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 Mesna

mesna is a sulfhydryl compound that is used to reduce the incidence of hemorrhagic cystitis associated with certain chemotherapeutic agents. Mesna is converted to a free thiol compound in the kidney, where it binds to and inactivates acrolein and other urotoxic metabolites of ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide, thereby reducing their toxic effects on the urinary tract during urinary excretion. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus). Mesnex is indicated as a prophylactic agent in reducing the incidence of ifosfamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis.

DRUG DESCRIPTION

Mesnex® (mesna) is a detoxifying agent to inhibit the hemorrhagic cystitis induced by ifosfamide (IFEX®).The active ingredient mesna is a synthetic sulfhydryl compound designated as sodium-2-mercaptoethane sulfonate with a molecular formula of C2H5NaO3S2 and a molecular weight of 164.18. Mesnex Injection is a sterile, nonpyrogenic, aqueous solution of clear and colorless appearance in clear glass multi-dose vials for intravenous administration.Mesnex Injection contains 100 mg/mL mesna, 0.25 mg/mL edetate disodium and sodium hydroxide for pH adjustment.Mesnex Injection multidose vials also contain 10.4 mg of benzyl alcohol as a preservative. The solution has a pH range of 7.5-8.5.  Mesnex Tablets are white, oblong, scored biconvex film coated tablets with the imprint M4. They contain 400 mg mesna. Excipients include lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, calcium phosphate, cornstarch, povidone, magnesium stearate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, titanium dioxide, and simethicone.

Mechanism of Action

Mesnex was developed as a prophylactic agent to reduce the risk of hemorrhagic cystitis induced by ifosfamide. Analogous to the physiological cysteine-cystine system, mesna is rapidly oxidized to its major metabolite, mesna disulfide (dimesna).Mesna disulfide remains in the intravascular compartment and is rapidly eliminated by the kidneys.  In the kidney, the mesna disulfide is reduced to the free thiol compound, mesna, which reacts chemically with the urotoxic ifosfamide metabolites (acrolein and 4-hydroxy-ifosfamide) resulting in their detoxification. The first step in the detoxification process is the binding of mesna to 4-hydroxy-ifosfamide forming a nonurotoxic 4-sul-foethylthioifosfamide. Mesna also binds to the double bonds of acrolein and to other urotoxic metabolites.  In multiple human xenograft or rodent tumor model studies of limited scope, using IV or IP routes of administration, mesna in combination with ifosfamide (at dose ratios of up to 20-fold as single or multiple courses) failed to demonstrate interference with antitumor efficacy.

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246: Kobrinsky NL, Sposto R, Shah NR, Anderson JR, DeLaat C, Morse M, Warkentin P, Gilchrist GS, Cohen MD, Shina D, Meadows AT. Outcomes of treatment of children and adolescents with recurrent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease with dexamethasone, etoposide, cisplatin, cytarabine, and l-asparaginase, maintenance chemotherapy, and transplantation: Children's Cancer Group Study CCG-5912. J Clin Oncol. 2001 May 1;19(9):2390-6. PubMed PMID: 11331317.

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261: Mastrangelo S, Tornesello A, Diociaiuti L, Pession A, Prete A, Rufini V, Troncone L, Mastrangelo R. Treatment of advanced neuroblastoma: feasibility and therapeutic potential of a novel approach combining 131-I-MIBG and multiple drug chemotherapy. Br J Cancer. 2001 Feb;84(4):460-4. PubMed PMID: 11207038; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2363758.

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417: Zitter K, DeVos D. CA and leukemia group B 9251 protocol. Radiol Technol. 1997 May-Jun;68(5):423-5. PubMed PMID: 9170185.

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447: Margolin K, Doroshow JH, Ahn C, Hamasaki V, Leong L, Morgan R, Raschko J, Shibata S, Somlo G, Tetef M. Treatment of germ cell cancer with two cycles of high-dose ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide with autologous stem-cell support. J Clin Oncol. 1996 Oct;14(10):2631-7. PubMed PMID: 8874321.

448: Blanke C, Loehrer PJ, Nichols CR, Einhorn LH. A phase II trial of VP-16, ifosfamide, cisplatin, vinblastine, and bleomycin in advanced germ-cell tumors. Am J Clin Oncol. 1996 Oct;19(5):487-91. PubMed PMID: 8823477.

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452: Kyritsis AP. Chemotherapy for meningiomas. J Neurooncol. 1996 Sep;29(3):269-72. Review. PubMed PMID: 8858533.

453: Pratt CB, Luo X, Fang L, Marina N, Avery L, Furman WL. Response of pediatric malignant solid tumors following ifosfamide or ifosfamide/carboplatin/etoposide: a single hospital experience. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1996 Sep;27(3):145-8. PubMed PMID: 8699990.

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456: Manegold C, Drings P, Pawinski A, Lentz MA, van Glabbeke M, van Zandwijk N, Bachmann P, Schnaars Y, Skacel Z, Zatloukal P, Dolensky J, Jackevicius A, Petruzelka L, Giaccone G. Oral ifosfamide/mesna versus intravenous ifosfamide/mesna in non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomized phase II trial of the EORTC lung cancer cooperative group. Ann Oncol. 1996 Aug;7(6):637-9. PubMed PMID: 8879380.

457: Kiraz S, Baltali E, Güler N, Barista I, Benekli M, Celik I, Güllü IH, Kars A, Tekuzman G, Firat D. Ifosfamide, mesna and epirubicin as second-line chemotherapy in advanced breast cancer. J Chemother. 1996 Aug;8(4):310-4. PubMed PMID: 8873839.

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459: Sutton G, Blessing JA, Malfetano JH. Ifosfamide and doxorubicin in the treatment of advanced leiomyosarcomas of the uterus: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol. 1996 Aug;62(2):226-9. PubMed PMID: 8751554.

460: Han P, Drachtman RA, Amenta P, Ettinger LJ. Successful treatment of a primary cardiac leiomyosarcoma with ifosfamide and etoposide. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1996 Aug;18(3):314-7. PubMed PMID: 8689351.

461: Stein ME, Ruff P, Weaving A, Fried J, Bezwoda WR. A phase II study of cisplatin/ifosfamide in recurrent/metastatic undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma among young blacks in southern Africa. Am J Clin Oncol. 1996 Aug;19(4):386-8. PubMed PMID: 8677911.

462: Huber MH, Lippman SM, Benner SE, Shirinian M, Dimery IW, Dunnington JS, Hong WK. A phase II study of ifosfamide in recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Am J Clin Oncol. 1996 Aug;19(4):379-82. PubMed PMID: 8677909.

463: Williamson SK, Wolf MK, Eisenberger MA, O'Rourke MA, Brannon W, Crawford ED. Phase II evaluation of ifosfamide/mesna in metastatic prostate cancer. A Southwest Oncology Group study. Am J Clin Oncol. 1996 Aug;19(4):368-70. PubMed PMID: 8677906.

464: Schaap N, Raymakers R, Schattenberg A, Ottevanger JP, de Witte T. Massive pleural effusion attributed to high-dose cyclophosphamide during conditioning for BMT. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1996 Jul;18(1):247-8. PubMed PMID: 8832029.

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468: Tursz T. High-dose ifosfamide in the treatment of advanced soft tissue sarcomas. Semin Oncol. 1996 Jun;23(3 Suppl 7):34-9. PubMed PMID: 8711500.

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471: Johnson DH. Ifosfamide in non-small cell lung cancer. Semin Oncol. 1996 Jun;23(3 Suppl 6):7-10. Review. PubMed PMID: 8677453.

472: Connelly EF, Budd GT. Ifosfamide in the treatment of soft tissue sarcomas. Semin Oncol. 1996 Jun;23(3 Suppl 6):16-21. Review. PubMed PMID: 8677442.

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474: Azzi A, Ciappi S, De Santis R, Fanci R, Leoni F, Colli S, Rossi-Ferrini PL. Hemorrhagic cystitis associated with BKV in patients with refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Am J Hematol. 1996 Jun;52(2):121-2. PubMed PMID: 8638636.

475: Di Costanzo F, Tagliaventi M, Carlini P, Zironi S, Mazzocchi B, Bella M, Donati D, Acito L, Maggian P, Angiona S. High-dose folinic acid and fluorouracil with or without ifosfamide is an inactive combination in advanced pancreatic cancer. A randomized phase II study of the Italian Oncology Group for Clinical Research (G.O.I.R.C.). Am J Clin Oncol. 1996 Jun;19(3):307-10. PubMed PMID: 8638548.

