mechanism of action and clinical experience. Focus on raloxifene. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2001;13(4):331-6. Review. PubMed PMID: 11800172.

266: Ang WC, Farrell E, Vollenhoven B. Effect of hormone replacement therapies and selective estrogen receptor modulators in postmenopausal women with uterine leiomyomas: a literature review. Climacteric. 2001 Dec;4(4):284-92. Review. PubMed PMID: 11770184.

267: Curtis MG. Comparative tolerability of first-generation selective estrogen receptor modulators in breast cancer treatment and prevention. Drug Saf. 2001;24(14):1039-53. Review. PubMed PMID: 11735660.

268: Kellen JA. Raloxifene. Curr Drug Targets. 2001 Dec;2(4):423-5. Review. PubMed PMID: 11732640.

269: Mijatovic V, van der Mooren MJ. Homocysteine in postmenopausal women and the importance of hormone replacement therapy. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2001 Aug;39(8):764-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 11592448.

270: Jordan VC, Gapstur S, Morrow M. Selective estrogen receptor modulation and reduction in risk of breast cancer, osteoporosis, and coronary heart disease. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001 Oct 3;93(19):1449-57. Review. PubMed PMID: 11584060.

271: McClung B, McClung M. Pharmacologic therapy for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. Nurs Clin North Am. 2001 Sep;36(3):433-40, viii. Review. PubMed PMID: 11532658.

272: Kuter I. Breast cancer. Oncologist. 2001;6(4):338-46. Review. PubMed PMID: 11524552.

273: Pfeilschifter J. [Hormone replacement and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMS) in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis]. Orthopade. 2001 Jul;30(7):462-72. Review. German. PubMed PMID: 11515185.

274: Dhingra K. Selective estrogen receptor modulation: the search for an ideal hormonal therapy for breast cancer. Cancer Invest. 2001;19(6):649-59. Review. PubMed PMID: 11486708.

275: Neven P, Vergote I. Tamoxifen, screening and new oestrogen receptor modulators. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2001 Jun;15(3):365-80. Review. PubMed PMID: 11476559.

276: Sharma RA, Gescher AJ, O'Byrne KJ, Steward WP. Familiar drugs may prevent cancer. Postgrad Med J. 2001 Aug;77(910):492-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 11470927; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1742095.

277: Dunn BK, Ford LG. From adjuvant therapy to breast cancer prevention: BCPT and STAR. Breast J. 2001 May-Jun;7(3):144-57. Review. PubMed PMID: 11469927.

278: Levine M, Moutquin JM, Walton R, Feightner J; Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care and the Canadian Breast Cancer Initiative's Steering Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Care and Treatment of Breast Cancer. Chemoprevention of breast cancer. A joint guideline from the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care and the Canadian Breast Cancer Initiative's Steering Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Care and Treatment of Breast Cancer. CMAJ. 2001 Jun 12;164(12):1681-90. Review. PubMed PMID: 11450210; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC81154.

279: Sharpe M, Noble S, Spencer CM. Alendronate: an update of its use in osteoporosis. Drugs. 2001;61(7):999-1039. Review. PubMed PMID: 11434454.

280: Torrisi R, Decensi A, Formelli F, Camerini T, De Palo G. Chemoprevention of breast cancer with fenretinide. Drugs. 2001;61(7):909-18. Review. PubMed PMID: 11434448.

281: Berning B, Bennink HJ, Fauser BC. Tibolone and its effects on bone: a review. Climacteric. 2001 Jun;4(2):120-36. Review. PubMed PMID: 11428176.

282: Wickerham DL, Tan-Chiu E. Breast cancer chemoprevention: current status and future directions. Semin Oncol. 2001 Jun;28(3):253-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 11402435.

283: Pfeifer M, Lehmann R, Minne HW. [Therapy of osteoporosis from the viewpoint of evidence-based medicine]. Med Klin (Munich). 2001 May 15;96(5):270-80. Review. German. PubMed PMID: 11395991.

