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 Hexyl 5-aminolevulinate

hexyl 5-aminolevulinate is the hexyl ester of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) with photodynamic properties. As a precursor of photoactive porphorins, hexyl 5-aminolevulinate induces the endogenous production of the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) which accumulates selectively in tumor tissue. When exposed to specific wavelengths of light, PPIX is activated and, depending on the wavelength and/or intensity of light, either fluoresces, thereby allowing tumor imaging, or induces tumor cell apoptosis. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus). 

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3: Togsverd-Bo K, Lerche CM, Poulsen T, Wulf HC, Haedersdal M. Photodynamic therapy with topical methyl- and hexylaminolevulinate for prophylaxis and treatment of UV-induced SCC in hairless mice. Exp Dermatol. 2010 Aug;19(8):e166-72. PubMed PMID: 20100196.

4: Mayinger B, Neumann F, Kastner C, Haider T, Schwab D. Hexaminolevulinate-induced fluorescence colonoscopy versus white light endoscopy for diagnosis of neoplastic lesions in the colon. Endoscopy. 2010 Jan;42(1):28-33. Epub 2010 Jan 11. PubMed PMID: 20066590.

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11: Sievert KD, Kruck S. Hexyl aminolevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy in bladder cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2009 Aug;9(8):1055-63. Review. PubMed PMID: 19671025.

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16: Ascencio M, Estevez JP, Delemer M, Farine MO, Collinet P, Mordon S. Comparison of continuous and fractionated illumination during hexaminolaevulinate-photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2008 Sep;5(3):210-6. Epub 2008 Oct 19. PubMed PMID: 19356657.

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21: Ray ER, Chatterton K, Khan MS, Thomas K, Chandra A, O'Brien TS. Hexylaminolaevulinate 'blue light' fluorescence cystoscopy in the investigation of clinically unconfirmed positive urine cytology. BJU Int. 2009 May;103(10):1363-7. Epub 2008 Dec 8. PubMed PMID: 19076151.

22: Larsen EL, Randeberg LL, Gederaas OA, Arum CJ, Hjelde A, Zhao CM, Chen D, Krokan HE, Svaasand LO. Monitoring of hexyl 5-aminolevulinate-induced photodynamic therapy in rat bladder cancer by optical spectroscopy. J Biomed Opt. 2008 Jul-Aug;13(4):044031. PubMed PMID: 19021358.

23: Soergel P, Wang X, Stepp H, Hertel H, Hillemanns P. Photodynamic therapy of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia with hexaminolevulinate. Lasers Surg Med. 2008 Nov;40(9):611-5. PubMed PMID: 18951428.

24: Dögnitz N, Salomon D, Zellweger M, Ballini JP, Gabrecht T, Lange N, van den Bergh H, Wagnières G. Comparison of ALA- and ALA hexyl-ester-induced PpIX depth distribution in human skin carcinoma. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2008 Dec 11;93(3):140-8. Epub 2008 Aug 17. PubMed PMID: 18818091.

25: Berrahmoune S, Fotinos N, Bezdetnaya L, Lange N, Guedenet JC, Guillemin F, D'Hallewin MA. Analysis of differential PDT effect in rat bladder tumor models according to concentrations of intravesical hexyl-aminolevulinate. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2008 Sep;7(9):1018-24. Epub 2008 Jul 23. PubMed PMID: 18754047.

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27: Chu ES, Yow CM, Shi M, Ho RJ. Effects of photoactivated 5-aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester on MDR1 over-expressing human uterine sarcoma cells. Toxicol Lett. 2008 Sep;181(1):7-12. Epub 2008 Jun 25. PubMed PMID: 18625294.

28: Abascal Junquera JM, Hevia Suárez M, Abascal García JM, Estébanez C, Astudillo A, Abascal R. [Initial experience in the diagnosis and treatment of superficial bladder tumors with Hexvix]. Arch Esp Urol. 2008 May;61(4):475-82; discussion 482-3. Spanish. PubMed PMID: 18592765.