476: Gebbia V, Galetta D, Majello E, Valenza R, Colucci G, Gebbia N. Treatment of stage III-IV non-small-cell lung carcinoma with vinorelbine in combination with ifosfamide plus MESNA: a study by the Southern Italy Oncology Group (GOIM). Am J Clin Oncol. 1996 Jun;19(3):278-80. PubMed PMID: 8638541.

477: Stamatoullas A, Fruchart C, Bastit D, Boulet D, Moncondult M, Piguet H, Tilly H. Ifosfamide, etoposide, cytarabine, and methotrexate as salvage chemotherapy in relapsed or refractory aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Cancer. 1996 Jun 1;77(11):2302-7. PubMed PMID: 8635099.

478: Yalçin S, Barişta I, Tekuzman G, Güllü I, Firat D. Dramatic response to ifosfamide, mesna and doxorubicin chemotherapy regimen in an adult with clear cell sarcoma of the kidney. J Urol. 1996 Jun;155(6):2024. PubMed PMID: 8618315.

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481: Swain SM, Rowland J, Weinfurt K, Berg C, Lippman ME, Walton L, Egan E, King D, Spertus I, Honig SF. Intensive outpatient adjuvant therapy for breast cancer: results of dose escalation and quality of life. J Clin Oncol. 1996 May;14(5):1565-72. PubMed PMID: 8622073.

482: Fleming RA, Cruz JM, Webb CD, Kucera GL, Perry JJ, Hurd DD. Urinary elimination of cyclophosphamide alkylating metabolites and free thiols following two administration schedules of high-dose cyclophosphamide and mesna. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1996 Apr;17(4):497-501. PubMed PMID: 8722345.

483: Leone B, Vallejo C, Perez J, Cuevas MA, Machiavelli M, Lacava J, Focaccia G, Ferreyra R, Suttora G, Romero A, Castaldi J, Arroyo A, Rabinovich M. Ifosfamide and cisplatin as neoadjuvant chemotherapy for advanced cervical carcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol. 1996 Apr;19(2):132-5. PubMed PMID: 8610635.

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485: Hoffman PC, Masters GA, Drinkard LC, Krauss SA, Samuels BL, Golomb HM, Vokes EE. Ifosfamide plus paclitaxel in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase I study. Ann Oncol. 1996 Mar;7(3):314-6. PubMed PMID: 8740798.

486: Lobo-Sanahuja F, García I, Santamaría S, Barrantes JC. Case report: pulmonary blastoma in children--response to chemotherapy. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1996 Mar;26(3):196-200. PubMed PMID: 8544803.

487: Deisseroth AB, Holmes F, Hortobagyi G, Champlin R. Use of safety-modified retroviruses to introduce chemotherapy resistance sequences into normal hematopoietic cells for chemoprotection during the therapy of breast cancer: a pilot trial. Hum Gene Ther. 1996 Feb 10;7(3):401-16. PubMed PMID: 8835224.

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491: Rodriguez MA. Factors that influence prognosis of intermediate-grade lymphomas at relapse. Cancer Treat Res. 1996;85:79-86. Review. PubMed PMID: 9043776.

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494: Hicks LG, Balcerzak SP, Zalupski M. GM-CSF did not allow doxorubicin dose escalation in the MAID regimen: a phase I trial. A Southwest Oncology Group study. Cancer Invest. 1996;14(6):507-12. PubMed PMID: 8951354.

495: Behbakht K, Massad LS, Yordan EL, Lincoln SH, Eriksson JA, Winkelman L, DeGeest K, Kirschner C, Wilbanks GD. A bleomycin/ifosfamide/cisplatin regimen exhibits poor activity against persistent or recurrent squamous gynecologic cancers. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1996;17(1):7-12. PubMed PMID: 8750508.

496: Dorval T, Soussain C, Beuzeboc P, Garcia-Giralt E, Jouve M, Livartowski A, Mosseri V, Palangié T, Scholl S, Sastre X, Pouillart P. Ifosfamide seven-day infusion for recurrent and cisplatin refractory ovarian cancer. J Infus Chemother. 1996 Winter;6(1):47-9. PubMed PMID: 8748008.

497: Lokich J, Anderson N, Moore C, Bern M, Coco F, Dow E. Pilot study of ambulatory infusional delivery of a multidrug regimen: ifosfamide, carboplatin and etoposide (ICE). J Infus Chemother. 1996 Winter;6(1):39-42. PubMed PMID: 8748006.

498: Wahid NA, Neugut AI, Hibshoosh H, Brunetti JC, Fountain KS, Rubin M. Response of small cell carcinoma of pancreas to a small cell lung cancer regimen: a case report. Cancer Invest. 1996;14(4):335-9. PubMed PMID: 8689428.

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500: Holm B, Jensen PB, Sehested M. ICRF-187 rescue in etoposide treatment in vivo. A model targeting high-dose topoisomerase II poisons to CNS tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1996;38(3):203-9. PubMed PMID: 8646793.

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502: Granvil CP, Ducharme J, Leyland-Jones B, Trudeau M, Wainer IW. Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of ifosfamide and its 2- and 3-N-dechloroethylated metabolites in female cancer patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1996;37(5):451-6. PubMed PMID: 8599868.

503: Jäger E, Klein O, Wächter B, Bernhard H, Dippold W, Meyer zum Büschenfelde KH, Knuth A. Combination of 5-fluorouracil, adriamycin, ifosfamide and cisplatin in metastatic adult soft tissue sarcoma: results of a phase II study. Oncology. 1996 Jan-Feb;53(1):58-63. PubMed PMID: 8570133.

504: Tolcher AW, Cowan KH, Noone MH, Denicoff AM, Kohler DR, Goldspiel BR, Barnes CS, McCabe M, Gossard MR, Zujewski J, O'Shaughnessy JA. Phase I study of paclitaxel in combination with cyclophosphamide and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in metastatic breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 1996 Jan;14(1):95-102. PubMed PMID: 8558227.

505: Fridrik MA, Hausmaninger H, Linkesch W, Stöger M, Sill H, Neubauer M, Seewann HL, Klocker J, Haidinger R, Schiller L, Pont J, Raudaschl G, Falk M, Radaszkiewicz T. CEOP-IMVP-Dexa in the treatment of aggressive lymphomas: an Austrian multicenter trial. J Clin Oncol. 1996 Jan;14(1):227-32. PubMed PMID: 8558202.

506: Hansen F, Møller P, Skovsgaard T. Phase II study of second-line treatment with high-dose cyclophosphamide in recurrent metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1996;37(4):377-81. PubMed PMID: 8548885.

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510: Bhardwaj A, Badesha PS. Ifosfamide-induced nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Ann Pharmacother. 1995 Dec;29(12):1237-9. PubMed PMID: 8672829.

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513: Reddick WE, Bhargava R, Taylor JS, Meyer WH, Fletcher BD. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging evaluation of osteosarcoma response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1995 Nov-Dec;5(6):689-94. PubMed PMID: 8748487.

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519: Laszlo D, Bosi A, Guidi S, Saccardi R, Vannucchi AM, Lombardini L, Longo G, Fanci R, Azzi A, De Santis R, et al. Prostaglandin E2 bladder instillation for the treatment of hemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Haematologica. 1995 Sep-Oct;80(5):421-5. PubMed PMID: 8566882.

520: Patsner B, Greenberg S. Mesna, doxorubicin, ifosfamide, and dacarbazine chemotherapy for ovarian mixed müllerian sarcoma: report of four cases. Gynecol Oncol. 1995 Sep;58(3):386-8. PubMed PMID: 7672707.

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524: Meistrich ML, Parchuri N, Wilson G, Kurdoglu B, Kangasniemi M. Hormonal protection from cyclophosphamide-induced inactivation of rat stem spermatogonia. J Androl. 1995 Jul-Aug;16(4):334-41. PubMed PMID: 8537251.

525: Dimmock JR, Kumar P, Chen M, Quail JW, Yang J, Allen TM, Kao GY. Synthesis and cytotoxic evaluation of mesna adducts of some 1-aryl-4,4-dimethyl-5-(1-piperidino)-1-penten-3-one hydrochlorides. Pharmazie. 1995 Jul;50(7):449-53. PubMed PMID: 7675885.