284: Křnig KB, Eiken PA, Schwarz P. [SERM--selective estrogen receptor modulators]. Ugeskr Laeger. 2001 Apr 9;163(15):2129-33. Review. Danish. PubMed PMID: 11332210.

285: Yosipovitch G, Hoon TS, Leok GC. Suggested rationale for prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced bone loss in dermatologic patients. Arch Dermatol. 2001 Apr;137(4):477-81. Review. PubMed PMID: 11295929.

286: Saitta A, Morabito N, Frisina N, Cucinotte D, Corrado F, D'Anna R, Altavilla D, Squadrito G, Minutoli L, Arcoraci V, Cancellieri F, Squadrito F. Cardiovascular effects of raloxifene hydrochloride. Cardiovasc Drug Rev. 2001 Spring;19(1):57-74. Review. PubMed PMID: 11314601.

287: Kimmick GG, Muss HB. Systemic therapy for older women with breast cancer. Oncology (Williston Park). 2001 Mar;15(3):280-91; discussion 291-2, 295-6, 299. Review. PubMed PMID: 11301828.

288: Watts NB. Treatment of osteoporosis with bisphosphonates. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2001 Feb;27(1):197-214. Review. PubMed PMID: 11285996.

289: Seeman E. Raloxifene. J Bone Miner Metab. 2001;19(2):65-75. Review. PubMed PMID: 11281162.

290: Leris C, Mokbel K. The prevention of breast cancer: an overview. Curr Med Res Opin. 2001;16(4):252-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 11268709.

291: Fabian CJ. Breast cancer chemoprevention: beyond tamoxifen. Breast Cancer Res. 2001;3(2):99-103. Epub 2001 Jan 17. Review. PubMed PMID: 11250754; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC139439.

292: Cuzick J. Future possibilities in the prevention of breast cancer: breast cancer prevention trials. Breast Cancer Res. 2000;2(4):258-63. Epub 2000 May 19. Review. PubMed PMID: 11250718; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC138785.

293: Halbreich U, Kahn LS. Selective oestrogen receptor modulators--current and future brain and behaviour applications. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2000 Dec;1(7):1385-98. Review. PubMed PMID: 11249472.

294: Dalton RR, Kallab AM. Chemoprevention of breast cancer. South Med J. 2001 Jan;94(1):7-15. Review. PubMed PMID: 11213947.

295: Mamounas EP. Breast cancer chemoprevention. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2000 Jun;14(3):727-38. Review. PubMed PMID: 11203331.

296: Jordan VC. Estrogen, selective estrogen receptor modulation, and coronary heart disease: something or nothing. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001 Jan 3;93(1):2-4. Review. PubMed PMID: 11136828.

297: Epstein S. Postmenopausal osteoporosis: fracture consequences and treatment efficacy vary by skeletal site. Aging (Milano). 2000 Oct;12(5):330-41. Review. PubMed PMID: 11126519.

298: Rhodes DJ, Hartmann LC, Perez EA. Breast cancer prevention trials. Curr Oncol Rep. 2000 Nov;2(6):558-65. Review. PubMed PMID: 11122893.

299: Rosenbaum Smith SM, Osborne MP. Breast cancer chemoprevention. Am J Surg. 2000 Oct;180(4):249-51. Review. PubMed PMID: 11113429.

300: Chapurlat R, Delmas PD. [Therapeutic strategies for osteoporosis]. Ann Med Interne (Paris). 2000 Oct;151(6):471-6. Review. French. PubMed PMID: 11104926.

301: Hochberg M. Preventing fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. A review of recent controlled trials of antiresorptive agents. Drugs Aging. 2000 Oct;17(4):317-30. Review. PubMed PMID: 11087009.

302: Yardley DA. In pursuit of the prevention of breast cancer. Am J Med Sci. 2000 Oct;320(4):263-72. Review. PubMed PMID: 11061352.

303: Baran DT. Osteoporosis: which current treatments reduce fracture risk? Cleve Clin J Med. 2000 Oct;67(10):701-3. Review. PubMed PMID: 11060956.