29: Bourré L, Giuntini F, Eggleston IM, Wilson M, MacRobert AJ. 5-Aminolaevulinic acid peptide prodrugs enhance photosensitization for photodynamic therapy. Mol Cancer Ther. 2008 Jun;7(6):1720-9. PubMed PMID: 18566243.

30: Ascencio M, Collinet P, Farine MO, Mordon S. Protoporphyrin IX fluorescence photobleaching is a useful tool to predict the response of rat ovarian cancer following hexaminolevulinate photodynamic therapy. Lasers Surg Med. 2008 Jul;40(5):332-41. PubMed PMID: 18563777.

31: Di Venosa G, Hermida L, Batlle A, Fukuda H, Defain MV, Mamone L, Rodriguez L, MacRobert A, Casas A. Characterisation of liposomes containing aminolevulinic acid and derived esters. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2008 Jul 24;92(1):1-9. Epub 2008 Apr 7. PubMed PMID: 18468913.

32: Krammer B, Plaetzer K. ALA and its clinical impact, from bench to bedside. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2008 Mar;7(3):283-9. Epub 2007 Dec 7. Review. PubMed PMID: 18389144.

33: Bayés M, Rabasseda X. Gateways to clinical trials. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2008 Jan-Feb;30(1):67-99. PubMed PMID: 18389098.

34: Mayinger B, Neumann F, Kastner C, Degitz K, Hahn EG, Schwab D. Early detection of premalignant conditions in the colon by fluorescence endoscopy using local sensitization with hexaminolevulinate. Endoscopy. 2008 Feb;40(2):106-9. Epub 2008 Jan 16. PubMed PMID: 18197583.

35: Fotinos N, Convert M, Piffaretti JC, Gurny R, Lange N. Effects on gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria mediated by 5-aminolevulinic Acid and 5-aminolevulinic acid derivatives. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008 Apr;52(4):1366-73. Epub 2008 Jan 14. PubMed PMID: 18195063; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2292504.

36: Bayés M, Rabasseda X, Prous JR. Gateways to clinical trials. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2007 Nov;29(9):625-55. PubMed PMID: 18193114.

37: Hillemanns P, Wang X, Hertel H, Andikyan V, Hillemanns M, Stepp H, Soergel P. Pharmacokinetics and selectivity of porphyrin synthesis after topical application of hexaminolevulinate in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Mar;198(3):300.e1-7. Epub 2008 Feb 21. PubMed PMID: 18177838.

38: Stepp H, Waidelich R. [Fluorescence diagnosis and photodynamic therapy in urology]. Aktuelle Urol. 2007 Nov;38(6):455-64. Review. German. PubMed PMID: 17987533.

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40: Yung A, Stables GI, Fernandez C, Williams J, Bojar RA, Goulden V. Microbiological effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in healthy volunteers: a comparative study using methyl aminolaevulinate and hexyl aminolaevulinate cream. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2007 Nov;32(6):716-21. PubMed PMID: 17953640.

41: Zaak D, Karl A, Stepp H, Tritschler S, Tilki D, Burger M, Knuechel R, Stief C. [Fluorescence cystoscopy at bladder cancer: present trials]. Urologe A. 2007 Nov;46(11):1519-27. Review. German. PubMed PMID: 17928985.

42: Witjes JA, Douglass J. The role of hexaminolevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy in bladder cancer. Nat Clin Pract Urol. 2007 Oct;4(10):542-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 17921969.

43: L'eplattenier HF, Klem B, Teske E, van Sluijs FJ, van Nimwegen SA, Kirpensteijn J. Preliminary results of intraoperative photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolevulinic acid in dogs with prostate carcinoma. Vet J. 2008 Nov;178(2):202-7. Epub 2007 Sep 27. PubMed PMID: 17904397.

44: Collaud S, Warloe T, Jordan O, Gurny R, Lange N. Clinical evaluation of bioadhesive hydrogels for topical delivery of hexylaminolevulinate to Barrett's esophagus. J Control Release. 2007 Nov 20;123(3):203-10. Epub 2007 Aug 23. PubMed PMID: 17884228.