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529: Skinner R. Strategies to prevent nephrotoxicity of anticancer drugs. Curr Opin Oncol. 1995 Jul;7(4):310-5. Review. PubMed PMID: 7578377.

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534: Garcia AA. Ifosfamide-induced Fanconi syndrome. Ann Pharmacother. 1995 Jun;29(6):590-1. PubMed PMID: 7663031.

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563: Lewis C. A review of the use of chemoprotectants in cancer chemotherapy. Drug Saf. 1994 Sep;11(3):153-62. Review. PubMed PMID: 7811398.

564: Auger M, Raney B, Callender D, Eifel P, Ordóñez NG. Metastatic intracranial chordoma in a child with massive pulmonary tumor emboli. Pediatr Pathol. 1994 Sep-Oct;14(5):763-70. PubMed PMID: 7808974.

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573: Patterson H, Gill S, Fisher C, Law MG, Jayatilake H, Fletcher CD, Thomas M, Grimer R, Gusterson BA, Cooper CS. Abnormalities of the p53 MDM2 and DCC genes in human leiomyosarcomas. Br J Cancer. 1994 Jun;69(6):1052-8. PubMed PMID: 8198970; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1969417.

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575: Bokemeyer C, Schmoll HJ, Ludwig E, Harstrick A, Dunn T, Casper J. The anti-tumour activity of ifosfamide on heterotransplanted testicular cancer cell lines remains unaltered by the uroprotector mesna. Br J Cancer. 1994 May;69(5):863-7. PubMed PMID: 8180015; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1968886.

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578: Cabanillas F, Rodriguez MA. MINE-ESHAP salvage therapy for recurrent and refractory lymphomas. Semin Hematol. 1994 Apr;31(2 Suppl 3):30. PubMed PMID: 8073305.

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613: Sutton GP, Blessing JA, DiSaia PJ, McGuire WP. Phase II study of ifosfamide and mesna in nonsquamous carcinoma of the cervix: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol. 1993 Apr;49(1):48-50. PubMed PMID: 8482560.

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744: Liang RH, Chiu EK, Chan TK, Todd D, Ng RP, Ho FF, Loke SL. Long-term follow-up of patients receiving salvage chemotherapy for intermediate and high grade non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Hematol Oncol. 1990 May-Jun;8(3):133-40. PubMed PMID: 1695607.

745: Rosell R, Abad-Esteve A, Moreno I, Barnadas A, Carles J, Fernandez C, Ribelles N, Culubret M. A randomized study of two vindesine plus cisplatin-containing regimens with the addition of mitomycin C or ifosfamide in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer. 1990 Apr 15;65(8):1692-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 2156597.

746: Cabanillas F. Ifosfamide combinations in lymphoma. Semin Oncol. 1990 Apr;17(2 Suppl 4):58-62. PubMed PMID: 2333524.

747: Pratt CB. Ifosfamide studies for primary or recurrent pediatric malignant solid tumors and leukemia. Semin Oncol. 1990 Apr;17(2 Suppl 4):31-40. Review. PubMed PMID: 2185546.

748: Sutton GP, Blessing JA, Photopulos G, Berman ML, Homesley HD. Gynecologic Oncology Group experience with ifosfamide. Semin Oncol. 1990 Apr;17(2 Suppl 4):6-10. PubMed PMID: 2159188.

749: Johnson DH. Overview of ifosfamide in small cell and non-small cell lung cancer. Semin Oncol. 1990 Apr;17(2 Suppl 4):24-30. Review. PubMed PMID: 2159187.

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752: Steele VE, Kelloff GJ, Wilkinson BP, Arnold JT. Inhibition of transformation in cultured rat tracheal epithelial cells by potential chemopreventive agents. Cancer Res. 1990 Apr 1;50(7):2068-74. PubMed PMID: 2138505.

753: Antman KH, Elias A, Ryan L. Ifosfamide and mesna: response and toxicity at standard- and high-dose schedules. Semin Oncol. 1990 Apr;17(2 Suppl 4):68-73. PubMed PMID: 2110386.

754: Elias A, Ryan L, Aisner J, Antman KH. Mesna, doxorubicin, ifosfamide, dacarbazine (MAID) regimen for adults with advanced sarcoma. Semin Oncol. 1990 Apr;17(2 Suppl 4):41-9. PubMed PMID: 2110385.

755: Roy D, Liehr JG. Inhibition of estrogen-induced kidney carcinogenesis in Syrian hamsters by modulators of estrogen metabolism. Carcinogenesis. 1990 Apr;11(4):567-70. PubMed PMID: 1691052.

756: Halligan AW, McGuinness EP. Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the fallopian tube. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1990 Mar;97(3):275-6. PubMed PMID: 2159318.

757: Schoenike SE, Dana WJ. Ifosfamide and mesna. Clin Pharm. 1990 Mar;9(3):179-91. Review. PubMed PMID: 2107997.

758: Richters JE. Nursing implications in the administration of ifosfamide and mesna. Oncol Nurs Forum. 1990 Mar-Apr;17(2):276. PubMed PMID: 2107534.

759: Iwasaku-Fujimoto M, Fujiwara F, Todo S, Morioka Y, Imashuku S. [Effects of mesna (2-mercaptoethane sodium sulfonate) in children with malignant disease receiving oxazaphosphorine chemotherapy]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1990 Mar;17(3 Pt 1):403-6. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 2106836.

760: Thatcher N, Lind M. Carboplatin in small cell lung cancer. Semin Oncol. 1990 Feb;17(1 Suppl 2):40-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 2154859.

761: van Zandwijk N, ten Bokkel Huinink WW, Wanders J, Simonetti G, Dubbelman R, Franklin H, van Tinteren H, McVie JG. Dose-finding studies with carboplatin, ifosfamide, etoposide, and mesna in non-small cell lung cancer. Semin Oncol. 1990 Feb;17(1 Suppl 2):16-9. PubMed PMID: 2154854.

762: Antman KH, Elias A. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute studies in advanced sarcoma. Semin Oncol. 1990 Feb;17(1 Suppl 2):7-15. PubMed PMID: 2106162.

763: deVries CR, Freiha FS. Hemorrhagic cystitis: a review. J Urol. 1990 Jan;143(1):1-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 2403595.

764: Langenbuch T, Mross K, Jonat W, Hossfeld DK. A phase II study of intensive-dose epirubicin/verapamil as induction therapy followed by intensive-dose ifosfamide for advanced breast cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1990;26 Suppl:S93-6. PubMed PMID: 2347058.

765: Gad-el-Mawla N, Hamza MR, Zikri ZK, Elserafi M, el-Khodari A, Khaled H, Gafaar R. Ifosfamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil: effective combination in resistant breast cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1990;26 Suppl:S85-6. PubMed PMID: 2347057.

766: Bellmunt J, Morales S, Navarro M, Solé LA. Ifosfamide + mitoxantrone in advanced breast cancer previously treated with anthracyclines. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1990;26 Suppl:S81-4. PubMed PMID: 2347056.

767: Schmid H, Kaufmann M, Grischke EM, Bastert G. Ifosfamide combination chemotherapy in advanced breast cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1990;26 Suppl:S71-3. PubMed PMID: 2347055.

768: Ghavamzadeh A. Treatment of metastatic breast cancer with the combination of ifosfamide, epirubicin and 5-fluorouracil. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1990;26 Suppl:S66-8. PubMed PMID: 2347052.

769: Tropé C, Kaern J, Vergote I, Vossli S. A phase II study of etoposide combined with ifosfamide as second-line therapy in cisplatin-resistant ovarian carcinomas. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1990;26 Suppl:S45-7. PubMed PMID: 2347051.

770: Barton C, Buxton EJ, Blackledge G, Mould JJ, Meanwell CA. A phase II study of ifosfamide in endometrial cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1990;26 Suppl:S4-6. PubMed PMID: 2347049.

771: Lara PC, Garcia-Puche JL, Pedraza V. Cisplatin-ifosfamide as neoadjuvant chemotherapy in stage IIIB cervical uterine squamous-cell carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1990;26 Suppl:S36-8. PubMed PMID: 2347047.

772: Hawkins RE, Wiltshaw E, Mansi JL. Ifosfamide with and without adriamycin in advanced uterine leiomyosarcoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1990;26 Suppl:S26-9. PubMed PMID: 2347045.

