MedKoo product information:

 Fingolimod

Fingolimod (rINN, codenamed FTY720) is an immunosuppressive drug. It is derived from the myriocin (ISP-1) metabolite of the fungus Isaria sinclairii. It is a structural analogue of sphingosine and gets phosphorylated by sphingosine kinases in the cell (most importantly sphingosine kinase 2). The molecular biology of phospho-fingolimod is thought to lie in its activity at one of the five sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors, S1PR1. It can sequester lymphocytes in lymph nodes, preventing them from moving to the central nervous system for auto-immune responses in multiple sclerosis and was originally proposed as a anti-rejection medication indicated post-transplantation. It has been reported to stimulate the repair process of glial cells and precursor cells after injury. Fingolimod has also been reported to be a cannabinoid receptor antagonist, a cPLA2 inhibitor and a ceramide synthase inhibitor. (source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingolimod).

Status of FDA approval

June 11, 2010 — The US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) Peripheral and Central Nervous System Drugs Advisory Committee has recommended approval for the novel oral agent fingolimod in the treatment of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). The highly anticipated drug is the first in a new class of disease-modifying agents called sphingosine 1 phosphate receptor modulators. Fingolimod's sponsor, Novartis, was seeking a new drug application for patients with MS to reduce the frequency of clinical exacerbations and to delay the accumulation of physical disability. Novartis plans to market fingolimod as Gilena. If approved by the FDA, it will be the first oral agent for patients with MS, giving them a welcome alternative to currently available injectable therapies. The committee spent hours discussing a long list of questions posed by the FDA but was unanimous in its decision to recommend fingolimod's approval.

History of research and development

First synthesized in 1992, fingolimod was derived from an immunosuppressive natural product, myriocin (ISP-I) through chemical modification. Myriocin was isolated from the culture broth a type of vegetative wasp (Isaria sinclairii) that was an eternal youth nostrum in traditional Chinese medicine. Showing postive results in both in vitro (mixed lymphocyte reaction) and in vivo screening (prolonging rat skin graft survival time), myriocin was modified through a series of steps to yield fingolimod, code named at the time FTY720. Structure activity relationship (SAR) studies on myriocin homologs and partially synthetic derivatives showed that the configuration at the carbon bearing the 3-hydroxy group or the 14-ketone, the 6-double bond, and the 4-hydroxy group were not important for its activity and simplification of the structure of ISP-I was done in an attempt to reduce toxicity and improve drugability. Elimination of side chain functionalities and removal of chiral centers was part of the simplification process and an intermediate compound (ISP-I-28) with the carboxylic acid of myriocin transformed to a hydroxymethyl group was generated. ISP-I-28 was found to be less toxic and more effective at lenghtening rat skin allograft time than ISP-1. (source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingolimod).

Clinical trials

(source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingolimod).

1.  Organ transplant:  in a previous phase III clinical trial of kidney transplantation, fingolimod was found to be no better than the existing standard of care.

2. Multiple sclerosis: in two Phase III clinical trials, fingolimod reduced the rate of relapses in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis by over half compared both to placebo and to the active comparator interferon beta-1-a. A double-blind randomized control trial comparing fingolimod to placebo found the drug reduced the annualized frequency of relapses to 0.18 relapses per year at 0.5 mg/day or 0.16 relapses per year at 1.25 mg/day, compared to 0.40 relapses per year for those patients taking the placebo. The probability of disease progression at 24 month followup was lower in the fingolimod groups compared to placebo (hazard ratio 0.70 at 0.5 mg and 0.68 at 1.25 mg). Fingolimod patients also had better results according to MRI imaging of new or enlarged lesions at 24 month followup. Side effects leading to discontinuation of the study drug were more common in the higher dose group (14.2% of patients) than at the lower dose (7.5%) or placebo (7.7%). Serious adverse events in the fingolimod group included bradycardia, relapse, and basal-cell carcinoma. Seven episodes of bradycardia occurred during the monitoring period after administration of the first dose, and were asymptomatic in six of these cases. There was a higher rate of lower respiratory tract infections (including bronchitis and pneumonia) in the fingolimod groups (9.6% at 0.5 mg, 11.4% at 1.5 mg) than the placebo group (6.0%). Other adverse events reported on the study drug included macular edema, malignant neoplasms, and laboratory abnormalities.

Developer of the product: Novartis.

 1: Warnke C, Wiendl H, Hartung HP, Stüve O, Kieseier BC. Identification of targets and new developments in the treatment of multiple sclerosis--focus on cladribine. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2010 Jul 21;4:117-26. PubMed PMID: 20689698; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2915536.

2: Tomillero A, Moral MA. Gateways to clinical trials. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2010 Jun;32(5):331-88. PubMed PMID: 20664824.

3: Jary E, Bee T, Walker SR, Chung SK, Seo KC, Morris JC, Don AS. Elimination of a hydroxyl group in FTY720 dramatically improves the phosphorylation rate. Mol Pharmacol. 2010 Jul 7. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20610734.

4: Connor LM, Harvie MC, Rich FJ, Quinn KM, Brinkmann V, Gros GL, Kirman JR. A key role for lung-resident memory lymphocytes in protective immune responses after BCG vaccination. Eur J Immunol. 2010 Jul 2. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20602436.

5: Johnson TA, Shames I, Keezer M, Lapierre Y, Haegert DG, Bar-Or A, Antel J. Reconstitution of circulating lymphocyte counts in FTY720-treated MS patients. Clin Immunol. 2010 Jul 2. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20599429.

6: Cusack KP, Stoffel RH. S1P(1) receptor agonists: Assessment of selectivity and current clinical activity. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel. 2010 Jul;13(4):481-8. PubMed PMID: 20597031.

7: Thangada S, Khanna KM, Blaho VA, Oo ML, Im DS, Guo C, Lefrancois L, Hla T. Cell-surface residence of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 on lymphocytes determines lymphocyte egress kinetics. J Exp Med. 2010 Jul 5;207(7):1475-83. Epub 2010 Jun 28. PubMed PMID: 20584883; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2901064.

8: Nau JY. [Emerging treatments for multiple sclerosis]. Rev Med Suisse. 2010 Jun 2;6(251):1162-3. French. PubMed PMID: 20572362.

9: Tonelli F, Lim KG, Loveridge C, Long J, Pitson SM, Tigyi G, Bittman R, Pyne S, Pyne NJ. FTY720 and (S)-FTY720 vinylphosphonate inhibit sphingosine kinase 1 and promote its proteasomal degradation in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle, breast cancer and androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. Cell Signal. 2010 Oct;22(10):1536-42. Epub 2010 Jun 4. PubMed PMID: 20570726.

10: Valentine WJ, Kiss GN, Liu J, E S, Gotoh M, Murakami-Murofushi K, Pham TC, Baker DL, Parrill AL, Lu X, Sun C, Bittman R, Pyne NJ, Tigyi G. (S)-FTY720-vinylphosphonate, an analogue of the immunosuppressive agent FTY720, is a pan-antagonist of sphingosine 1-phosphate GPCR signaling and inhibits autotaxin activity. Cell Signal. 2010 Oct;22(10):1543-53. Epub 2010 Jun 4. PubMed PMID: 20566326.

11: Aktas O, Küry P, Kieseier B, Hartung HP. Fingolimod is a potential novel therapy for multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010 Jul;6(7):373-82. Epub 2010 Jun 15. PubMed PMID: 20551946.

12: Roberts KG, Smith AM, McDougall F, Carpenter H, Horan M, Neviani P, Powell JA, Thomas D, Guthridge MA, Perrotti D, Sim AT, Ashman LK, Verrills NM. Essential requirement for PP2A inhibition by the oncogenic receptor c-KIT suggests PP2A reactivation as a strategy to treat c-KIT+ cancers. Cancer Res. 2010 Jul 1;70(13):5438-47. Epub 2010 Jun 15. PubMed PMID: 20551067.

13: Conway D, Cohen JA. Emerging oral therapies in multiple sclerosis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2010 Sep;10(5):381-8. PubMed PMID: 20549393.

14: Schwarz A, Korporal M, Hosch W, Max R, Wildemann B. Critical vasospasm during fingolimod (FTY720) treatment in a patient with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2010 Jun 15;74(24):2022-4. PubMed PMID: 20548047.

15: Vasiliou S. Oral fingolimod for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Drugs Today (Barc). 2010 May;46(5):315-25. Review. PubMed PMID: 20517533.

16: Jörns A, Rath KJ, Terbish T, Arndt T, Meyer Zu Vilsendorf A, Wedekind D, Hedrich HJ, Lenzen S. Diabetes prevention by immunomodulatory FTY720 treatment in the LEW.1AR1-iddm rat despite immune cell activation. Endocrinology. 2010 Aug;151(8):3555-65. Epub 2010 May 25. PubMed PMID: 20501676.

