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 Levamisole Hydrochloride

levamisole hydrochloride  is the orally bioavailable hydrochloride salt of the synthetic imidazothiazole derivative levamisole with anthelminthic and immunostimulating activities. In immunosuppressed states, levamisole may restore immune function by: 1) stimulating antibody formation, 2) stimulating T-cell activation and proliferation, 3) potentiatiating monocyte and macrophage phagocytosis and chemotaxis and 4) increasing neutrophil mobility, adherence, and chemotaxis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)

According to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levamisole, Levamisole (marketed as the hydrochloride salt under the trade name Ergamisol) is an anthelminthic and immunomodulator belonging to a class of synthetic imidazothiazole derivatives. It was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1966. Levamisole has been used in humans to treat parasitic worm infections, and has been studied in combination with other forms of chemotherapy for colon cancer, melanoma, and head and neck cancer. The drug was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2000 and 2003 respectively, due to the risk of serious side effects and the availability of more effective replacement medications. Currently, levamisole remains in veterinary use as a dewormer for livestock. The medication has also been increasingly used as an adulterant in cocaine sold in the US and Canada, resulting in serious side effects.

Clinical use

Levamisole was originally used as an antihelminthic to treat worm infestations in both humans and animals. Most current commercial preparations are intended for veterinary use as a dewormer in cattle, pigs, and sheep. However, levamisole has also gained prominence among aquarists as an effective treatment for Camallanus roundworm infestations in freshwater tropical fish. Levamisole has been tested in combination with fluorouracil to treat colon cancer. There is no good evidence from clinical trials that its addition to fluorouracil therapy benefits patients with colon cancer, and it is no longer used for this. It is also used infrequently to treat melanoma and head and neck cancer. It is unclear from its mechanism of action why it would have an effect in treating colon cancer, although it has been shown to have "immune-stimulating" properties in some situations. A 1984 study on complicated influenza had found levamisole to be an effective inducer of interferon and had recommended its use in combination therapy for influenza. It is also used routinely in India to treat steroid dependent childhood nephrotic syndrome cases, which is probably based on literature published in a few UK based studies. see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levamisole.

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380: Galasso GJ. An assessment of antiviral drugs for the management of infectious diseases in humans. Antiviral Res. 1981 Jun;1(2):73-96. Review. PubMed PMID: 6175275.

381: Uteshev BS. [Current trends in the experimental therapy of autoimmune diseases]. Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter. 1981 May-Jun;(3):71-8. Review. Russian. PubMed PMID: 6456439.

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383: Mimori T, Homma M. [Immunomodulation and immunomodulators]. Nippon Rinsho. 1981 Apr;39(4):1847-51. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 7031296.

384: Yamada Y, Mizushima Y. [Pharmacological modulation of leukocyte, macrophage and platelet functions]. Nippon Rinsho. 1981 Apr;39(4):1807-12. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 7031293.

385: Abe T. [Development and clinical use of chemical immunomodulators]. Nippon Rinsho. 1981 Apr;39(4):1893-901. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 6796722.

386: Arnold W, Meyer zum Büschenfelde KH. [Therapy of chronic hepatitis (author's transl)]. Leber Magen Darm. 1981 Apr;11(2):73-80. Review. German. PubMed PMID: 6164895.

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388: Zernov NG, Kirillov VI. [Achievements and prospects of immunotherapy in urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis in children]. Pediatriia. 1981 Mar;(3):63-6. Review. Russian. PubMed PMID: 7012779.

389: Paladini G, Romanelli M, Sgoifo E, Antoci B. [Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Anatomoclinical and immunological study of a case]. Minerva Med. 1981 Feb 25;72(6):297-304. Review. Italian. PubMed PMID: 7017479.

390: Amery WK. Cancer immunotherapy: some critical comments regarding immunological monitoring. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1981;3(4):339-48. Review. PubMed PMID: 7037663.

391: Mahoney DH Jr, Starling KA. Immunotherapy in acute leukemias. Possible applications in children. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1981 Winter;3(4):410-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 7036781.

392: Cohen CJ, Deppe G. Immunotherapy for gynecologic malignancies. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1981;70:371-4. Review. PubMed PMID: 7031696.

393: Schnieden H. Levamisole--a general pharmacological perspective. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1981;3(1):9-13. Review. PubMed PMID: 7028648.

394: Amery WK, Gough DA. Levamisole and immunotherapy: some theoretic and practical considerations and their relevance to human disease. Oncology. 1981;38(3):168-81. Review. PubMed PMID: 7010258.

395: Littler TR. Anti-rheumatic drugs. Pharmacol Ther. 1981;15(1):45-68. Review. PubMed PMID: 6121334.

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397: Romeo F, Spina A, Cannaò G. [Active chronic hepatitis caused by the B virus (ACH-B). Recent pathogenetic acquisitions and elements of serological, clinical and histopathological diagnosis]. Recenti Prog Med. 1980 Dec;69(6):577-643. Review. Italian. PubMed PMID: 6166032.

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402: Miller MJ. Use of levamisole in parasitic infections. Drugs. 1980 Aug;20(2):122-30. Review. PubMed PMID: 6995094.

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404: Spreafico F. Use of levamisole in cancer patients. Drugs. 1980 Aug;20(2):105-16. Review. PubMed PMID: 6995092.

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406: Orłowska E. [Selected methods of current treatment of multiple sclerosis]. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 1980 May-Jun;14(3):321-5. Review. Polish. PubMed PMID: 6158011.

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411: Hunneyball IM. Recent developments in disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Prog Drug Res. 1980;24:101-216. Review. PubMed PMID: 7005959.

412: Amery WK. Adjuvant levamisole in the treatment of patients with resectable lung cancer. Ann Clin Res. 1980;12 Suppl 27:1-83. Review. PubMed PMID: 6999969.

413: Silobrcić V. Active non-specific immunotherapy of experimental tumours. Folia Biol (Praha). 1980;26(3):145-66. Review. PubMed PMID: 6998756.

414: Makinodan T, Kay MM. Age influence on the immune system. Adv Immunol. 1980;29:287-330. Review. PubMed PMID: 6998260.

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