773: Ozols RF. Ovarian cancer. Semin Surg Oncol. 1990;6(6):328-38. Review. PubMed PMID: 2263808.

774: Green JA, Smith K. Dose intensity of carboplatin in combination with cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1990;26 Suppl:S22-5. PubMed PMID: 2189593.

775: Honda R, Fujita A, Inoue Y, Asakawa M, Suzuki A. Cisplatin, ifosfamide and vindesine in the chemotherapy of non-small-cell lung cancer: a combination phase II study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1990;26(5):373-6. PubMed PMID: 2170045.

776: Kamthan AG, Lind MJ, Thatcher N, Steward WP, Bronchud MH, Ranson MR, Stout R. Ifosfamide, doxorubicin and etoposide in small cell lung cancer patients with poor prognosis. Eur J Cancer. 1990;26(6):691-4. PubMed PMID: 2168191.

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778: Alberts AS, Falkson G, van Zyl L. Ifosfamide and mesna with doxorubicin have activity in malignant mesothelioma. Eur J Cancer. 1990;26(9):1002. PubMed PMID: 2149014.

779: Schütte J, Mouridsen HT, Stewart W, Santoro A, van Oosterom AT, Somers R, Blackledge G, Verweij J, Dombernowsky P, Thomas D, et al. Ifosfamide plus doxorubicin in previously untreated patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma. The EORTC Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group. Eur J Cancer. 1990;26(5):558-61. PubMed PMID: 2144740.

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782: Toma S, Coialbu T, Biassoni L, Folco U, Gatti C, Canavese G, Giacchero A, Rosso R. Epidoxorubicin plus ifosfamide in advanced and/or metastatic soft-tissue sarcomas. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1990;26(6):453-6. PubMed PMID: 2121378.

783: Williams SD, Munshi N, Einhorn LH, Loehrer PJ. Cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide: role of uroprotective agents. Cancer Invest. 1990;8(2):269. PubMed PMID: 2119246.

784: Sanchiz F, Milla A. High-dose ifosfamide and mesna in advanced breast cancer. A phase II study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1990;26 Suppl:S91-2. PubMed PMID: 2112057.

785: Manegold C, Worst P, Bickel J, Schmid H, Drings P, Kaufmann M. Ifosfamide/etoposide and mesna uroprotection in advanced breast cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1990;26 Suppl:S87-90. PubMed PMID: 2112056.

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787: Sutton GP, Blessing JA, Photopulos G, Berman ML, Homesley HD. Early phase II Gynecologic Oncology Group experience with ifosfamide/mesna in gynecologic malignancies. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1990;26 Suppl:S55-8. PubMed PMID: 2112054.

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789: Cervellino JC, Araujo CE, Pirisi C, Sanchez O, Brosto M, Rossi R. Ifosfamide and mesna at high doses for the treatment of cancer of the cervix: a GETLAC study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1990;26 Suppl:S1-3. PubMed PMID: 2112052.

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800: Elias A, Ryan L, Sulkes A, Collins J, Aisner J, Antman KH. Response to mesna, doxorubicin, ifosfamide, and dacarbazine in 108 patients with metastatic or unresectable sarcoma and no prior chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 1989 Sep;7(9):1208-16. PubMed PMID: 2504890.

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802: Sutton GP, Blessing JA, Rosenshein N, Photopulos G, DiSaia PJ. Phase II trial of ifosfamide and mesna in mixed mesodermal tumors of the uterus (a Gynecologic Oncology Group study). Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989 Aug;161(2):309-12. PubMed PMID: 2548382.

803: Kwon CH, Borch RF. Effects of N-substitution on the activation mechanisms of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide analogues. J Med Chem. 1989 Jul;32(7):1491-6. PubMed PMID: 2738883.

804: Falkson CI, Falkson HC, Falkson G. Ifosfamide and mesna in the treatment of malignant disease mesna as urothelial protector. Invest New Drugs. 1989 Jul;7(2-3):261-7. PubMed PMID: 2507474.

805: Nobile MT, Vidili MG, Benasso M, Venturini M, Tedeschi M, Zunino F, Rosso R. A preliminary clinical study of cyclophosphamide with reduced glutathione as uroprotector. Tumori. 1989 Jun 30;75(3):257-8. PubMed PMID: 2773078.

806: Edmonson JH, Buckner JC, Long HJ, Loprinzi CL, Schaid DJ. Phase II study of ifosfamide-etoposide-mesna in adults with advanced nonosseous sarcomas. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1989 Jun 7;81(11):863-6. PubMed PMID: 2498525.

807: Pohl J, Stekar J, Hilgard P. Chloroacetaldehyde and its contribution to urotoxicity during treatment with cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide. An experimental study/short communication. Arzneimittelforschung. 1989 Jun;39(6):704-5. PubMed PMID: 2505783.

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810: Carmichael J, Cantwell BM, Harris AL. A phase II trial of ifosfamide/mesna with doxorubicin for malignant mesothelioma. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1989 May;25(5):911-2. PubMed PMID: 2500344.

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812: Green JA, Slater AJ. A study of cis-platinum and ifosfamide in alkylating agent-resistant ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 1989 Feb;32(2):233-5. PubMed PMID: 2910785.

813: Lind MJ, Margison JM, Cerny T, Thatcher N, Wilkinson PM. Comparative pharmacokinetics and alkylating activity of fractionated intravenous and oral ifosfamide in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. Cancer Res. 1989 Feb 1;49(3):753-7. PubMed PMID: 2910494.

814: Jürgens H, Treuner J, Winkler K, Göbel U. Ifosfamide in pediatric malignancies. Semin Oncol. 1989 Feb;16(1 Suppl 3):46-50. Review. PubMed PMID: 2649985.

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816: Sutton GP, Blessing JA, Photopulos G, Berman ML, Homesley HD. Phase II experience with ifosfamide/mesna in gynecologic malignancies: preliminary report of Gynecologic Oncology Group studies. Semin Oncol. 1989 Feb;16(1 Suppl 3):68-72. PubMed PMID: 2539647.

817: Becher R, Höfeler H, Kloke O, Kurschel E, Schilcher RB, Weinhardt O, Wandl U, Schmidt CG. Ifosfamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil in advanced pretreated breast cancer. Semin Oncol. 1989 Feb;16(1 Suppl 3):56-9. PubMed PMID: 2495568.

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820: Steinke B, Kraft A, Reinold HM, Heim ME, Löffler B, Heidemann E, Richter C, Josten K, Bross K, Hofmann I, et al. [Sequential alternating chemotherapy of highly malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphomas with VIM-Bleo and CHOP. Initial results]. Onkologie. 1989 Feb;12(1):19-21. German. PubMed PMID: 2469999.

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822: Pinkerton CR, Pritchard J. A phase II study of ifosfamide in paediatric solid tumours. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1989;24 Suppl 1:S13-5. PubMed PMID: 2758566.

823: Hardman PD, Green JA, Errington RD, Myint S, Warenius HM. Treatment of small cell lung cancer with induction chemotherapy followed by late intensification. Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacother. 1989;6(3):227-32. PubMed PMID: 2559262.

824: Lind MJ, Margison JM, Cerny T, Thatcher N, Wilkinson PM. Prolongation of ifosfamide elimination half-life in obese patients due to altered drug distribution. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1989;25(2):139-42. PubMed PMID: 2557169.

825: Gobel U, Calaminus G, Häas RJ, Jurgens H, Niethammer D, Ritter J, Spaar HJ, Harms D. Combination chemotherapy in malignant non-seminomatous germ-cell tumors: results of a cooperative study of the German Society of Pediatric Oncology (MAKEI 83). Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1989;24 Suppl 1:S34-9. PubMed PMID: 2547530.

826: Tournade MF. A phase II study of ifosfamide in the treatment of relapses in Wilms' tumor. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1989;24 Suppl 1:S31-3. PubMed PMID: 2547529.

827: Chetiyawardana SD, Cullen MH, Joshi RC, Woodroffe CM. Ifosfamide, mitomycin and radiotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1989;24(2):102-4. PubMed PMID: 2543511.

828: Verdeguer A, Castel V, Esquembre C, Ferris J, Fernandez JM, Ruiz JG. Fatal encephalopathy with ifosfamide/mesna. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1989;6(4):383-5. PubMed PMID: 2518327.