17: Marriott JJ, O'Connor PW. Emerging therapies in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Rev Recent Clin Trials. 2010 Sep;5(3):179-88. PubMed PMID: 20500147.

18: Maeda Y, Seki N, Sato N, Sugahara K, Chiba K. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor type 1 regulates egress of mature T cells from mouse bone marrow. Int Immunol. 2010 Jun;22(6):515-25. Epub 2010 May 23. PubMed PMID: 20497959.

19: Hughes J. ACP Journal Club. Oral fingolimod was more effective than placebo for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Ann Intern Med. 2010 May 18;152(10):JC5-6, JC5-7, JC5-8. PubMed PMID: 20479024.

20: Hughes J. ACP Journal Club. Oral fingolimod was more effective than intramuscular interferon for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Ann Intern Med. 2010 May 18;152(10):JC5-6, JC5-7, JC5-8. PubMed PMID: 20479023.

21: Liu Q, Alinari L, Chen CS, Yan F, Dalton JT, Lapalombella R, Zhang X, Mani R, Lin T, Byrd JC, Baiocchi RA, Muthusamy N. FTY720 shows promising in vitro and in vivo preclinical activity by downmodulating Cyclin D1 and phospho-Akt in mantle cell lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2010 Jun 15;16(12):3182-92. Epub 2010 May 11. PubMed PMID: 20460491.

22: Lim SY, Constantinescu CS. Current and future disease-modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis. Int J Clin Pract. 2010 Apr;64(5):637-50. PubMed PMID: 20456216.

23: Li H, Zhang X. Oral cladribine and fingolimod for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2010 May 6;362(18):1738-9; author reply 1739-40. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2010 Jul 15;363(3):298. PubMed PMID: 20449878.

24: Mann H. Oral cladribine and fingolimod for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2010 May 6;362(18):1738; author reply 1739-40. PubMed PMID: 20445188.

25: Derecki NC, Cardani AN, Yang CH, Quinnies KM, Crihfield A, Lynch KR, Kipnis J. Regulation of learning and memory by meningeal immunity: a key role for IL-4. J Exp Med. 2010 May 10;207(5):1067-80. Epub 2010 May 3. PubMed PMID: 20439540; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2867291.

26: Hecht B. [Development of oral therapies for multiple sclerosis--fingolimod, cladribine and other drugs]. Med Monatsschr Pharm. 2010 Apr;33(4):120-30; quiz 131-2. Review. German. PubMed PMID: 20429402.

27: Oberpichler-Schwenk H. [How rare is tuberculosis?]. Med Monatsschr Pharm. 2010 Apr;33(4):117. German. PubMed PMID: 20429401.

28: Pozzilli C, Prosperini L, Borriello G. Treating multiple sclerosis with fingolimod or intramuscular interferon. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2010 Aug;11(11):1957-60. PubMed PMID: 20426705.

29: Johnson KP. Risks vs benefits of glatiramer acetate: a changing perspective as new therapies emerge for multiple sclerosis. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2010 Apr 15;6:153-72. PubMed PMID: 20421914; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2857614.

30: Tsunemi S, Iwasaki T, Kitano S, Imado T, Miyazawa K, Sano H. Effects of the novel immunosuppressant FTY720 in a murine rheumatoid arthritis model. Clin Immunol. 2010 Aug;136(2):197-204. Epub 2010 Apr 24. PubMed PMID: 20421177.

31: Mangas A, Coveñas R, Geffard M. New drug therapies for multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol. 2010 Jun;23(3):287-92. Review. PubMed PMID: 20414110.

32: Miron VE, Ludwin SK, Darlington PJ, Jarjour AA, Soliven B, Kennedy TE, Antel JP. Fingolimod (FTY720) enhances remyelination following demyelination of organotypic cerebellar slices. Am J Pathol. 2010 Jun;176(6):2682-94. Epub 2010 Apr 22. PubMed PMID: 20413685; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2877831.

33: Doggrell SA. Oral fingolimod for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis Evaluation of: Kappos L, Radue E-M, O'Connor P, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of oral fingolimod in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2010;362:387-401; and Cohen JA, Barkhof F, Comi G, et al. Oral fingolimod or intramuscular interferon for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2010;362:402-15. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2010 Jul;11(10):1777-81. PubMed PMID: 20408749.

34: Woodcock JM, Ma Y, Coolen C, Pham D, Jones C, Lopez AF, Pitson SM. Sphingosine and FTY720 directly bind pro-survival 14-3-3 proteins to regulate their function. Cell Signal. 2010 Sep;22(9):1291-9. Epub 2010 Apr 18. PubMed PMID: 20403428.

35: Haghikia A, Gold R. The impact of fingolimod (FTY720) in neuroimmunologic diseases: mechanisms beyond immunomodulation. Am J Pathol. 2010 Jun;176(6):2599-601. Epub 2010 Apr 15. PubMed PMID: 20395429; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2877822.

36: Kümpfel T, Havla J, Hohlfeld R. [Progress of therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis]. MMW Fortschr Med. 2010 Mar 4;152(9):42-4. German. PubMed PMID: 20384096.

37: Tomillero A, Moral MA. Gateways to clinical trials. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2010 Jan-Feb;32(1):47-86. PubMed PMID: 20383346.

38: Horga A, Castilló J, Montalban X. Fingolimod for relapsing multiple sclerosis: an update. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2010 May;11(7):1183-96. Review. PubMed PMID: 20367536.

39: Bajwa A, Jo SK, Ye H, Huang L, Dondeti KR, Rosin DL, Haase VH, Macdonald TL, Lynch KR, Okusa MD. Activation of sphingosine-1-phosphate 1 receptor in the proximal tubule protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010 Jun;21(6):955-65. Epub 2010 Mar 25. PubMed PMID: 20338995; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2900956.

40: Lopes CT, Pletiskaitz TM, de Franco MF, Cordeiro JA, Bueno V. Sirolimus in combination with FTY720: analysis of urinary and serum parameters. Transplant Proc. 2010 Mar;42(2):582-4. PubMed PMID: 20304197.

41: Lopes CT, de Paula DM, Cury PM, Valero-Lapchik VB, Bueno V. Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis infection in mice treated with FTY720. Transplant Proc. 2010 Mar;42(2):578-81. PubMed PMID: 20304196.

42: Lopes CT, Rosin FC, Cordeiro JA, Bueno V. Cell phenotype evaluation at various sites after skin transplantation and FTY720 plus sirolimus therapy. Transplant Proc. 2010 Mar;42(2):573-7. PubMed PMID: 20304195.

43: Penaranda C, Tang Q, Ruddle NH, Bluestone JA. Prevention of diabetes by FTY720-mediated stabilization of peri-islet tertiary lymphoid organs. Diabetes. 2010 Jun;59(6):1461-8. Epub 2010 Mar 18. PubMed PMID: 20299465; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2874707.

44: Martin R. Multiple sclerosis: closing in on an oral treatment. Nature. 2010 Mar 18;464(7287):360-2. PubMed PMID: 20237554.

45: Ehling R, Berger T, Reindl M. Multiple sclerosis - established and novel therapeutic approaches. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem. 2010 Mar;10(1):3-15. Review. PubMed PMID: 20236038.

46: Ando S, Amano H, Amano E, Minowa K, Watanabe T, Nakano S, Nakiri Y, Morimoto S, Tokano Y, Lin Q, Hou R, Ohtsuji M, Tsurui H, Hirose S, Takasaki Y. FTY720 exerts a survival advantage through the prevention of end-stage glomerular inflammation in lupus-prone BXSB mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010 Apr 9;394(3):804-10. Epub 2010 Mar 15. PubMed PMID: 20233577.

47: Link H, Martin R. New drugs may improve, complicate treatment for multiple sclerosis. Nat Med. 2010 Mar;16(3):272. PubMed PMID: 20208513.

48: Pfeilschifter W, Czech B, Neumann-Haefelin T. Targeting the sphingolipid signaling pathway in stroke. Stroke. 2010 Apr;41(4):e193; author reply e194. Epub 2010 Feb 25. PubMed PMID: 20185772.

49: Fuller TF, Hoff U, Kong L, Naether M, Wagner P, Nieminen-Kelhä M, Nolting J, Luft FC, Hegner B, Dragun D. Cytoprotective Actions of FTY720 Modulate Severe Preservation Reperfusion Injury in Rat Renal Transplants. Transplantation. 2010 Feb 27;89(4):402-8. PubMed PMID: 20177341.

50: Högenauer K, Hinterding K, Nussbaumer P. S1P receptor mediated activity of FTY720 phosphate mimics. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2010 Mar 1;20(5):1485-7. Epub 2010 Jan 28. PubMed PMID: 20153186.