45: Regis C, Collinet P, Farine MO, Mordon S. Comparison of aminolevulinic acid- and hexylester aminolevulinate-induced protoporphyrin IX fluorescence for the detection of ovarian cancer in a rat model. Photomed Laser Surg. 2007 Aug;25(4):304-11. PubMed PMID: 17803389.

46: Schmidbauer J, Marberger M. Recent developments in fluorescence cystoscopy: do novel agents bring a benefit? Curr Opin Urol. 2007 Sep;17(5):347-51. Review. PubMed PMID: 17762629.

47: Grossman HB. Improving the management of bladder cancer with fluorescence cystoscopy. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2007;26(2):143-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 17725540.

48: Cekaite L, Peng Q, Reiner A, Shahzidi S, Tveito S, Furre IE, Hovig E. Mapping of oxidative stress responses of human tumor cells following photodynamic therapy using hexaminolevulinate. BMC Genomics. 2007 Aug 13;8:273. PubMed PMID: 17692132; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2045114.

49: Fradet Y, Grossman HB, Gomella L, Lerner S, Cookson M, Albala D, Droller MJ; PC B302/01 Study Group. A comparison of hexaminolevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy and white light cystoscopy for the detection of carcinoma in situ in patients with bladder cancer: a phase III, multicenter study. J Urol. 2007 Jul;178(1):68-73; discussion 73. Epub 2007 May 11. PubMed PMID: 17499291.

50: Grossman HB, Gomella L, Fradet Y, Morales A, Presti J, Ritenour C, Nseyo U, Droller MJ; PC B302/01 Study Group. A phase III, multicenter comparison of hexaminolevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy and white light cystoscopy for the detection of superficial papillary lesions in patients with bladder cancer. J Urol. 2007 Jul;178(1):62-7. Epub 2007 May 11. PubMed PMID: 17499283.

51: Cunderlíková B, Wahlqvist R, Berner A, Vasovic V, Warloe T, Nesland JM, Peng Q. Detection of urinary bladder cancer with flow cytometry and hexaminolevulinate in urine samples. Cytopathology. 2007 Apr;18(2):87-95. PubMed PMID: 17397493.

52: Uehlinger P, Ballini JP, van den Bergh H, Wagnières G. On the role of iron and one of its chelating agents in the production of protoporphyrin IX generated by 5-aminolevulinic acid and its hexyl ester derivative tested on an epidermal equivalent of human skin. Photochem Photobiol. 2006 Jul-Aug;82(4):1069-76. PubMed PMID: 17205631.

53: Vaucher L, Jichlinski P, Lange N, Ritter-Schenk C, van den Bergh H, Kucera P. Hexyl-aminolevulinate-mediated photodynamic therapy: how to spare normal urothelium. An in vitro approach. Lasers Surg Med. 2007 Jan;39(1):67-75. PubMed PMID: 17096415.

54: Furre IE, Møller MT, Shahzidi S, Nesland JM, Peng Q. Involvement of both caspase-dependent and -independent pathways in apoptotic induction by hexaminolevulinate-mediated photodynamic therapy in human lymphoma cells. Apoptosis. 2006 Nov;11(11):2031-42. PubMed PMID: 17036199.

55: Frampton JE, Plosker GL. Hexyl aminolevulinate in the detection of bladder cancer: profile report. BioDrugs. 2006;20(5):317-20. PubMed PMID: 17025378.

56: Colapaoli L, Thorsen J, Nopp A, Guttormsen AB. A case of anaphylactic shock possibly caused by intravesical Hexvix. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2006 Oct;50(9):1165-7. PubMed PMID: 16987348.

57: Juzeniene A, Juzenas P, Ma LW, Iani V, Moan J. Topical application of 5-aminolaevulinic acid, methyl 5-aminolaevulinate and hexyl 5-aminolaevulinate on normal human skin. Br J Dermatol. 2006 Oct;155(4):791-9. PubMed PMID: 16965430.