829: Dorr RT, Lagel K. Interaction between cisplatin and mesna in mice. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1989;115(6):604-5. PubMed PMID: 2514188.

830: Davies SM, Pearson AD, Craft AW. Toxicity of high-dose ifosfamide in children. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1989;24 Suppl 1:S8-10. PubMed PMID: 2503259.

831: Jürgens H, Exner U, Kühl J, Ritter J, Treuner J, Weinel P, Winkler K, Göbel U. High-dose ifosfamide with mesna uroprotection in Ewing's sarcoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1989;24 Suppl 1:S40-4. PubMed PMID: 2503258.

832: Pratt CB, Douglass EC, Etcubanas EL, Goren MP, Green AA, Hayes FA, Horowitz ME, Meyer WH, Thompson EI, Wilimas JA. Ifosfamide in pediatric malignant solid tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1989;24 Suppl 1:S24-7. PubMed PMID: 2503257.

833: Ninane J, Baurain R, de Kraker J, Ferster A, Trouet A, Cornu G. Alkylating activity in serum, urine, and CSF following high-dose ifosfamide in children. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1989;24 Suppl 1:S2-6; discussion S7. PubMed PMID: 2503256.

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835: Willemse PH, de Jong PE, Elema JD, Mulder NH. Severe renal failure following high-dose ifosfamide and mesna. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1989;23(5):329-30. PubMed PMID: 2495864.

836: Focan C, Boossy J, Focan-Henrard D, Reginster M, Claessens JJ. Phase II trial with high-dose ifosfamide and mesna given in a 24-h infusion for advanced GI tract cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1989;23(3):192-3. PubMed PMID: 2493996.

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838: Brock N. Oxazaphosphorine cytostatics: past-present-future. Seventh Cain Memorial Award lecture. Cancer Res. 1989 Jan 1;49(1):1-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 2491747.

839: Ajani JA, Abbruzzese JL, Goudeau P, Faintuch JS, Yeomans AC, Boman BM, Nicaise C, Levin B. Ifosfamide and mesna: marginally active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas. J Clin Oncol. 1988 Nov;6(11):1703-7. PubMed PMID: 3141592.

840: Loehrer PJ Sr, Lauer R, Roth BJ, Williams SD, Kalasinski LA, Einhorn LH. Salvage therapy in recurrent germ cell cancer: ifosfamide and cisplatin plus either vinblastine or etoposide. Ann Intern Med. 1988 Oct 1;109(7):540-6. Erratum in: Ann Intern Med 1988 Nov 15;109(10):846. PubMed PMID: 2844110.

841: Nanus DM, Kelsen DP, Lipperman R, Eisenberger M. Phase II trial of ifosfamide in epidermoid carcinoma of the esophagus: unexpectant severe toxicity. Invest New Drugs. 1988 Sep;6(3):239-41. PubMed PMID: 3192390.

842: Bronchud M, Scarffe JH, Thatcher N, Crowther D, Souza LM, Alton NK, Testa NG, Dexter TM. Phase I/II study of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in patients receiving intensive chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer. Behring Inst Mitt. 1988 Aug;(83):327-9. PubMed PMID: 2467655.

843: Alberts AS, Falkson G, Van Zyl L. Malignant pleural mesothelioma: phase II pilot study of ifosfamide and mesna. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1988 Jul 6;80(9):698-700. PubMed PMID: 3131539.

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846: Pastran Z, le Chevalier T, Baldeyrou P, Spielmann M, Arriagada R, Droz JP, Rouesse J. Phase II study of high dose ifosfamide plus mesna in inoperable non small cell lung carcinoma. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1988 Jun;24(6):1073-4. PubMed PMID: 2842161.

847: Kellie SJ, De Kraker J, Lilleyman JS, Bowman A, Pritchard J. Ifosfamide in previously untreated disseminated neuroblastoma. Results of Study 3A of the European Neuroblastoma Study Group. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1988 May;24(5):903-8. PubMed PMID: 3169095.

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850: Tournade MF, Lemerle J, Brunat-Mentigny M, Bachelot C, Roche H, Taboureau O, Olive D, Lejars O, Boilletot A, Demeocq F. Ifosfamide is an active drug in Wilms' tumor: a phase II study conducted by the French Society of Pediatric Oncology. J Clin Oncol. 1988 May;6(5):793-6. PubMed PMID: 2835442.

851: Pool BL, Bos RP, Niemeyer U, Theuws JL, Schmähl D. In vitro/in vivo effects of Mesna on the genotoxicity and toxicity of cyclophosphamide--a study aimed at clarifying the mechanism of Mesna's anticarcinogenic activity. Toxicol Lett. 1988 Apr;41(1):49-56. PubMed PMID: 3128896.

852: Li GC, Brock N, Li JQ, Guan ZZ, He YJ. Ifosfamide and Mesna in advanced malignancies. Chin Med J (Engl). 1988 Mar;101(3):213-20. PubMed PMID: 3136996.

853: Cantwell BM, Bozzino JM, Corris P, Harris AL. The multidrug resistant phenotype in clinical practice; evaluation of cross resistance to ifosfamide and mesna after VP16-213, doxorubicin and vincristine (VPAV) for small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1988 Feb;24(2):123-9. PubMed PMID: 2833398.

854: Siegert W, Huhn D, Neubauer A, Brittinger G, Engelhard M, Gerhartz H, Heinz R, Meusers P, Stacher A, Thiel E, et al. [Multicenter prospective risk-adapted study on the therapy of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of high malignancy. Use of COP-BLAM/IMVP-16 and randomized adjuvant radiotherapy--study concept and preliminary results]. Onkologie. 1988 Feb;11(1):30-4. German. PubMed PMID: 2452392.

855: Bodrogi I, Baki M, Sinkovics I, Eckhardt S. Ifosfamide chemotherapy of metastatic renal cell cancer. Semin Surg Oncol. 1988;4(2):95-6. PubMed PMID: 3393779.

856: Thatcher N, Smith DB, Lind MJ, Anderson H, Barclay J, Chopra MP, Fitzgerald MD. Double alkylating agent therapy with ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide for advanced non-small cell lung cancer. From the Manchester Lung Tumour Group. Cancer. 1988 Jan 1;61(1):14-8. PubMed PMID: 3334940.

857: Jastrzebski Z, Danysz A, Czyzewska-Szafran H, Czarnomska A. The effect of sodium-2-mercaptoethane-sulphonate, N-acetylcysteine and cysteine on the uptake of cytosine arabinoside by normal and neoplastic thymus cells of mice. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 1988;36(3):335-43. PubMed PMID: 3150654.

858: Magnolfi Zipoli G, D'Ancona S, Berti T. Arginine 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate and sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate: a comparative study of their effects upon tumour cells. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1988;14(7):473-8. PubMed PMID: 3149236.

859: Steger GG, Dittrich C, Schlappack O, Mader R, Herold C, Brade WP, Keller A, Moser K. Toxicity and response to high-dose ifosfamide + mesna as salvage therapy for advanced breast cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1988;114(6):602-4. PubMed PMID: 3144554.

860: Luce JK, Simons JA. Efficacy of mesna in preventing further cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1988;16(6):372-4. PubMed PMID: 3143903.

861: Case DC Jr, Anderson J, Ervin TJ, Gottlieb A. Phase II trial of ifosfamide and mesna in previously treated patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study 8552. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1988;16(3):182-6. PubMed PMID: 3132591.

862: Li GC, Brock N, Li JQ, Guan ZZ, He YJ. Treatment of advanced malignancies with ifosfamide under protection with mesna. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1988;8(1):55-67. PubMed PMID: 3130316.

863: Allalunis-Turner MJ, Siemann DW. Modification of cyclophosphamide-induced pulmonary toxicity in normal mice. NCI Monogr. 1988;(6):51-3. PubMed PMID: 3127733.

864: Cantwell BM, Carmichael J, Ghani S, Harris AL. A phase II study of ifosfamide/mesna with doxorubicin for adult soft tissue sarcoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1988;21(1):49-52. PubMed PMID: 3124971.

865: Brock N, Hilgard P, Peukert M, Pohl J, Sindermann H. Basis and new developments in the field of oxazaphosphorines. Cancer Invest. 1988;6(5):513-32. Review. PubMed PMID: 3063337.