51: Crosignani S, Bombrun A, Covini D, Maio M, Marin D, Quattropani A, Swinnen D, Simpson D, Sauer W, Françon B, Martin T, Cambet Y, Nichols A, Martinou I, Burgat-Charvillon F, Rivron D, Donini C, Schott O, Eligert V, Novo-Perez L, Vitte PA, Arrighi JF. Discovery of a novel series of potent S1P1 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2010 Mar 1;20(5):1516-9. Epub 2010 Jan 25. PubMed PMID: 20149651.

52: Rammohan KW, Shoemaker J. Emerging multiple sclerosis oral therapies. Neurology. 2010 Jan 5;74 Suppl 1:S47-53. PubMed PMID: 20038763.

53: Werden SJ, McFadden G. Pharmacological manipulation of the akt signaling pathway regulates myxoma virus replication and tropism in human cancer cells. J Virol. 2010 Apr;84(7):3287-302. Epub 2010 Jan 27. PubMed PMID: 20106927; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2838123.

54: Song JH, Ito T, Wei JM, Huang MX. [FTY720-induced lymphocyte apoptosis inhibits acute graft versus host disease in rat small bowel transplantation]. Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2010 Jan;13(1):60-3. Chinese. PubMed PMID: 20099165.

55: Murakami A, Takasugi H, Ohnuma S, Koide Y, Sakurai A, Takeda S, Hasegawa T, Sasamori J, Konno T, Hayashi K, Watanabe Y, Mori K, Sato Y, Takahashi A, Mochizuki N, Takakura N. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) regulates vascular contraction via S1P3 receptor: investigation based on a new S1P3 receptor antagonist. Mol Pharmacol. 2010 Apr;77(4):704-13. Epub 2010 Jan 22. PubMed PMID: 20097776.

56: Carroll WM. Oral therapy for multiple sclerosis--sea change or incremental step? N Engl J Med. 2010 Feb 4;362(5):456-8. Epub 2010 Jan 20. PubMed PMID: 20089958.

57: Cohen JA, Barkhof F, Comi G, Hartung HP, Khatri BO, Montalban X, Pelletier J, Capra R, Gallo P, Izquierdo G, Tiel-Wilck K, de Vera A, Jin J, Stites T, Wu S, Aradhye S, Kappos L; TRANSFORMS Study Group. Oral fingolimod or intramuscular interferon for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2010 Feb 4;362(5):402-15. Epub 2010 Jan 20. PubMed PMID: 20089954.

58: Kappos L, Radue EW, O'Connor P, Polman C, Hohlfeld R, Calabresi P, Selmaj K, Agoropoulou C, Leyk M, Zhang-Auberson L, Burtin P; FREEDOMS Study Group. A placebo-controlled trial of oral fingolimod in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2010 Feb 4;362(5):387-401. Epub 2010 Jan 20. PubMed PMID: 20089952.

59: Chun J, Hartung HP. Mechanism of action of oral fingolimod (FTY720) in multiple sclerosis. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2010 Mar-Apr;33(2):91-101. Review. PubMed PMID: 20061941; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2859693.

60: Blom T, Bäck N, Mutka AL, Bittman R, Li Z, de Lera A, Kovanen PT, Diczfalusy U, Ikonen E. FTY720 stimulates 27-hydroxycholesterol production and confers atheroprotective effects in human primary macrophages. Circ Res. 2010 Mar 5;106(4):720-9. Epub 2010 Jan 7. PubMed PMID: 20056921; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2871287.

61: Kanai T, Watanabe M, Hibi T. Systemically circulating colitogenic memory CD4+T cells may be an ideal target for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. Keio J Med. 2009 Dec;58(4):203-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 20037283.

62: Comi G, O'Connor P, Montalban X, Antel J, Radue EW, Karlsson G, Pohlmann H, Aradhye S, Kappos L; FTY720D2201 Study Group. Phase II study of oral fingolimod (FTY720) in multiple sclerosis: 3-year results. Mult Scler. 2010 Feb;16(2):197-207. Epub 2009 Dec 22. PubMed PMID: 20028707.

63: Commodaro AG, Peron JP, Lopes CT, Arslanian C, Belfort R Jr, Rizzo LV, Bueno V. Evaluation of experimental autoimmune uveitis in mice treated with FTY720. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010 May;51(5):2568-74. Epub 2009 Dec 17. PubMed PMID: 20019358.

64: Zéphir H. [Multiple sclerosis, the therapeutic arsenal of today and tomorrow]. Soins. 2009 Nov;(740):39-41. French. PubMed PMID: 20014532.

65: Zhang J, Zhang A, Sun Y, Cao X, Zhang N. Treatment with immunosuppressants FTY720 and tacrolimus promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury in rats. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2009 Dec;219(4):295-302. PubMed PMID: 19966528.

66: Diab KJ, Adamowicz JJ, Kamocki K, Rush NI, Garrison J, Gu Y, Schweitzer KS, Skobeleva A, Rajashekhar G, Hubbard WC, Berdyshev EV, Petrache I. Stimulation of sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling as an alveolar cell survival strategy in emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010 Feb 15;181(4):344-52. Epub 2009 Dec 3. PubMed PMID: 19965812.

67: Walsh KB, Marsolais D, Welch MJ, Rosen H, Oldstone MB. Treatment with a sphingosine analog does not alter the outcome of a persistent virus infection. Virology. 2010 Feb 20;397(2):260-9. Epub 2009 Dec 3. PubMed PMID: 19962171; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2821988.

68: Hasegawa Y, Suzuki H, Sozen T, Rolland W, Zhang JH. Activation of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor-1 by FTY720 is neuroprotective after ischemic stroke in rats. Stroke. 2010 Feb;41(2):368-74. Epub 2009 Nov 25. PubMed PMID: 19940275; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2811754.

69: Lin N, Friedlander RM. T-cell activation in ischemic stroke: a new therapeutic target for delayed infarct expansion? Neurosurgery. 2009 Dec;65(6):N13. PubMed PMID: 19934952.

70: Gasperini C, Ruggieri S. New oral drugs for multiple sclerosis. Neurol Sci. 2009 Oct;30 Suppl 2:S179-83. Review. PubMed PMID: 19882371.

71: Japtok L, Kleuser B. The role of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators in the prevention of transplant rejection and autoimmune diseases. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2009 Nov;10(11):1183-94. Review. PubMed PMID: 19876786.

72: Ushitora Y, Tashiro H, Ogawa T, Tanimoto Y, Kuroda S, Kobayashi T, Miyata Y, Itamoto T, Asahara T, Ohdan H. Suppression of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after rat liver transplantation by FTY720, a sphingosine-1-phosphate analog. Transplantation. 2009 Oct 27;88(8):980-6. PubMed PMID: 19855243.

73: Egom EE, Ke Y, Musa H, Mohamed TM, Wang T, Cartwright E, Solaro RJ, Lei M. FTY720 prevents ischemia/reperfusion injury-associated arrhythmias in an ex vivo rat heart model via activation of Pak1/Akt signaling. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2010 Feb;48(2):406-14. Epub 2009 Oct 21. PubMed PMID: 19852968.

74: Rolin J, Sand KL, Knudsen E, Maghazachi AA. FTY720 and SEW2871 reverse the inhibitory effect of S1P on natural killer cell mediated lysis of K562 tumor cells and dendritic cells but not on cytokine release. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2010 Apr;59(4):575-86. Epub 2009 Oct 13. PubMed PMID: 19823820.

75: Hwang SJ, Kim JH, Kim HY, Kim S, Chung DH. FTY720, a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator, inhibits CD1d-restricted NKT cells by suppressing cytokine production but not migration. Lab Invest. 2010 Jan;90(1):9-19. Epub 2009 Oct 12. PubMed PMID: 19823172.

76: Brinkmann V. FTY720 (fingolimod) in Multiple Sclerosis: therapeutic effects in the immune and the central nervous system. Br J Pharmacol. 2009 Nov;158(5):1173-82. Epub 2009 Oct 8. Review. PubMed PMID: 19814729; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2782328.

77: Friedrich FW, Eschenhagen T. [Fingolimod - a new immunomodulator]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2009 Oct;134(42):2127-31. Epub 2009 Oct 6. Review. German. PubMed PMID: 19809964.

78: Jenne CN, Enders A, Rivera R, Watson SR, Bankovich AJ, Pereira JP, Xu Y, Roots CM, Beilke JN, Banerjee A, Reiner SL, Miller SA, Weinmann AS, Goodnow CC, Lanier LL, Cyster JG, Chun J. T-bet-dependent S1P5 expression in NK cells promotes egress from lymph nodes and bone marrow. J Exp Med. 2009 Oct 26;206(11):2469-81. Epub 2009 Oct 6. PubMed PMID: 19808259; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2768857.