58: Tritschler S, Scharf S, Karl A, Tilki D, Knuechel R, Hartmann A, Stief CG, Zaak D. Validation of the diagnostic value of NMP22 BladderChek test as a marker for bladder cancer by photodynamic diagnosis. Eur Urol. 2007 Feb;51(2):403-7; discussion 407-8. Epub 2006 Aug 15. PubMed PMID: 16939699.

59: Sinha AK, Anand S, Ortel BJ, Chang Y, Mai Z, Hasan T, Maytin EV. Methotrexate used in combination with aminolaevulinic acid for photodynamic killing of prostate cancer cells. Br J Cancer. 2006 Aug 21;95(4):485-95. Epub 2006 Jul 25. PubMed PMID: 16868543; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2360674.

60: Casas A, Batlle A. Aminolevulinic acid derivatives and liposome delivery as strategies for improving 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy. Curr Med Chem. 2006;13(10):1157-68. Review. PubMed PMID: 16719777.

61: Rodriguez L, Batlle A, Di Venosa G, MacRobert AJ, Battah S, Daniel H, Casas A. Study of the mechanisms of uptake of 5-aminolevulinic acid derivatives by PEPT1 and PEPT2 transporters as a tool to improve photodynamic therapy of tumours. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2006;38(9):1530-9. Epub 2006 Mar 18. PubMed PMID: 16632403.

62: Frampton JE, Plosker GL. Hexyl aminolevulinate: in the detection of bladder cancer. Drugs. 2006;66(4):571-8; discussion 579-80. Review. PubMed PMID: 16597168.

63: Zhao L, Nielsen KP, Juzeniene A, Juzenas P, Lani V, Ma LW, Stamnes K, Stamnes JJ, Moan J. Spectroscopic measurements of photoinduced processes in human skin after topical application of the hexyl ester of 5-aminolevulinic acid. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2006;25(1-2):307-20. PubMed PMID: 16566726.

64: Shahzidi S, Stokke T, Soltani H, Nesland JM, Peng Q. Induction of apoptosis by hexaminolevulinate-mediated photodynamic therapy in human colon carcinoma cell line 320DM. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2006;25(1-2):159-71. PubMed PMID: 16566715.

65: Klem B, Lappin G, Nicholson S, van de Wetering J, de Vries DE, Oosterhuis B, Garner RC. Determination of the bioavailability of [14C]-hexaminolevulinate using accelerator mass spectrometry after intravesical administration to human volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol. 2006 Apr;46(4):456-60. PubMed PMID: 16554454.

66: Di Venosa G, Fukuda H, Batlle A, Macrobert A, Casas A. Photodynamic therapy: regulation of porphyrin synthesis and hydrolysis from ALA esters. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2006 May 1;83(2):129-36. Epub 2006 Feb 9. PubMed PMID: 16480890.

67: Wu RW, Chu ES, Yow CM, Chen JY. Photodynamic effects on nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells with 5-aminolevulinic acid or its hexyl ester. Cancer Lett. 2006 Oct 8;242(1):112-9. Epub 2006 Jan 27. PubMed PMID: 16442708.

68: Rodriguez L, Batlle A, Di Venosa G, Battah S, Dobbin P, Macrobert AJ, Casas A. Mechanisms of 5-aminolevulinic acid ester uptake in mammalian cells. Br J Pharmacol. 2006 Apr;147(7):825-33. PubMed PMID: 16432502; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1751507.

69: Chu ES, Wu RW, Yow CM, Wong TK, Chen JY. The cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of 5-aminolevulinic acid on lymphocytes: a comet assay study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2006 Sep;58(3):408-14. Epub 2006 Jan 12. PubMed PMID: 16408204.

70: Furre IE, Shahzidi S, Luksiene Z, Møller MT, Borgen E, Morgan J, Tkacz-Stachowska K, Nesland JM, Peng Q. Targeting PBR by hexaminolevulinate-mediated photodynamic therapy induces apoptosis through translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor in human leukemia cells. Cancer Res. 2005 Dec 1;65(23):11051-60. PubMed PMID: 16322255.