866: Lange OF. Concurrent chemo-radiotherapy in small cell lung cancer. Antibiot Chemother. 1988;41:102-8. PubMed PMID: 2854428.

867: Gieron MA, Barak LS, Estrada J. Severe encephalopathy associated with ifosfamide administration in two children with metastatic tumors. J Neurooncol. 1988;6(1):29-30. PubMed PMID: 2840485.

868: Kempf SR, Ivankovic S. Nephrotoxicity and carcinogenic risk of cis-platin (CDDP) prevented by sodium 2-mercaptoethane-sulfonate (Mesna): experimental results. Cancer Treat Rev. 1987 Dec;14(3-4):365-72. PubMed PMID: 3125972.

869: Shaw IC. Mesna and oxazaphosphorine cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Treat Rev. 1987 Dec;14(3-4):359-64. PubMed PMID: 3125971.

870: Petru E, Schmähl D. Anticancer drugs: second malignancies--risk reduction. Cancer Treat Rev. 1987 Dec;14(3-4):337-43. PubMed PMID: 3125969.

871: Bronchud MH, Scarffe JH, Thatcher N, Crowther D, Souza LM, Alton NK, Testa NG, Dexter TM. Phase I/II study of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in patients receiving intensive chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer. 1987 Dec;56(6):809-13. PubMed PMID: 2829955; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2002403.

872: Thatcher N, Cerny T, Stout R, Anderson H, Barber PV, Wolstenholme RJ, Barnes P, Deiraniya A. Ifosfamide, etoposide, and thoracic irradiation therapy in 163 patients with unresectable small cell lung cancer. Cancer. 1987 Nov 15;60(10):2382-7. PubMed PMID: 2822217.

873: De Forges A, Droz JP, Ghosn M, Theodore C. Phase II trial of ifosfamide/mesna in metastatic adult renal carcinoma. Cancer Treat Rep. 1987 Nov;71(11):1103. PubMed PMID: 3119203.

874: Girón CG, Ordónez A, Jalón JI, Barón MG. Combination chemotherapy with ifosfamide, mitomycin, and cisplatin in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Treat Rep. 1987 Sep;71(9):851-3. PubMed PMID: 3040245.

875: Salloum E, Flamant F, Ghosn M, Taleb N, Akatchereian C. Irreversible encephalopathy with ifosfamide/mesna. J Clin Oncol. 1987 Aug;5(8):1303-4. PubMed PMID: 3114437.

876: Miser JS, Kinsella TJ, Triche TJ, Tsokos M, Jarosinski P, Forquer R, Wesley R, Magrath I. Ifosfamide with mesna uroprotection and etoposide: an effective regimen in the treatment of recurrent sarcomas and other tumors of children and young adults. J Clin Oncol. 1987 Aug;5(8):1191-8. PubMed PMID: 3114435.

877: Shaw IC, Weeks MS. Excretion of disodium bis-2-mercaptoethanesulphonate (dimesna) in the urine of volunteers after oral dosing. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1987 Jul;23(7):933-5. PubMed PMID: 3117563.

878: Shaw IC, Graham MI. Mesna--a short review. Cancer Treat Rev. 1987 Jun;14(2):67-86. Review. PubMed PMID: 3119211.

879: Ben Yehuda A, Heyman A, Steiner-Salz D. False positive reaction for urinary ketones with mesna. Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1987 Jun;21(6):547-8. PubMed PMID: 3111808.

880: Kemeny N, Reichman B, Dougherty J, Lipperman R, Cheng E. Phase II trial of ifosfamide and mesna in advanced colorectal cancer. Cancer Treat Rep. 1987 Jun;71(6):663-4. PubMed PMID: 3107815.

881: Andriole GL, Sandlund JT, Miser JS, Arasi V, Linehan M, Magrath IT. The efficacy of mesna (2-mercaptoethane sodium sulfonate) as a uroprotectant in patients with hemorrhagic cystitis receiving further oxazaphosphorine chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 1987 May;5(5):799-803. PubMed PMID: 3106585.

882: Thomas AE, Patterson J, Prentice HG, Brenner MK, Ganczakowski M, Hancock JF, Pattinson JK, Blacklock HA, Hopewell JP. Haemorrhagic cystitis in bone marrow transplantation patients: possible increased risk associated with prior busulphan therapy. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1987 Apr;1(4):347-55. PubMed PMID: 3139113.

883: Bramwell VH, Mouridsen HT, Santoro A, Blackledge G, Somers R, Verwey J, Dombernowsky P, Onsrud M, Thomas D, Sylvester R, et al. Cyclophosphamide versus ifosfamide: final report of a randomized phase II trial in adult soft tissue sarcomas. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1987 Mar;23(3):311-21. PubMed PMID: 3595691.

884: Pratt CB, Horowitz ME, Meyer WH, Etcubanas E, Thompson EI, Douglass EC, Wilimas JA, Hayes FA, Green AA. Phase II trial of ifosfamide in children with malignant solid tumors. Cancer Treat Rep. 1987 Feb;71(2):131-5. PubMed PMID: 3100034.

885: Bernacki RJ, Bansal SK, Gurtoo HL. Combinations of mesna with cyclophosphamide or adriamycin in the treatment of mice with tumors. Cancer Res. 1987 Feb 1;47(3):799-802. PubMed PMID: 3100025.

886: Plowman PN, Trott K. Mesna and total body irradiation. Lancet. 1987 Jan 17;1(8525):167. PubMed PMID: 2880007.

887: Osborne R, Evans B, Gallagher C, Wood C, Slevin M, Shepherd J, Wiltshaw E. High-dose cyclophosphamide followed by cisplatinum in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1987;20(1):48-52. PubMed PMID: 3621453.

888: Wagner T, Zink M, Schwieder G. Influence of mesna and cysteine on the systemic toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of activated cyclophosphamide. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1987;113(2):160-5. PubMed PMID: 3104347.

889: Höfeler H, Höffken K, Niederle N, Schoetensack B, Wandl U, Kath R, Müller M, Schmidt CG. [Therapy of primary resistant or recurrent small cell bronchial carcinoma with vindesine and ifosfamide]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1986 Dec 19;111(51-52):1961-6. German. PubMed PMID: 3024948.

890: Berger MR, Schmähl D. Delayed development of bladder cancer in male SD rats induced with N-nitroso-N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)amine following concomitant administration of sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate. Cancer Lett. 1986 Sep;32(3):313-21. PubMed PMID: 3094932.

891: Pratt CB, Green AA, Horowitz ME, Meyer WH, Etcubanas E, Douglass E, Hayes FA, Thompson E, Wilimas J, Igarashi M, et al. Central nervous system toxicity following the treatment of pediatric patients with ifosfamide/mesna. J Clin Oncol. 1986 Aug;4(8):1253-61. PubMed PMID: 3090210.

892: Meanwell CA, Blake AE, Kelly KA, Honigsberger L, Blackledge G. Prediction of ifosfamide/mesna associated encephalopathy. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1986 Jul;22(7):815-9. PubMed PMID: 3095121.

893: Elias AD, Antman KH. Doxorubicin, ifosfamide, and dacarbazine (AID) with mesna uroprotection for advanced untreated sarcoma: a phase I study. Cancer Treat Rep. 1986 Jul;70(7):827-33. PubMed PMID: 3087617.

894: Allan SG, Smyth JF, Hay FG, Leonard RC, Wolf CR. Protective effect of sodium-2-mercaptoethanesulfonate on the gastrointestinal toxicity and lethality of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum. Cancer Res. 1986 Jul;46(7):3569-73. PubMed PMID: 3085925.

895: Shaw IC, Weeks MS. Interaction between mesna and selected transition metals in vitro and in vivo. Arzneimittelforschung. 1986 Jun;36(6):997-1000. PubMed PMID: 3091043.

896: Sakurai M, Saijo N, Shinkai T, Eguchi K, Sasaki Y, Tamura T, Sano T, Suemasu K, Jett JR. The protective effect of 2-mercapto-ethane sulfonate (MESNA) on hemorrhagic cystitis induced by high-dose ifosfamide treatment tested by a randomized crossover trial. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 1986 Jun;16(2):153-6. PubMed PMID: 3090314.

897: Meanwell CA, Mould JJ, Blackledge G, Lawton FG, Stuart NS, Kavanagh J, Latief TN, Spooner D, Chetiyawardana AD. Phase II study of ifosfamide in cervical cancer. Cancer Treat Rep. 1986 Jun;70(6):727-30. PubMed PMID: 3089596.