79: Blé FX, Cannet C, Zurbruegg S, Gérard C, Frossard N, Beckmann N, Trifilieff A. Activation of the lung S1P(1) receptor reduces allergen-induced plasma leakage in mice. Br J Pharmacol. 2009 Nov;158(5):1295-301. Epub 2009 Sep 25. PubMed PMID: 19785648; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2782338.

80: Blázquez AB, Knight AK, Getachew H, Bromberg JS, Lira SA, Mayer L, Berin MC. A functional role for CCR6 on proallergic T cells in the gastrointestinal tract. Gastroenterology. 2010 Jan;138(1):275-84.e1-4. Epub 2009 Sep 23. PubMed PMID: 19782082; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2813342.

81: McGill J, Legge KL. Cutting edge: contribution of lung-resident T cell proliferation to the overall magnitude of the antigen-specific CD8 T cell response in the lungs following murine influenza virus infection. J Immunol. 2009 Oct 1;183(7):4177-81. PubMed PMID: 19767567; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2762786.

82: Czech B, Pfeilschifter W, Mazaheri-Omrani N, Strobel MA, Kahles T, Neumann-Haefelin T, Rami A, Huwiler A, Pfeilschifter J. The immunomodulatory sphingosine 1-phosphate analog FTY720 reduces lesion size and improves neurological outcome in a mouse model of cerebral ischemia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009 Nov 13;389(2):251-6. Epub 2009 Aug 29. PubMed PMID: 19720050.

83: Tedesco-Silva H, Lorber MI, Foster CE, Sollinger HW, Mendez R, Carvalho DB, Shapiro R, Rajagopalan PR, Mayer H, Slade J, Kahan BD; FTY720A2202 clinical study group. FTY720 and everolimus in de novo renal transplant patients at risk for delayed graft function: results of an exploratory one-yr multicenter study. Clin Transplant. 2009 Sep-Oct;23(5):589-99. Epub 2009 Aug 27. PubMed PMID: 19719728.

84: Kieseier BC, Wiendl H, Hartung HP, Stüve O. The future of multiple sclerosis therapy. Pharmacol Res. 2009 Oct;60(4):207-11. Epub 2009 Apr 5. PubMed PMID: 19717009.

85: Yamamura T. [Molecular target drug development for curing multiple sclerosis]. Brain Nerve. 2009 Aug;61(8):923-8. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 19697881.

86: Wolf AM, Eller K, Zeiser R, Dürr C, Gerlach UV, Sixt M, Markut L, Gastl G, Rosenkranz AR, Wolf D. The sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonist FTY720 potently inhibits regulatory T cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. J Immunol. 2009 Sep 15;183(6):3751-60. Epub 2009 Aug 19. PubMed PMID: 19692647.

87: Zhou PJ, Wang H, Shi GH, Wang XH, Shen ZJ, Xu D. Immunomodulatory drug FTY720 induces regulatory CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells in vitro. Clin Exp Immunol. 2009 Jul;157(1):40-7. PubMed PMID: 19659769; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2710591.

88: Papadopoulos D, Rundle J, Patel R, Marshall I, Stretton J, Eaton R, Richardson JC, Gonzalez MI, Philpott KL, Reynolds R. FTY720 ameliorates MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by suppressing both cellular and humoral immune responses. J Neurosci Res. 2010 Feb 1;88(2):346-59. PubMed PMID: 19658199.

89: Sarai K, Shikata K, Shikata Y, Omori K, Watanabe N, Sasaki M, Nishishita S, Wada J, Goda N, Kataoka N, Makino H. Endothelial barrier protection by FTY720 under hyperglycemic condition: involvement of focal adhesion kinase, small GTPases, and adherens junction proteins. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2009 Oct;297(4):C945-54. Epub 2009 Aug 5. PubMed PMID: 19657053.

90: Kim HJ, Jung CG, Dukala D, Bae H, Kakazu R, Wollmann R, Soliven B. Fingolimod and related compounds in a spontaneous autoimmune polyneuropathy. J Neuroimmunol. 2009 Sep 29;214(1-2):93-100. Epub 2009 Aug 3. PubMed PMID: 19647880; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2745511.

91: Wacker BK, Park TS, Gidday JM. Hypoxic preconditioning-induced cerebral ischemic tolerance: role of microvascular sphingosine kinase 2. Stroke. 2009 Oct;40(10):3342-8. Epub 2009 Jul 30. PubMed PMID: 19644058; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2753710.

92: Foss FW Jr, Mathews TP, Kharel Y, Kennedy PC, Snyder AH, Davis MD, Lynch KR, Macdonald TL. Synthesis and biological evaluation of sphingosine kinase substrates as sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor prodrugs. Bioorg Med Chem. 2009 Aug 15;17(16):6123-36. Epub 2009 Apr 12. PubMed PMID: 19632123; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2793099.

93: Lee KD, Chow WN, Sato-Bigbee C, Graf MR, Graham RS, Colello RJ, Young HF, Mathern BE. FTY720 reduces inflammation and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2009 Dec;26(12):2335-44. PubMed PMID: 19624262; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2850297.

94: Kimber I, Cumberbatch M, Dearman RJ. Langerhans cell migration: not necessarily always at the center of the skin sensitization universe. J Invest Dermatol. 2009 Aug;129(8):1852-3. PubMed PMID: 19603050.

95: Camp SM, Bittman R, Chiang ET, Moreno-Vinasco L, Mirzapoiazova T, Sammani S, Lu X, Sun C, Harbeck M, Roe M, Natarajan V, Garcia JG, Dudek SM. Synthetic analogs of FTY720 [2-amino-2-(2-[4-octylphenyl]ethyl)-1,3-propanediol] differentially regulate pulmonary vascular permeability in vivo and in vitro. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009 Oct;331(1):54-64. Epub 2009 Jul 10. PubMed PMID: 19592667; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2766218.

96: Jin J, Yang SH, Park J, Lee C, Lee J, Kim SM, Kim YS. Fragile maintenance of allograft tolerance induced by lymphocyte sequestration and co-stimulation blockade. Transpl Immunol. 2009 Sep;21(4):221-7. Epub 2009 Jun 16. PubMed PMID: 19539029.

97: Schaier M, Vorwalder S, Sommerer C, Dikow R, Hug F, Gross ML, Waldherr R, Zeier M. Role of FTY720 on M1 and M2 macrophages, lymphocytes, and chemokines in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2009 Sep;297(3):F769-80. Epub 2009 Jun 17. PubMed PMID: 19535570.

98: Chua CW, Chiu YT, Yuen HF, Chan KW, Man K, Wang X, Ling MT, Wong YC. Suppression of androgen-independent prostate cancer cell aggressiveness by FTY720: validating Runx2 as a potential antimetastatic drug screening platform. Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Jul 1;15(13):4322-35. Epub 2009 Jun 9. PubMed PMID: 19509141.

99: Kamada K, Arita N, Tsubaki T, Takubo N, Fujino T, Soga Y, Miyazaki T, Yamamoto H, Nose M. Expression of sphingosine kinase 2 in synovial fibroblasts of rheumatoid arthritis contributing to apoptosis by a sphingosine analogue, FTY720. Pathol Int. 2009 Jun;59(6):382-9. PubMed PMID: 19490468.

100: Malinowski M, Martus P, Neuhaus P, Stockmann M. The influence of commonly used immunosuppressive drugs on the small bowel functions - a comparative experimental study. Ann Transplant. 2009 Apr-Jun;14(2):38-44. PubMed PMID: 19487793.

101: Chiba K. [New therapeutic approach for autoimmune diseases by the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator, fingolimod (FTY720)]. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2009 Jun;129(6):655-65. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 19483408.

102: Peyruchaud O. Novel implications for lysophospholipids, lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine 1-phosphate, as drug targets in cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2009 May;9(4):381-91. Review. PubMed PMID: 19442039.

103: Krämer S, Binder E, Loof T, Wang-Rosenke Y, Martini S, Khadzhynov D, Budde K, Neumayer HH, Peters H. The lymphocyte migration inhibitor FTY720 attenuates experimental hypertensive nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2009 Jul;297(1):F218-27. Epub 2009 May 13. PubMed PMID: 19439518.

104: Mullershausen F, Zecri F, Cetin C, Billich A, Guerini D, Seuwen K. Persistent signaling induced by FTY720-phosphate is mediated by internalized S1P1 receptors. Nat Chem Biol. 2009 Jun;5(6):428-34. Erratum in: Nat Chem Biol. 2009 Dec;5(12):954. PubMed PMID: 19430484.

105: Hofmann U, Burkard N, Vogt C, Thoma A, Frantz S, Ertl G, Ritter O, Bonz A. Protective effects of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist treatment after myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion. Cardiovasc Res. 2009 Jul 15;83(2):285-93. Epub 2009 May 5. PubMed PMID: 19416991.