304: Lems WF, Dijkmans BA. [Effect of anti-osteoporosis agents on the incidence of vertebral fractures]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2000 Oct 7;144(41):1941-5. Review. Dutch. PubMed PMID: 11048556.

305: Dören M, Samsioe G. Prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis with oestrogen replacement therapy and associated compounds: update on clinical trials since 1995. Hum Reprod Update. 2000 Sep-Oct;6(5):419-26. Review. PubMed PMID: 11045872.

306: Muchmore DB. Raloxifene: A selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) with multiple target system effects. Oncologist. 2000;5(5):388-92. Review. PubMed PMID: 11040275.

307: Seeman E. Selection of individuals for prevention of fractures due to bone fragility. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Jun;14(2):233-49. Review. PubMed PMID: 11035904.

308: Funahashi H. [Breast cancer chemoprevention (tamoxifen, raloxifene, and others)]. Nippon Rinsho. 2000 Apr;58 Suppl:587-91. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 11026055.

309: Snyder KR, Sparano N, Malinowski JM. Raloxifene hydrochloride. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2000 Sep 15;57(18):1669-75; quiz 1676-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 11006795.

310: Halbekath J. [Drug treatment for the treatment of primary osteoporosis]. Z Arztl Fortbild Qualitatssich. 2000 Aug;94(6):453-60. Review. German. PubMed PMID: 10996934.

311: Brown PH, Lippman SM. Chemoprevention of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2000 Jul;62(1):1-17. Review. PubMed PMID: 10989982.

312: Clemett D, Spencer CM. Raloxifene: a review of its use in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Drugs. 2000 Aug;60(2):379-411. Review. PubMed PMID: 10983739.

313: Raloxifene. Not better than estrogen. Can Fam Physician. 2000 Aug;46:1592-6, 1599-603. Review. English, French. PubMed PMID: 10955178; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2144789.

314: O'Regan RM. Chemoprevention of breast cancer. Cancer Treat Res. 2000;103:183-207. Review. PubMed PMID: 10948447.

315: Reddy P, Chow MS. Safety and efficacy of antiestrogens for prevention of breast cancer. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2000 Jul 15;57(14):1315-22; quiz 1323-5. Review. PubMed PMID: 10918921.

316: Pritchard KI. Current and future directions in medical therapy for breast carcinoma: endocrine treatment. Cancer. 2000 Jun 15;88(12 Suppl):3065-72. Review. PubMed PMID: 10898353.

317: Díez JL. Skeletal effects of selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). Hum Reprod Update. 2000 May-Jun;6(3):255-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 10874570.

318: Bentrem DJ, Jordan VC. Targeted antiestrogens for the prevention of breast cancer. Oncol Res. 1999;11(9):401-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 10821534.

319: Kuschel B, Aba F, Lux M, Jap D, Bender HG, Beckmann MW. [Breast cancer: assessment of individual risk and possibilities for prevention]. Z Arztl Fortbild Qualitatssich. 2000 Apr;94(3):231-7. Review. German. PubMed PMID: 10802899.

320: Carolin KA, Pass HA. Prevention of breast cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2000 Mar;33(3):221-38. Review. PubMed PMID: 10789494.

321: Decensi A, Costa A. Recent advances in cancer chemoprevention, with emphasis on breast and colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2000 Apr;36(6):694-709. Review. PubMed PMID: 10762741.

322: Tonetti DA, Jordan VC. The estrogen receptor: a logical target for the prevention of breast cancer with antiestrogens. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 1999 Oct;4(4):401-13. Review. PubMed PMID: 10705923.

323: Szúcs J, Pávó I, Jurida N. [Clinical experience with raloxifene]. Orv Hetil. 2000 Jan 30;141(5):237-40. Review. Hungarian. PubMed PMID: 10697982.

324: Minton SE. Chemoprevention of breast cancer in the older patient. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2000 Feb;14(1):113-30. Review. PubMed PMID: 10680075.

325: Guzzo JA. Selective estrogen receptor modulators--a new age of estrogens in cardiovascular disease? Clin Cardiol. 2000 Jan;23(1):15-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 10680024.