898: Göbel U, Gutjahr P, Jürgens H, Kabisch H, Lampert F, Spaar HJ, Sternschulte W, Harms D. [Cooperative therapy study of nontesticular germ cell tumors MAKEI 83 of the Society of Pediatric Oncology: analysis after 3 years]. Klin Padiatr. 1986 May-Jun;198(3):237-44. German. PubMed PMID: 2425122.

899: Cantwell BM, Pooley J, Harris AL. False-positive ketonuria during ifosfamide and mesna therapy. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1986 Feb;22(2):229-30. PubMed PMID: 3084264.

900: Brock N. Ideas and reality in the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents, with particular reference to oxazaphosphorine cytostatics. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1986;111(1):1-12. PubMed PMID: 3949846.

901: Magrath I, Sandlund J, Raynor A, Rosenberg S, Arasi V, Miser J. A phase II study of ifosfamide in the treatment of recurrent sarcomas in young people. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1986;18 Suppl 2:S25-8. PubMed PMID: 3815717.

902: Brock N, Pohl J. Prevention of urotoxic side effects by regional detoxification with increased selectivity of oxazaphosphorine cytostatics. IARC Sci Publ. 1986;(78):269-79. PubMed PMID: 3108156.

903: Habs M, Schmähl D. New experimental approaches to reducing carcinogenicity in animals by modifying regimens. IARC Sci Publ. 1986;(78):177-85. PubMed PMID: 3108155.

904: Gad-el-Mawla N. Ifosfamide in advanced pancreatic cancer. A 5-year experience. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1986;18 Suppl 2:S55-6. PubMed PMID: 3102092.

905: Klein HO, Dias Wickramanayake P, Coerper C, Christian E. Treatment of advanced soft tissue and osteogenic sarcomas with continuous infusion of ifosfamide and mesna. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1986;18 Suppl 2:S19. PubMed PMID: 3102091.

906: Gasparini M. High-dose ifosfamide alone and in combination for solid malignancies in childhood. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1986;18 Suppl 2:S18. PubMed PMID: 3102090.

907: Bramwell VH, Mouridsen HT, Santoro A, Blackledge G, Somers R, Thomas D, Sylvester R, Van Oosterom A. Cyclophosphamide versus ifosfamide: preliminary report of a randomized phase II trial in adult soft tissue sarcomas. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1986;18 Suppl 2:S13-6. PubMed PMID: 3102089.

908: Wiltshaw E, Westbury G, Harmer C, McKinna A, Fisher C. Ifosfamide plus mesna with and without adriamycin in soft tissue sarcoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1986;18 Suppl 2:S10-2. PubMed PMID: 3102088.

909: Recent experience with ifosfamide/mesna in solid tumors. International satellite symposium to the 3rd European Conference on Clinical Oncology. Stockholm, June 1985. Proceedings. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1986;18 Suppl 2:S1-58. PubMed PMID: 3102087.

910: Delépine N, Taillard F, Desbois JG, Cornille H, Delépine G, Jasmin C. CNS-side effects induced by Ifosfamide-Mesna in children with osteosarcomas. Biomed Pharmacother. 1986;40(5):173-5. PubMed PMID: 3098318.

911: Grañena A, Gardella S, Marín P, Carreras E, Montserrat E, Rozman C. [Usefulness of 2-mercaptoethanol sodium sulfonate (Mesnum) in the prevention of hemorrhagic cystitis in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation]. Sangre (Barc). 1986;31(3):307-10. Spanish. PubMed PMID: 3092373.

912: Drings P, Abel U, Bülzebruck H, Stiefel P, Kleckow M, Manke HG. Experience with ifosfamide combinations (etoposide or DDP) in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1986;18 Suppl 2:S34-9. PubMed PMID: 3028662.

913: Thatcher N, Anderson H, Smith DB, Steward WP, Webb K, Hilton A, Rahman A. Ifosfamide by bolus as treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1986;18 Suppl 2:S30-3. PubMed PMID: 3028661.

914: Cantwell BM, Harris AL, Bozzino JM. Experience with 24-h infusions of ifosfamide/mesna in small cell lung cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1986;18 Suppl 2:S29. PubMed PMID: 3028660.

915: Souhami RL, Finn G, Gregory WM, Birkhead BG, Buckman R, Edwards D, Goldstone AH, Harper PG, Spiro SG, Tobias JS, et al. High-dose cyclophosphamide in small-cell carcinoma of the lung. J Clin Oncol. 1985 Jul;3(7):958-63. PubMed PMID: 2991476.

916: Jones MS, Murrell RD, Shaw IC. Excretion of sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulphonate (MESNA) in the urine of volunteers after oral dosing. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1985 May;21(5):553-5. PubMed PMID: 3924627.

917: Antman KH, Montella D, Rosenbaum C, Schwen M. Phase II trial of ifosfamide with mesna in previously treated metastatic sarcoma. Cancer Treat Rep. 1985 May;69(5):499-504. PubMed PMID: 3924401.

918: Cantwell BM, Harris AL. Ifosfamide/mesa and encephalopathy. Lancet. 1985 Mar 30;1(8431):752. PubMed PMID: 2858016.

919: Meanwell CA, Blake AE, Latief TN, Blackledge G, Mould JJ, Blake DR, Shaw IC, Honigsberger L, Spooner D, Williams AC, et al. Encephalopathy associated with ifosphamide/mesna therapy. Lancet. 1985 Feb 16;1(8425):406-7. PubMed PMID: 2857462.

920: Pinkerton CR, Rogers H, James C, Bowman A, Barbor PR, Eden OB, Pritchard J. A phase II study of ifosfamide in children with recurrent solid tumours. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1985;15(3):258-62. PubMed PMID: 4053269.

921: Marti C, Kroner T, Remagen W, Berchtold W, Cserhati M, Varini M. High-dose ifosfamide in advanced osteosarcoma. Cancer Treat Rep. 1985 Jan;69(1):115-7. PubMed PMID: 3855382.

922: Nobile MT, Rosso R, Brema F, Cinquegrana A, Santi L. Phase II study of ifosfamide combined with Mesna uroprotection in advanced non-small-cell lung carcinoma and other solid tumors. Tumori. 1984 Oct 31;70(5):433-7. PubMed PMID: 6438851.

923: Klein HO, Wickramanayake PD, Christian E, Coerper C. Therapeutic effects of single-push or fractionated injections or continuous infusion of oxazaphosphorines (cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, Asta Z 7557). Cancer. 1984 Sep 15;54(6 Suppl):1193-203. PubMed PMID: 6432305.

924: Schmähl D, Habs M, Tacchi AM. [Prevention of tumor formation in the bladder by sodium-2-mercaptoethane sulfonate (mesna). Experimental studies and clinical consequences]. Urologe A. 1984 Sep;23(5):291-6. German. PubMed PMID: 6438859.

925: Drings P, Stiefel P, Dirks HP, Grimm V, Kleckow M, Manke HG, Queisser W, Abel U, Heinrich S. [Chemotherapy of the non-small cell carcinoma of the lung with ifosfamide and cisplatin]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1984 Jul 6;109(27):1059-64. German. PubMed PMID: 6086264.

926: Shaw IC, Rose JW. Infusion of ifosphamide plus mesna. Lancet. 1984 Jun 16;1(8390):1353-4. PubMed PMID: 6145051.

927: Sangster G, Kaye SB, Calman KC, Dalton JF. Failure of 2-mercaptoethane sulphonate sodium (mesna) to protect against ifosfamide nephrotoxicity. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1984 Mar;20(3):435-6. PubMed PMID: 6423391.

928: Tacchi AM, Schmähl D, Habs M. Delay of bladder cancer induction in rats treated with N-nitroso-N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)amine by administration of sodium-2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (Mesna). Cancer Lett. 1984 Feb;22(1):89-94. PubMed PMID: 6421479.

929: Voelcker G, Jaschke A, Wrabetz E, Hohorst HJ. [Intracavitary chemotherapy of S 180 ascites sarcoma in mice with 4-(S-ethanol)-sulfido-cyclophosphamide in combination with protector thiols]. Arzneimittelforschung. 1984;34(10):1291-8. German. PubMed PMID: 6440565.