106: Chiba K. [A new therapeutic approach for autoimmune diseases by the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator, fingolimod (FTY720)]. Nihon Rinsho Meneki Gakkai Kaishi. 2009 Apr;32(2):92-101. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 19404007.

107: Tchorsh-Yutsis D, Hecht G, Aronovich A, Shezen E, Klionsky Y, Rosen C, Bitcover R, Eventov-Friedman S, Katchman H, Cohen S, Tal O, Milstein O, Yagita H, Blazar BR, Reisner Y. Pig embryonic pancreatic tissue as a source for transplantation in diabetes: transient treatment with anti-LFA1, anti-CD48, and FTY720 enables long-term graft maintenance in mice with only mild ongoing immunosuppression. Diabetes. 2009 Jul;58(7):1585-94. Epub 2009 Apr 28. PubMed PMID: 19401429; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2699862.

108: Lahiri S, Park H, Laviad EL, Lu X, Bittman R, Futerman AH. Ceramide synthesis is modulated by the sphingosine analog FTY720 via a mixture of uncompetitive and noncompetitive inhibition in an Acyl-CoA chain length-dependent manner. J Biol Chem. 2009 Jun 12;284(24):16090-8. Epub 2009 Apr 8. PubMed PMID: 19357080; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2713526.

109: Böhler T, Kamar N, Etienne L, Galvani S, Canivet C, Thomsen M, Salvayre R, Nègre-Salvayre A, Rostaing L, Auge N. FTY720 Inhibits Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha-Induced Proliferation and Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Phosphorylation of Human Smooth Muscle Cells. Transplant Proc. 2009 Mar;41(2):705-6. PubMed PMID: 19328962.

110: Lu X, Sun C, Valentine WJ, Shuyu E, Liu J, Tigyi G, Bittman R. Chiral vinylphosphonate and phosphonate analogues of the immunosuppressive agent FTY720. J Org Chem. 2009 Apr 17;74(8):3192-5. PubMed PMID: 19296586; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2747615.

111: Leypoldt F, Münchau A, Moeller F, Bester M, Gerloff C, Heesen C. Hemorrhaging focal encephalitis under fingolimod (FTY720) treatment: a case report. Neurology. 2009 Mar 17;72(11):1022-4. PubMed PMID: 19289744.

112: Evindar G, Satz AL, Bernier SG, Kavarana MJ, Doyle E, Lorusso J, Taghizadeh N, Halley K, Hutchings A, Kelley MS, Wright AD, Saha AK, Hannig G, Morgan BA, Westlin WF. Synthesis and evaluation of arylalkoxy- and biarylalkoxy-phenylamide and phenylimidazoles as potent and selective sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor subtype-1 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2009 Apr 15;19(8):2315-9. Epub 2009 Feb 23. PubMed PMID: 19282175.

113: Fujii T, Watanabe M. [An additional role of FTY720 in chronic colitis]. Nihon Rinsho Meneki Gakkai Kaishi. 2009 Feb;32(1):7-14. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 19252372.

114: Sumi T, Fukushima A, Nishino K, Fukuda K, Kumagai N, Nishida T, Ueno H. Treatment with FTY720 during the induction or effector phase suppresses the development of experimental allergic conjunctivitis in mice. Cell Biol Int. 2009 Apr;33(4):534-41. Epub 2009 Feb 20. PubMed PMID: 19230848.

115: Sinha RK, Park C, Hwang IY, Davis MD, Kehrl JH. B lymphocytes exit lymph nodes through cortical lymphatic sinusoids by a mechanism independent of sphingosine-1-phosphate-mediated chemotaxis. Immunity. 2009 Mar 20;30(3):434-46. Epub 2009 Feb 19. PubMed PMID: 19230723; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2744325.

116: Drennan MB, Elewaut D, Hogquist KA. Thymic emigration: sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1-dependent models and beyond. Eur J Immunol. 2009 Apr;39(4):925-30. Review. PubMed PMID: 19224640.

117: Kersh EN, Luo W, Adams DR, Mitchell J, Garcia-Lerma JG, Butera S, Folks T, Otten R. Evaluation of the lymphocyte trafficking drug FTY720 in SHIVSF162P3-infected rhesus macaques. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009 Apr;63(4):758-62. Epub 2009 Feb 13. PubMed PMID: 19218272.

118: Morier J, Du Pasquier R, Kuntzer T, Michel P, Nater B, Niederhauser J, Rossetti AO, Schluep M, Vingerhoets F. [Therapeutic advances in neurology]. Rev Med Suisse. 2009 Jan 7;5(185):39-44, 46-8. French. PubMed PMID: 19216324.

119: Salinas NR, Lopes CT, Palma PV, Oshima CT, Bueno V. Lung tumor development in the presence of sphingosine 1-phosphate agonist FTY720. Pathol Oncol Res. 2009 Dec;15(4):549-54. Epub 2009 Feb 12. PubMed PMID: 19214784.

120: Zhang ZY, Zhang Z, Schluesener HJ. FTY720 attenuates lesional interleukin-17(+) cell accumulation in rat experimental autoimmune neuritis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2009 Oct;35(5):487-95. Epub 2009 Feb 4. PubMed PMID: 19207263.

121: Ishii M, Egen JG, Klauschen F, Meier-Schellersheim M, Saeki Y, Vacher J, Proia RL, Germain RN. Sphingosine-1-phosphate mobilizes osteoclast precursors and regulates bone homeostasis. Nature. 2009 Mar 26;458(7237):524-8. Epub 2009 Feb 8. Erratum in: Nature. 2010 Jun 17;465(7300):966. PubMed PMID: 19204730; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2785034.

122: Makide K, Kano K, Kitamura H, Arima N, Aoki J. [Lysophospholipid mediators]. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso. 2009 Jan;54(1):29-39. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 19195223.

123: Reines I, Kietzmann M, Mischke R, Tschernig T, Lüth A, Kleuser B, Bäumer W. Topical application of sphingosine-1-phosphate and FTY720 attenuate allergic contact dermatitis reaction through inhibition of dendritic cell migration. J Invest Dermatol. 2009 Aug;129(8):1954-62. Epub 2009 Feb 5. PubMed PMID: 19194476.

124: Trial watch: Phase III promise for oral multiple sclerosis therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2009 Feb;8(2):98. PubMed PMID: 19180099.

125: Salinas NR, Oshima CT, Cury PM, Cordeiro JA, Bueno V. FTY720 and lung tumor development. Int Immunopharmacol. 2009 Jun;9(6):689-93. Epub 2009 Jan 13. PubMed PMID: 19146992.

126: O'Connor P, Comi G, Montalban X, Antel J, Radue EW, de Vera A, Pohlmann H, Kappos L; FTY720 D2201 Study Group. Oral fingolimod (FTY720) in multiple sclerosis: two-year results of a phase II extension study. Neurology. 2009 Jan 6;72(1):73-9. PubMed PMID: 19122034.

127: Berdyshev EV, Gorshkova I, Skobeleva A, Bittman R, Lu X, Dudek SM, Mirzapoiazova T, Garcia JG, Natarajan V. FTY720 inhibits ceramide synthases and up-regulates dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate formation in human lung endothelial cells. J Biol Chem. 2009 Feb 27;284(9):5467-77. Epub 2009 Jan 1. PubMed PMID: 19119142; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2645812.

128: Kovarik JM, Dole K, Riviere GJ, Pommier F, Maton S, Jin Y, Lasseter KC, Schmouder RL. Ketoconazole increases fingolimod blood levels in a drug interaction via CYP4F2 inhibition. J Clin Pharmacol. 2009 Feb;49(2):212-8. Epub 2008 Dec 31. PubMed PMID: 19118083.

129: Zhang Z, Zhang ZY, Fauser U, Schluesener HJ. Distribution of Foxp3(+) T-regulatory cells in experimental autoimmune neuritis rats. Exp Neurol. 2009 Mar;216(1):75-82. Epub 2008 Dec 3. PubMed PMID: 19100737.

130: Roos M, Liu S, Strobl M, Schmaderer C, Baumann M, Heemann U, Lutz J. Treatment of chronic allograft nephropathy at late stages using everolimus or FTY720 in combination with cyclosporine. Transplant Proc. 2008 Dec;40(10):3731-6. PubMed PMID: 19100477.

131: Hutchison S, Choo-Kang BS, Gibson VB, Bundick RV, Leishman AJ, Brewer JM, McInnes IB, Garside P. An investigation of the impact of the location and timing of antigen-specific T cell division on airways inflammation. Clin Exp Immunol. 2009 Jan;155(1):107-16. PubMed PMID: 19076834; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2665686.