326: Umland EM, Rinaldi C, Parks SM, Boyce EG. The impact of estrogen replacement therapy and raloxifene on osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, and gynecologic cancers. Ann Pharmacother. 1999 Dec;33(12):1315-28. Review. PubMed PMID: 10630832.

327: Reid IR. Pharmacological management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: a comparative review. Drugs Aging. 1999 Nov;15(5):349-63. Review. PubMed PMID: 10600043.

328: Raloxifene to prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis. Drug Ther Bull. 1999 May;37(5):33-6. Review. PubMed PMID: 10563056.

329: Chlebowski RT, Collyar DE, Somerfield MR, Pfister DG. American Society of Clinical Oncology technology assessment on breast cancer risk reduction strategies: tamoxifen and raloxifene. J Clin Oncol. 1999 Jun;17(6):1939-55. Review. PubMed PMID: 10561236.

330: Lush DT. Preventing heart disease and cancer. What randomized, primary-prevention studies show. Postgrad Med. 1999 Oct 15;106(5):143-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 10560473.

331: Rossouw JE. Hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1999 Oct;10(5):429-34. Review. PubMed PMID: 10554705.

332: Alberg AJ, Lam AP, Helzlsouer KJ. Epidemiology, prevention, and early detection of breast cancer. Curr Opin Oncol. 1999 Nov;11(6):435-41. Review. PubMed PMID: 10550006.

333: Lippman SM, Brown PH. Tamoxifen prevention of breast cancer: an instance of the fingerpost. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999 Nov 3;91(21):1809-19. Review. PubMed PMID: 10547388.

334: Agnusdei D, Liu-Léage S, Augendre-Ferrante B. [Results of international clinical trials with raloxifene]. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 1999 Sep;60(3):242-6. Review. French. PubMed PMID: 10520416.

335: Scott JA, Da Camara CC, Early JE. Raloxifene: a selective estrogen receptor modulator. Am Fam Physician. 1999 Sep 15;60(4):1131-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 10507743.

336: Goldstein SR. Effect of raloxifene on the endometrium: will this be the ultimate key to its utilization? Menopause. 1999 Fall;6(3):183-5. Review. PubMed PMID: 10486785.

337: Kotwall CA. Breast cancer treatment and chemoprevention. Can Fam Physician. 1999 Aug;45:1917-24. Review. PubMed PMID: 10463092; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2328205.

338: Fisher B. Highlights from recent National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project studies in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. CA Cancer J Clin. 1999 May-Jun;49(3):159-77. Review. PubMed PMID: 10445015.

339: Meunier PJ, Delmas PD, Eastell R, McClung MR, Papapoulos S, Rizzoli R, Seeman E, Wasnich RD. Diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: clinical guidelines. International Committee for Osteoporosis Clinical Guidelines. Clin Ther. 1999 Jun;21(6):1025-44. Review. PubMed PMID: 10440625.

340: Agnusdei D. Clinical efficacy of raloxifene in postmenopausal women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1999 Jul;85(1):43-6. Review. PubMed PMID: 10428320.

341: Genazzani AR, Gambacciani M. Hormone replacement therapy: the perspectives for the 21st century. Maturitas. 1999 May 31;32(1):11-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 10423711.

342: Ullom-Minnich P. Prevention of osteoporosis and fractures. Am Fam Physician. 1999 Jul;60(1):194-202. Review. PubMed PMID: 10414638.

343: Weryha G, Pascal-Vigneron V, Klein M, Leclčre J. Selective estrogen receptor modulators. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 1999 Jul;11(4):301-6. Review. PubMed PMID: 10411386.

344: Treatment of estrogen deficiency symptoms in women surviving breast cancer. Part 6: Executive summary and consensus statement. Proceedings of a conference held at Boar's Head Inn, Charlottesville, Virginia, September 21-23, 1997. Oncology (Williston Park). 1999 Jun;13(6):859-61, 865-6, 871-2 passim. Review. PubMed PMID: 10378222.