930: Focan C, Le Hung S, Bays-Gallaix R, Frère MH, Demonceau G, Mbuyamba P, Salamon E, Claessens JJ. Ifosfamide (with mesna), vincristine and cis-platinum for carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer Treat Rev. 1983 Sep;10 Suppl A:159-61. PubMed PMID: 6684990.

931: Scheulen ME, Bremer K, Niederle N, Seeber S. Treatment of refractory malignant lymphomas with ifosfamide/etoposide combination chemotherapy. Cancer Treat Rev. 1983 Sep;10 Suppl A:137-43. PubMed PMID: 6627240.

932: Niederle N, Scheulen ME, Cremer M, Schütte J, Schmidt CG, Seeber S. Ifosfamide in combination chemotherapy for sarcomas and testicular carcinomas. Cancer Treat Rev. 1983 Sep;10 Suppl A:129-35. PubMed PMID: 6627239.

933: Scheulen ME, Niederle N, Bremer K, Schütte J, Seeber S. Efficacy of ifosfamide in refractory malignant diseases and uroprotection by mesna: results of a clinical phase II-study with 151 patients. Cancer Treat Rev. 1983 Sep;10 Suppl A:93-101. PubMed PMID: 6414700.

934: Klein HO, Wickramanayake PD, Christian E, Coerper C, Graf L. Therapeutic effects of single-push or fractionated injections of cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide combined with mesna. Cancer Treat Rev. 1983 Sep;10 Suppl A:83-92. PubMed PMID: 6414699.

935: Schmähl D, Habs MR. Prevention of cyclophosphamide-induced carcinogenesis in the urinary bladder of rats by administration of mesna. Cancer Treat Rev. 1983 Sep;10 Suppl A:57-61. PubMed PMID: 6414697.

936: Blacklock H, Ball L, Knight C, Schey S, Prentice G. Experience with mesna in patients receiving allogeneic bone marrow transplants for poor prognostic leukaemia. Cancer Treat Rev. 1983 Sep;10 Suppl A:45-52. PubMed PMID: 6414695.

937: Burkert H. Clinical overview of mesna. Cancer Treat Rev. 1983 Sep;10 Suppl A:175-81. PubMed PMID: 6414692.

938: Klein HO, Wickramanayake PD, Coerper C, Christian E, Pohl J, Brock N. High-dose ifosfamide and mesna as continuous infusion over five days--a phase I/II trial. Cancer Treat Rev. 1983 Sep;10 Suppl A:167-73. PubMed PMID: 6414691.

939: de Kraker J, Voûte PA. Ifosfamide, mesna and vincristine in paediatric oncology. Cancer Treat Rev. 1983 Sep;10 Suppl A:165-6. PubMed PMID: 6414690.

940: Stuart-Harris R, Harper PG, Kaye SB, Wiltshaw E. High-dose ifosfamide by infusion with mesna in advanced soft tissue sarcoma. Cancer Treat Rev. 1983 Sep;10 Suppl A:163-4. PubMed PMID: 6414689.

941: Matthiessen W, Stempinski E, Göbel D, Thalmann U. Combination chemotherapy with adriamycin, ifosfamide and mesna in extensive-stage non-small cell bronchogenic carcinoma. Cancer Treat Rev. 1983 Sep;10 Suppl A:121-3. PubMed PMID: 6414688.

942: Proceedings of a symposium on ifosfamide (Mitoxana; Holoxan) and Mesna (Uromitexan). Coventry, U.K., 16-18 March 1983. Cancer Treat Rev. 1983 Sep;10 Suppl A:1-192. PubMed PMID: 6414687.

943: Focan C, Le Hung S, Bays-Gallaix R, Frere MH, Demonceau G, Mbuyamba P, Claessens JJ. Randomised trial comparing sequential methotrexate (or 5-FU), vinblastine and ifosfamide to vincristine, adriamycin and ifosfamide in advanced lung cancer. Cancer Treat Rev. 1983 Sep;10 Suppl A:103-10. PubMed PMID: 6354441.

944: Banham S, Soukop M, Burnett A, Stevenson R, Cunningham D, Tansey P, Ahmedzai S, Stack B, Dorward A, Lucie N, et al. Treatment of small cell carcinoma of lung with late dosage intensification programmes containing cyclophosphamide and mesna. Cancer Treat Rev. 1983 Sep;10 Suppl A:73-7. PubMed PMID: 6313191.

945: Matthiessen W, Stempinski E, Göbel D, Thalmann U. [Combined cytostatic chemotherapy of advanced non-small-cell bronchial carcinoma with doxorubicin and ifosfamide]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1983 May 27;108(21):810-5. German. PubMed PMID: 6851871.

946: Shaw IC, Earl LK, Mruzek MN, Harper PG, McClean AE, Souhami RL. Difference in bioactivity between two preparations of cyclophosphamide. Lancet. 1983 Mar 26;1(8326 Pt 1):709. PubMed PMID: 6132066.

947: Habs MR, Schmähl D. Prevention of urinary bladder tumors in cyclophosphamide-treated rats by additional medication with the uroprotectors sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate (mesna) and disodium 2,2'-dithio-bis-ethane sulfonate (dimesna). Cancer. 1983 Feb 15;51(4):606-9. PubMed PMID: 6401591.

948: Araujo CE, Tessler J. Treatment of ifosfamide-induced urothelial toxicity by oral administration of sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulphonate (MESNA) to patients with inoperable lung cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1983 Feb;19(2):195-201. PubMed PMID: 6402369.

949: Stuart-Harris RC, Harper PG, Parsons CA, Kaye SB, Mooney CA, Gowing NF, Wiltshaw E. High-dose alkylation therapy using ifosfamide infusion with mesna in the treatment of adult advanced soft-tissue sarcoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1983;11(2):69-72. PubMed PMID: 6414732.

950: Becher R, Kakati S, Gibas Z, Sandberg AA. Cytogenetic testing of mutagenic and radioprotective effects of mesna. Oncology. 1983;40(4):287-9. PubMed PMID: 6408550.

951: Wilms K, Schüch K, Müller C, Link H, Meyer P, Ostendorf P, Waller HD, Wernet P, Niethammer D, Dopfer H, Schneider W, Schunter F, Brietling G, Frommhold W, Seeger G, Voss AC, Rodt H. Bone marrow transplantation in West Germany in patients with leukemia. Haematol Blood Transfus. 1983;28:81-6. PubMed PMID: 6407910.

952: Brock N, Pohl J, Stekar J, Scheef W. Studies on the urotoxicity of oxazaphosphorine cytostatics and its prevention--III. Profile of action of sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate (mesna). Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1982 Dec;18(12):1377-87. PubMed PMID: 6819957.

953: Falkson G, Van Dyk JJ, Stapelberg R, Falkson HC. Mesnum as a protector against kidney and bladder toxicity with high-dose ifosfamide treatment. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1982;9(2):81-4. PubMed PMID: 6816479.

954: Possinger K, Ehrhart H, Misera C, Hartenstein R. [Prevention of urotoxic complications during therapy with cytostatics. The problem of the interaction between sodium-II-mercaptoethanesulfonate and cyclophosphamide]. Fortschr Med. 1981 Oct 22;99(40):1650-2. German. PubMed PMID: 6795099.

955: Czownicki Z, Utracka-Hutka B. [Clinical evaluation of Mitexan in the prevention of urinary tract complications during treatment with Holoxan]. Nowotwory. 1981;30(4):377-83. Polish. PubMed PMID: 6792599.

956: Mesnum and cyclophosphamide cystitis. Lancet. 1980 Nov 29;2(8205):1195. PubMed PMID: 6107795.

957: Fosså SD, Talle K. Treatment of metastatic renal cancer with ifosfamide and mesnum with and without irradiation. Cancer Treat Rep. 1980 Oct-Nov;64(10-11):1103-8. PubMed PMID: 6780190.

958: Bryant BM, Jarman M, Ford HT, Smith IE. Prevention of isophosphamide-induced urothelial toxicity with 2-mercaptoethane sulphonate sodium (mesnum) in patients with advanced carcinoma. Lancet. 1980 Sep 27;2(8196):657-9. PubMed PMID: 6106781.

959: Marti C, Steiner R, Viollier AF. [High-dose ifosfamide therapy: systemic use of a mucolytic agent for the reduction of urotoxicity]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1979 Dec 8;109(47):1885-7. German. PubMed PMID: 119317.

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