71: Di Venosa GM, Casas AG, Battah S, Dobbin P, Fukuda H, Macrobert AJ, Batlle A. Investigation of a novel dendritic derivative of 5-aminolaevulinic acid for photodynamic therapy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2006 Jan;38(1):82-91. Epub 2005 Sep 6. PubMed PMID: 16172016.

72: Zaak D, Karl A, Knüchel R, Stepp H, Hartmann A, Reich O, Bachmann A, Siebels M, Popken G, Stief C. Diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder using fluorescence endoscopy. BJU Int. 2005 Aug;96(2):217-22. Review. PubMed PMID: 16001963.

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74: Wilson JD, Bigelow CE, Calkins DJ, Foster TH. Light scattering from intact cells reports oxidative-stress-induced mitochondrial swelling. Biophys J. 2005 Apr;88(4):2929-38. Epub 2005 Jan 14. PubMed PMID: 15653724; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1305387.

75: De Rosa FS, Lopez RF, Thomazine JA, Tedesco AC, Lange N, Bentley MV. In vitro metabolism of 5-ALA esters derivatives in hairless mice skin homogenate and in vivo PpIX accumulation studies. Pharm Res. 2004 Dec;21(12):2247-52. PubMed PMID: 15648256.

76: El Khatib S, Didelon J, Leroux A, Bezdetnaya L, Notter D, D'Hallewin M. Kinetics, biodistribution and therapeutic efficacy of hexylester 5-aminolevulinate induced photodynamic therapy in an orthotopic rat bladder tumor model. J Urol. 2004 Nov;172(5 Pt 1):2013-7. PubMed PMID: 15540780.

77: Bayes M, Rabasseda X, Prous JR. Gateways to clinical trials. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2004 Sep;26(7):587-612. Review. PubMed PMID: 15538546.

78: Vena FC, Turchiello RF, Laville I, Pigaglio S, Blais J, Tedesco AC. 5-aminolevulinic acid ester-induced protoporphyrin IX in a murine melanoma cell line. Lasers Med Sci. 2004;19(2):119-26. PubMed PMID: 15340863.

79: Endlicher E, Gelbmann CM, Knüchel R, Fürst A, Szeimies RM, Gölder SK, Schölmerich J, Lottner C, Messmann H. Hexaminolevulinate-induced fluorescence endoscopy in patients with rectal adenoma and cancer: a pilot study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004 Sep;60(3):449-54. PubMed PMID: 15332045.

80: Bayes M, Rabasseda X, Prous JR. Gateways to clinical trials. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2004 Jun;26(5):357-91. PubMed PMID: 15319815.

81: Joudi FN, Konety BR. Fluorescence cystoscopy and bladder surveillance. Curr Opin Urol. 2004 Sep;14(5):265-70. Review. PubMed PMID: 15300146.

82: Zenzen V, Zankl H. In vitro evaluation of the cytotoxic and mutagenic potential of the 5-aminolevulinic acid hexylester-mediated photodynamic therapy. Mutat Res. 2004 Jul 11;561(1-2):91-100. PubMed PMID: 15238234.

83: Perotti C, Fukuda H, DiVenosa G, MacRobert AJ, Batlle A, Casas A. Porphyrin synthesis from ALA derivatives for photodynamic therapy. In vitro and in vivo studies. Br J Cancer. 2004 Apr 19;90(8):1660-5. PubMed PMID: 15083200; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2409714.

84: Zenzen V, Zankl H. Protoporphyrin IX-accumulation in human tumor cells following topical ALA- and h-ALA-application in vivo. Cancer Lett. 2003 Dec 8;202(1):35-42. PubMed PMID: 14643024.

85: Wu SM, Ren QG, Zhou MO, Peng Q, Chen JY. Protoporphyrin IX production and its photodynamic effects on glioma cells, neuroblastoma cells and normal cerebellar granule cells in vitro with 5-aminolevulinic acid and its hexylester. Cancer Lett. 2003 Oct 28;200(2):123-31. PubMed PMID: 14568165.