345: Jordan VC, Morrow M. Tamoxifen, raloxifene, and the prevention of breast cancer. Endocr Rev. 1999 Jun;20(3):253-78. Review. PubMed PMID: 10368771.

346: Jordan VC. Development of a new prevention maintenance therapy for postmenopausal women. Recent Results Cancer Res. 1999;151:96-109. Review. PubMed PMID: 10337721.

347: Jordan VC. Estrogen receptor as a target for the prevention of breast cancer. J Lab Clin Med. 1999 May;133(5):408-14. Review. PubMed PMID: 10235123.

348: Kardinal CG, Veith R. Prevention of breast cancer in high-risk women. J La State Med Soc. 1999 Apr;151(4):198-201. Review. PubMed PMID: 10234895.

349: Morrow M, Jordan VC, Takei H, Gradishar WJ, Pierce LJ. Current controversies in breast cancer management. Curr Probl Surg. 1999 Mar;36(3):163-216. Review. PubMed PMID: 10089889.

350: Termine JD, Wong M. Post-menopausal women and osteoporosis: available choices for maintenance of skeletal health. Maturitas. 1998 Nov 16;30(3):241-5. Review. PubMed PMID: 9881323.

351: Blum A, Cannon RO 3rd. Effects of oestrogens and selective oestrogen receptor modulators on serum lipoproteins and vascular function. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1998 Dec;9(6):575-86. Review. PubMed PMID: 9868594.

352: DeGregorio MW, Taras TL. Hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer: revisiting the issues. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 1998 Nov-Dec;38(6):738-44; quiz 744-6. Review. PubMed PMID: 9861792.

353: Barrett-Connor E, Wenger NK, Grady D, Mosca L, Collins P, Kornitzer M, Cox DA, Moscarelli E, Anderson PW. Hormone and nonhormone therapy for the maintenance of postmenopausal health: the need for randomized controlled trials of estrogen and raloxifene. J Womens Health. 1998 Sep;7(7):839-47. Review. PubMed PMID: 9785310.

354: Willhite L. Osteoporosis in women: prevention and treatment. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 1998 Sep-Oct;38(5):614-23; quiz 623-4. Review. PubMed PMID: 9782696.

355: Tonino RP. Ultrasound and alendronate: new tools for osteoporosis screening and treatment. Cleve Clin J Med. 1998 Sep;65(8):398-401. Review. PubMed PMID: 9769559.

356: Gustafsson JA. Therapeutic potential of selective estrogen receptor modulators. Curr Opin Chem Biol. 1998 Aug;2(4):508-11. Review. PubMed PMID: 9736924.

357: Balfour JA, Goa KL. Raloxifene. Drugs Aging. 1998 Apr;12(4):335-41; discussion 342. Review. PubMed PMID: 9571395.

358: Powles TJ. Status of antiestrogen breast cancer prevention trials. Oncology (Williston Park). 1998 Mar;12(3 Suppl 5):28-31. Review. PubMed PMID: 9556788.

359: Gradishar WJ, Jordan VC. Clinical potential of new antiestrogens. J Clin Oncol. 1997 Feb;15(2):840-52. Review. PubMed PMID: 9053512.

360: Howell A, Downey S, Anderson E. New endocrine therapies for breast cancer. Eur J Cancer. 1996 Apr;32A(4):576-88. Review. PubMed PMID: 8695256.

361: Jordan VC. Third annual William L. McGuire Memorial Lecture. "Studies on the estrogen receptor in breast cancer"--20 years as a target for the treatment and prevention of cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1995;36(3):267-85. Review. PubMed PMID: 8573710.

362: Jordan VC. Alternate antiestrogens and approaches to the prevention of breast cancer. J Cell Biochem Suppl. 1995;22:51-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 8538210.
 

 

 

Contact MedKoo:

Email: sales@medkoo.com

 

(Keyword; CAS#; MedKoo code#)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

About us  |  Services  |  Products  |  News  |  Careers  |  Contact us

© MedKoo Biosciences. All Rights Reserved