132: Sensken SC, Bode C, Gräler MH. Accumulation of fingolimod (FTY720) in lymphoid tissues contributes to prolonged efficacy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009 Mar;328(3):963-9. Epub 2008 Dec 12. PubMed PMID: 19074680.

133: Menge T, Weber MS, Hemmer B, Kieseier BC, von Büdingen HC, Warnke C, Zamvil SS, Boster A, Khan O, Hartung HP, Stüve O. Disease-modifying agents for multiple sclerosis: recent advances and future prospects. Drugs. 2008;68(17):2445-68. doi: 10.2165/0003495-200868170-00004. Review. PubMed PMID: 19016573.

134: Fujii T, Tomita T, Kanai T, Nemoto Y, Totsuka T, Sakamoto N, Nakamura T, Tsuchiya K, Okamoto R, Watanabe M. FTY720 suppresses the development of colitis in lymphoid-null mice by modulating the trafficking of colitogenic CD4+ T cells in bone marrow. Eur J Immunol. 2008 Dec;38(12):3290-303. PubMed PMID: 19009523.

135: Domhan S, Zeier M, Abdollahi A. Immunosuppressive therapy and post-transplant malignancy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009 Apr;24(4):1097-103. Epub 2008 Oct 31. PubMed PMID: 18978068.

136: Jo SK, Bajwa A, Ye H, Vergis AL, Awad AS, Kharel Y, Lynch KR, Okusa MD. Divergent roles of sphingosine kinases in kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury. Kidney Int. 2009 Jan;75(2):167-75. Epub 2008 Oct 29. PubMed PMID: 18971925; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2646633.

137: Davis MD, Kehrl JH. The influence of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor signaling on lymphocyte trafficking: how a bioactive lipid mediator grew up from an "immature" vascular maturation factor to a "mature" mediator of lymphocyte behavior and function. Immunol Res. 2009;43(1-3):187-97. Review. PubMed PMID: 18854957.

138: Mehling M, Brinkmann V, Antel J, Bar-Or A, Goebels N, Vedrine C, Kristofic C, Kuhle J, Lindberg RL, Kappos L. FTY720 therapy exerts differential effects on T cell subsets in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2008 Oct 14;71(16):1261-7. PubMed PMID: 18852441.

139: Raveney BJ, Copland DA, Nicholson LB, Dick AD. Fingolimod (FTY720) as an acute rescue therapy for intraocular inflammatory disease. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008 Oct;126(10):1390-5. PubMed PMID: 18852417.

140: Ciesek S, Steinmann E, Manns MP, Wedemeyer H, Pietschmann T. The suppressive effect that myriocin has on hepatitis C virus RNA replication is independent of inhibition of serine palmitoyl transferase. J Infect Dis. 2008 Oct 1;198(7):1091-3. PubMed PMID: 18774886.

141: Miron VE, Hall JA, Kennedy TE, Soliven B, Antel JP. Cyclical and dose-dependent responses of adult human mature oligodendrocytes to fingolimod. Am J Pathol. 2008 Oct;173(4):1143-52. Epub 2008 Sep 4. PubMed PMID: 18772343; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2543081.

142: Gasperini C, Cefaro LA, Borriello G, Tosto G, Prosperini L, Pozzilli C. Emerging oral drugs for multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2008 Sep;13(3):465-77. Review. PubMed PMID: 18764723.

143: Yamanaka M, Anada Y, Igarashi Y, Kihara A. A splicing isoform of LPP1, LPP1a, exhibits high phosphatase activity toward FTY720 phosphate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008 Oct 31;375(4):675-9. Epub 2008 Aug 26. PubMed PMID: 18755152.

144: Premenko-Lanier M, Moseley NB, Pruett ST, Romagnoli PA, Altman JD. Transient FTY720 treatment promotes immune-mediated clearance of a chronic viral infection. Nature. 2008 Aug 14;454(7206):894-8. Retraction in: Nature. 2010 Apr 8;464(7290):942. PubMed PMID: 18704087.

145: Bevan MJ, Fink PJ. Immunology: Surprising side effects. Nature. 2008 Aug 14;454(7206):837-8. PubMed PMID: 18704076.

146: Lan YY, Tokita D, Wang Z, Wang HC, Zhan J, Brinkmann V, Thomson AW. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonism impairs skin dendritic cell migration and homing to secondary lymphoid tissue: association with prolonged allograft survival. Transpl Immunol. 2008 Nov;20(1-2):88-94. Epub 2008 Aug 9. PubMed PMID: 18694829.

147: Invernizzi P, Benedetti MD, Poli S, Monaco S. Azathioprine in multiple sclerosis. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2008 Aug;8(9):919-26. Review. PubMed PMID: 18691149.

148: Garber K. Infections cast cloud over Novartis' MS therapy. Nat Biotechnol. 2008 Aug;26(8):844-5. PubMed PMID: 18688218.

149: Nakayama S, Uto Y, Tanimoto K, Okuno Y, Sasaki Y, Nagasawa H, Nakata E, Arai K, Momose K, Fujita T, Hashimoto T, Okamoto Y, Asakawa Y, Goto S, Hori H. TX-2152: a conformationally rigid and electron-rich diyne analogue of FTY720 with in vivo antiangiogenic activity. Bioorg Med Chem. 2008 Aug 15;16(16):7705-14. Epub 2008 Jul 8. PubMed PMID: 18678496.

150: Miron VE, Schubart A, Antel JP. Central nervous system-directed effects of FTY720 (fingolimod). J Neurol Sci. 2008 Nov 15;274(1-2):13-7. Epub 2008 Aug 3. Review. PubMed PMID: 18678377.

151: Lynch KR, Macdonald TL. Sphingosine 1-phosphate chemical biology. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008 Sep;1781(9):508-12. Epub 2008 Jun 25. Review. PubMed PMID: 18638568.

152: Nakashima D, Kabashima K, Sakabe J, Sugita K, Kobayashi T, Yoshiki R, Tokura Y. Impaired initiation of contact hypersensitivity by FTY720. J Invest Dermatol. 2008 Dec;128(12):2833-41. Epub 2008 Jul 3. PubMed PMID: 18596826.

153: Shen Y, Wang X, Xia W, Wang C, Cai M, Xie H, Zhou L, Zheng S. Antiproliferative and overadditive effects of rapamycin and FTY720 in pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. Transplant Proc. 2008 Jun;40(5):1727-33. PubMed PMID: 18589181.

154: Sommerer C, Morath C, Giese T, Meuer S, Zeier M. Activity of nuclear factor of activated T cells is independent of the number of peripheral lymphocytes in FTY720-treated patients. Transplant Proc. 2008 Jun;40(5):1416-8. PubMed PMID: 18589120.

155: Li QY, Chi YY, Liu SQ. Cell cycle arrest effects of large-dose FTY720 on lymphocytes in mouse skin transplantation models. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2008;30(2):365-81. PubMed PMID: 18569090.

156: Kihara A, Igarashi Y. Production and release of sphingosine 1-phosphate and the phosphorylated form of the immunomodulator FTY720. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008 Sep;1781(9):496-502. Epub 2008 Jun 13. Review. PubMed PMID: 18555808.

157: Takabe K, Paugh SW, Milstien S, Spiegel S. "Inside-out" signaling of sphingosine-1-phosphate: therapeutic targets. Pharmacol Rev. 2008 Jun;60(2):181-95. Epub 2008 Jun 13. Review. PubMed PMID: 18552276; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2695666.

158: Foster CA, Mechtcheriakova D, Storch MK, Balatoni B, Howard LM, Bornancin F, Wlachos A, Sobanov J, Kinnunen A, Baumruker T. FTY720 rescue therapy in the dark agouti rat model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: expression of central nervous system genes and reversal of blood-brain-barrier damage. Brain Pathol. 2009 Apr;19(2):254-66. Epub 2008 Jun 4. PubMed PMID: 18540945.

159: Saida T. [Overview of MS: proposal of new MS definition/classification and review of the results of recent clinical trials]. Nippon Rinsho. 2008 Jun;66(6):1081-6. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 18540351.

160: Nagaoka Y, Otsuki K, Fujita T, Uesato S. Effects of phosphorylation of immunomodulatory agent FTY720 (fingolimod) on antiproliferative activity against breast and colon cancer cells. Biol Pharm Bull. 2008 Jun;31(6):1177-81. PubMed PMID: 18520051.

161: Kohno T, Igarashi Y. Attenuation of cell motility observed with high doses of sphingosine 1-phosphate or phosphorylated FTY720 involves RGS2 through its interactions with the receptor S1P. Genes Cells. 2008 Jul;13(7):747-57. Epub 2008 May 30. PubMed PMID: 18513330.