86: Dabrowski Z, Kwaśny M, Kamiński J, Bełdowicz M, Lewicka L, Obukowicz B, Kaliszewski M, Pirozyńska E. The synthesis and applications of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) derivatives in photodynamic therapy and photodiagnosis. Acta Pol Pharm. 2003 May-Jun;60(3):219-24. PubMed PMID: 14556493.

87: Chen JY, Peng Q, Jodl HJ. Infrared spectral comparison of 5-aminolevulinic acid and its hexyl ester. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2003 Sep;59(11):2571-6. PubMed PMID: 12963453.

88: van den Akker JT, Holroyd JA, Vernon DI, Sterenborg HJ, Brown SB. Comparative in vitro percutaneous penetration of 5-aminolevulinic acid and two of its esters through excised hairless mouse skin. Lasers Surg Med. 2003;33(3):173-81. PubMed PMID: 12949947.

89: Wu SM, Ren QG, Zhou MO, Wei Y, Chen JY. Photodynamic effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid and its hexylester on several cell lines. Sheng Wu Hua Xue Yu Sheng Wu Wu Li Xue Bao (Shanghai). 2003 Jul;35(7):655-60. PubMed PMID: 12883637.

90: Marti A, Jichlinski P, Lange N, Ballini JP, Guillou L, Leisinger HJ, Kucera P. Comparison of aminolevulinic acid and hexylester aminolevulinate induced protoporphyrin IX distribution in human bladder cancer. J Urol. 2003 Aug;170(2 Pt 1):428-32. PubMed PMID: 12853792.

91: Jichlinski P, Guillou L, Karlsen SJ, Malmström PU, Jocham D, Brennhovd B, Johansson E, Gärtner T, Lange N, van den Bergh H, Leisinger HJ. Hexyl aminolevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy: new diagnostic tool for photodiagnosis of superficial bladder cancer--a multicenter study. J Urol. 2003 Jul;170(1):226-9. PubMed PMID: 12796694.

92: Lüdicke F, Gabrecht T, Lange N, Wagnières G, Van Den Bergh H, Berclaz L, Major AL. Photodynamic diagnosis of ovarian cancer using hexaminolaevulinate: a preclinical study. Br J Cancer. 2003 Jun 2;88(11):1780-4. PubMed PMID: 12771995; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2377128.

93: De Rosa FS, Tedesco AC, Lopez RF, Pierre MB, Lange N, Marchetti JM, Rotta JC, Bentley MV. In vitro skin permeation and retention of 5-aminolevulinic acid ester derivatives for photodynamic therapy. J Control Release. 2003 Apr 29;89(2):261-9. PubMed PMID: 12711449.

94: Lopez RF, Bentley MV, Delgado-Charro MB, Salomon D, van den Bergh H, Lange N, Guy RH. Enhanced delivery of 5-aminolevulinic acid esters by iontophoresis in vitro. Photochem Photobiol. 2003 Mar;77(3):304-8. PubMed PMID: 12685659.

95: Perotti C, Casas A, Fukuda H, Sacca P, Batlle A. Topical application of ALA and ALA hexyl ester on a subcutaneous murine mammary adenocarcinoma: tissue distribution. Br J Cancer. 2003 Feb 10;88(3):432-7. PubMed PMID: 12569388; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2747548.

96: Perotti C, Casas A, Fukuda H, Sacca P, Batlle A. ALA and ALA hexyl ester induction of porphyrins after their systemic administration to tumour bearing mice. Br J Cancer. 2002 Sep 23;87(7):790-5. PubMed PMID: 12232765; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2364260.

97: Ren QG, Wu SM, Peng Q, Chen JY. Comparison of 5-aminolevulinic acid and its hexylester mediated photodynamic action on human hepatoma cells. Sheng Wu Hua Xue Yu Sheng Wu Wu Li Xue Bao (Shanghai). 2002 Sep;34(5):650-4. PubMed PMID: 12198571.

98: Hirschberg H, Sun CH, Tromberg BJ, Madsen SJ. ALA- and ALA-ester-mediated photodynamic therapy of human glioma spheroids. J Neurooncol. 2002 Mar;57(1):1-7. PubMed PMID: 12125962.

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