162: Kovarik JM, Slade A, Riviere GJ, Neddermann D, Maton S, Hunt TL, Schmouder RL. The ability of atropine to prevent and reverse the negative chronotropic effect of fingolimod in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008 Aug;66(2):199-206. Epub 2008 Apr 11. PubMed PMID: 18507656; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2492924.

163: Antel JP, Miron VE. Central nervous system effects of current and emerging multiple sclerosis-directed immuno-therapies. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2008 Nov;110(9):951-7. Epub 2008 May 27. Review. PubMed PMID: 18502570.

164: DeAngelis T, Lublin F. Neurotherapeutics in multiple sclerosis: novel agents and emerging treatment strategies. Mt Sinai J Med. 2008 Mar-Apr;75(2):157-67. Review. PubMed PMID: 18500719.

165: Coste O, Pierre S, Marian C, Brenneis C, Angioni C, Schmidt H, Popp L, Geisslinger G, Scholich K. Antinociceptive activity of the S1P-receptor agonist FTY720. J Cell Mol Med. 2008 Jun;12(3):995-1004. PubMed PMID: 18494940.

166: Kendall MR, Hupfeld CJ. FTY720, a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator, reverses high-fat diet-induced weight gain, insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation in C57BL/6 mice. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2008 Sep;10(9):802-5. Epub 2008 May 17. PubMed PMID: 18494802.

167: Sehrawat S, Rouse BT. Anti-inflammatory effects of FTY720 against viral-induced immunopathology: role of drug-induced conversion of T cells to become Foxp3+ regulators. J Immunol. 2008 Jun 1;180(11):7636-47. PubMed PMID: 18490766.

168: Mansoor M, Melendez AJ. Recent trials for FTY720 (fingolimod): a new generation of immunomodulators structurally similar to sphingosine. Rev Recent Clin Trials. 2008 Jan;3(1):62-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 18474015.

169: Lucas da Silva LB, Ribeiro DA, Cury PM, Cordeiro JA, Bueno V. FTY720 treatment in experimentally urethane-induced lung tumors. J Exp Ther Oncol. 2008;7(1):9-15. PubMed PMID: 18472638.

170: Horga A, Montalban X. FTY720 (fingolimod) for relapsing multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother. 2008 May;8(5):699-714. Review. PubMed PMID: 18457527.

171: Lopes CT, Gallo AP, Palma PV, Cury PM, Bueno V. Skin allograft survival and analysis of renal parameters after FTY720 + tacrolimus treatment in mice. Transplant Proc. 2008 Apr;40(3):856-60. PubMed PMID: 18455036.

172: Chiba K, Kataoka H. [Therapeutic effect of S1P receptor modifying drugs for autoimmune diseases]. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 2008 Mar;131(3):24-5. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 18421849.

173: Alewijnse AE, Peters SL. Sphingolipid signalling in the cardiovascular system: good, bad or both? Eur J Pharmacol. 2008 May 13;585(2-3):292-302. Epub 2008 Mar 15. Review. PubMed PMID: 18420192.

174: Hiestand PC, Rausch M, Meier DP, Foster CA. Ascomycete derivative to MS therapeutic: S1P receptor modulator FTY720. Prog Drug Res. 2008;66:361, 363-81. Review. PubMed PMID: 18416311.

175: Krump-Konvalinkova V, Chwalla I, Siess W. FTY720 inhibits S1P-mediated endothelial healing: relationship to S1P1-receptor surface expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008 Jun 13;370(4):603-8. Epub 2008 Apr 8. PubMed PMID: 18402775.

176: Gohda M, Kunisawa J, Miura F, Kagiyama Y, Kurashima Y, Higuchi M, Ishikawa I, Ogahara I, Kiyono H. Sphingosine 1-phosphate regulates the egress of IgA plasmablasts from Peyer's patches for intestinal IgA responses. J Immunol. 2008 Apr 15;180(8):5335-43. PubMed PMID: 18390715.

177: Redmond WL, Wei CH, Kreuwel HT, Sherman LA. The apoptotic pathway contributing to the deletion of naive CD8 T cells during the induction of peripheral tolerance to a cross-presented self-antigen. J Immunol. 2008 Apr 15;180(8):5275-82. PubMed PMID: 18390708.

178: Högenauer K, Billich A, Pally C, Streiff M, Wagner T, Welzenbach K, Nussbaumer P. Phosphorylation by sphingosine kinase 2 is essential for in vivo potency of FTY720 analogues. ChemMedChem. 2008 Jul;3(7):1027-9. PubMed PMID: 18383466.

179: Matsumoto N, Hirose R, Sasaki S, Fujita T. Synthesis of the key intermediate, diethyl 2-acetylamino-2-(2-(4-octanoylphenyl)ethyl)propane-1,3-dioate, of the immunomodulatory agent FTY720 (fingolimod). Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2008 Apr;56(4):595-7. PubMed PMID: 18379116.

180: Cho JY. Non-specific anti-proliferative effect of FTY720, a derivative of fungal metabolite from Iscaria sinclarii. Arch Pharm Res. 2008 Feb;31(2):160-6. PubMed PMID: 18365684.

181: Liu HB, Cui NQ, Wang Q, Li DH, Xue XP. Sphingosine-1-phosphate and its analogue FTY720 diminish acute pulmonary injury in rats with acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2008 Apr;36(3):e10-5. PubMed PMID: 18362832.

182: Metzler B, Gfeller P, Wieczorek G, Li J, Nuesslein-Hildesheim B, Katopodis A, Mueller M, Brinkmann V. Modulation of T cell homeostasis and alloreactivity under continuous FTY720 exposure. Int Immunol. 2008 May;20(5):633-44. Epub 2008 Mar 14. PubMed PMID: 18343890.

183: Huwiler A, Pfeilschifter J. New players on the center stage: sphingosine 1-phosphate and its receptors as drug targets. Biochem Pharmacol. 2008 May 15;75(10):1893-900. Epub 2008 Jan 5. Review. PubMed PMID: 18321471.

184: Hung JH, Lu YS, Wang YC, Ma YH, Wang DS, Kulp SK, Muthusamy N, Byrd JC, Cheng AL, Chen CS. FTY720 induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells through activation of protein kinase C delta signaling. Cancer Res. 2008 Feb 15;68(4):1204-12. PubMed PMID: 18281497.

185: Zhang Z, Zhang ZY, Fauser U, Schluesener HJ. FTY720 ameliorates experimental autoimmune neuritis by inhibition of lymphocyte and monocyte infiltration into peripheral nerves. Exp Neurol. 2008 Apr;210(2):681-90. Epub 2008 Jan 17. PubMed PMID: 18261728.

186: Coisne C, Lyck R, Engelhardt B. Therapeutic targeting of leukocyte trafficking across the blood-brain barrier. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets. 2007 Dec;6(4):210-22. Review. PubMed PMID: 18220956.

187: Schüppel M, Kürschner U, Kleuser U, Schäfer-Korting M, Kleuser B. Sphingosine 1-phosphate restrains insulin-mediated keratinocyte proliferation via inhibition of Akt through the S1P2 receptor subtype. J Invest Dermatol. 2008 Jul;128(7):1747-56. Epub 2008 Jan 24. PubMed PMID: 18219276.

188: Kovarik JM, Riviere GJ, Neddermann D, Maton S, Hunt TL, Schmouder RL. A mechanistic study to assess whether isoproterenol can reverse the negative chronotropic effect of fingolimod. J Clin Pharmacol. 2008 Mar;48(3):303-10. Epub 2008 Jan 24. PubMed PMID: 18218783.

189: Kovarik JM, Lu M, Riviere GJ, Barbet I, Maton S, Goldwater DR, Schmouder RL. The effect on heart rate of combining single-dose fingolimod with steady-state atenolol or diltiazem in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2008 May;64(5):457-63. Epub 2008 Jan 15. PubMed PMID: 18196225.

190: Saab G, Almony A, Blinder KJ, Schuessler R, Brennan DC. Reversible cystoid macular edema secondary to fingolimod in a renal transplant recipient. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008 Jan;126(1):140-1. PubMed PMID: 18195237.

191: Bayés M, Rabasseda X, Prous JR. Gateways to clinical trials. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2007 Nov;29(9):625-55. PubMed PMID: 18193114.

192: Adachi K, Chiba K. FTY720 story. Its discovery and the following accelerated development of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonists as immunomodulators based on reverse pharmacology. Perspect Medicin Chem. 2007 Sep 6;1:11-23. PubMed PMID: 19812733; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2754916.

193: Brunati AM, Tibaldi E, Carraro A, Gringeri E, D'Amico F Jr, Toninello A, Massimino ML, Pagano MA, Nalesso G, Cillo U. Cross-talk between PDGF and S1P signalling elucidates the inhibitory effect and potential antifibrotic action of the immunomodulator FTY720 in activated HSC-cultures. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008 Mar;1783(3):347-59. Epub 2007 Nov 29. PubMed PMID: 18157950.

194: Sis B, Grynoch R, Murray AG, Campbell P, Solez K. Antibody-mediated rejection with a striking interstitial monocyte/macrophage infiltration in a renal allograft under FTY720 treatment. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008 Jan;51(1):127-30. PubMed PMID: 18155542.

195: Illana Esteban C. [Cordyceps sinensis, a fungi used in the Chinese traditional medicine]. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2007 Dec 31;24(4):259-62. Review. Spanish. PubMed PMID: 18095756.

196: Sugito K, Inoue M, Ikeda T, Hagiwara N, Koshinaga T, Kusafuka T. Effect of FTY720 and ex vivo graft irradiation in rat small bowel transplantation: apoptosis of crypt cells and lymphocytes. Transplant Proc. 2007 Dec;39(10):3432-5. PubMed PMID: 18089399.

197: Delbridge MS, Shrestha BM, Raftery AT, El Nahas AM, Haylor J. FTY720 reduces extracellular matrix expansion associated with ischemia-reperfusion induced injury. Transplant Proc. 2007 Dec;39(10):2992-6. PubMed PMID: 18089307.

198: Zhu HY, Da WM. [Regulation of immunity by sphingosine 1-phosphate and its G protein-coupled receptors--review]. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 2007 Dec;15(6):1317-24. Review. Chinese. PubMed PMID: 18088493.

199: Sugito K, Inoue M, Ikeda T, Hagiwara N, Koshinaga T, Kusafuka T. Effect of FTY720 and ex vivo graft irradiation in rat small bowel transplantation: expression of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1. Surg Today. 2008;38(1):38-41. Epub 2007 Dec 24. PubMed PMID: 18085360.

200: Herzinger T, Kleuser B, Schäfer-Korting M, Korting HC. Sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling and the skin. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2007;8(6):329-36. Review. Erratum in: Am J Clin Dermatol.2008;9(4):277. PubMed PMID: 18039015.

201: Ledgerwood LG, Lal G, Zhang N, Garin A, Esses SJ, Ginhoux F, Merad M, Peche H, Lira SA, Ding Y, Yang Y, He X, Schuchman EH, Allende ML, Ochando JC, Bromberg JS. The sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 causes tissue retention by inhibiting the entry of peripheral tissue T lymphocytes into afferent lymphatics. Nat Immunol. 2008 Jan;9(1):42-53. Epub 2007 Nov 25. PubMed PMID: 18037890.

202: Cinamon G, Zachariah MA, Lam OM, Foss FW Jr, Cyster JG. Follicular shuttling of marginal zone B cells facilitates antigen transport. Nat Immunol. 2008 Jan;9(1):54-62. Epub 2007 Nov 25. PubMed PMID: 18037889; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2488964.

203: Salomone S, Potts EM, Tyndall S, Ip PC, Chun J, Brinkmann V, Waeber C. Analysis of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors involved in constriction of isolated cerebral arteries with receptor null mice and pharmacological tools. Br J Pharmacol. 2008 Jan;153(1):140-7. Epub 2007 Nov 19. PubMed PMID: 18026125; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2199385.

204: da Silva LB, Palma PV, Cury PM, Bueno V. Evaluation of stem cell administration in a model of kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury. Int Immunopharmacol. 2007 Dec 15;7(13):1609-16. Epub 2007 Sep 7. PubMed PMID: 17996670.

205: Zhu R, Snyder AH, Kharel Y, Schaffter L, Sun Q, Kennedy PC, Lynch KR, Macdonald TL. Asymmetric synthesis of conformationally constrained fingolimod analogues--discovery of an orally active sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor type-1 agonist and receptor type-3 antagonist. J Med Chem. 2007 Dec 13;50(25):6428-35. Epub 2007 Nov 10. PubMed PMID: 17994678; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2895489.

206: Tedesco-Silva H, Szakaly P, Shoker A, Sommerer C, Yoshimura N, Schena FP, Cremer M, Hmissi A, Mayer H, Lang P; FTY720 2218 Clinical Study Group. FTY720 versus mycophenolate mofetil in de novo renal transplantation: six-month results of a double-blind study. Transplantation. 2007 Oct 15;84(7):885-92. PubMed PMID: 17984842.

207: Zhang Z, Fauser U, Schluesener HJ. Early attenuation of lesional interleukin-16 up-regulation by dexamethasone and FTY720 in experimental traumatic brain injury. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2008 Jun;34(3):330-9. Epub 2007 Nov 5. PubMed PMID: 17983426.

208: Dev KK, Mullershausen F, Mattes H, Kuhn RR, Bilbe G, Hoyer D, Mir A. Brain sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors: implication for FTY720 in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jan;117(1):77-93. Epub 2007 Sep 8. Review. PubMed PMID: 17961662.

209: Böhler T, Guillebaud J, Etienne L, Canivet C, Kamar N, Rostaing L, Thiers JC, Galvani S, Augé N, Salvayre R, Nègre-Salvayre A, Thomsen M. Effect of FTY720 on apoptosis of smooth muscle cells. Transplant Proc. 2007 Oct;39(8):2624-6. PubMed PMID: 17954194.

210: Czeloth N, Schippers A, Wagner N, Müller W, Küster B, Bernhardt G, Förster R. Sphingosine-1 phosphate signaling regulates positioning of dendritic cells within the spleen. J Immunol. 2007 Nov 1;179(9):5855-63. PubMed PMID: 17947659.

211: Moudgil A, Puliyanda D. Induction therapy in pediatric renal transplant recipients: an overview. Paediatr Drugs. 2007;9(5):323-41. Review. PubMed PMID: 17927304.

212: Bayés M, Rabasseda X, Prous JR. Gateways to clinical trials. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2007 Jul-Aug;29(6):427-37. PubMed PMID: 17922073.

213: Muraro PA, Bielekova B. Emerging therapies for multiple sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics. 2007 Oct;4(4):676-92. Review. PubMed PMID: 17920549.

214: Miron VE, Jung CG, Kim HJ, Kennedy TE, Soliven B, Antel JP. FTY720 modulates human oligodendrocyte progenitor process extension and survival. Ann Neurol. 2008 Jan;63(1):61-71. PubMed PMID: 17918267.

215: Li Z, Bittman R. Synthesis and spectral properties of cholesterol- and FTY720-containing boron dipyrromethene dyes. J Org Chem. 2007 Oct 26;72(22):8376-82. Epub 2007 Oct 3. PubMed PMID: 17914846; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2547128.

216: Vessey DA, Kelley M, Zhang J, Li L, Tao R, Karliner JS. Dimethylsphingosine and FTY720 inhibit the SK1 form but activate the SK2 form of sphingosine kinase from rat heart. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2007;21(5):273-9. PubMed PMID: 17912702.

217: Jung CG, Kim HJ, Miron VE, Cook S, Kennedy TE, Foster CA, Antel JP, Soliven B. Functional consequences of S1P receptor modulation in rat oligodendroglial lineage cells. Glia. 2007 Dec;55(16):1656-67. PubMed PMID: 17876806.

218: Kunisawa J, Kurashima Y, Higuchi M, Gohda M, Ishikawa I, Ogahara I, Kim N, Shimizu M, Kiyono H. Sphingosine 1-phosphate dependence in the regulation of lymphocyte trafficking to the gut epithelium. J Exp Med. 2007 Oct 1;204(10):2335-48. Epub 2007 Sep 17. PubMed PMID: 17875673; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2118459.

219: del Rio ML, Pabst O, Ramirez P, Penuelas-Rivas G, Förster R, Rodriguez-Barbosa JI. The thymus is required for the ability of FTY720 to prolong skin allograft survival across different histocompatibility MHC barriers. Transpl Int. 2007 Oct;20(10):895-903. PubMed PMID: 17854447.

220: Balatoni B, Storch MK, Swoboda EM, Schönborn V, Koziel A, Lambrou GN, Hiestand PC, Weissert R, Foster CA. FTY720 sustains and restores neuronal function in the DA rat model of MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Res Bull. 2007 Oct 19;74(5):307-16. Epub 2007 Jul 30. PubMed PMID: 17845905.

221: Brown BA, Kantesaria PP, McDevitt LM. Fingolimod: a novel immunosuppressant for multiple sclerosis. Ann Pharmacother. 2007 Oct;41(10):1660-8. Epub 2007 Sep 4. Review. PubMed PMID: 17785617.

222: Klingenberg R, Nofer JR, Rudling M, Bea F, Blessing E, Preusch M, Grone HJ, Katus HA, Hansson GK, Dengler TJ. Sphingosine-1-phosphate analogue FTY720 causes lymphocyte redistribution and hypercholesterolemia in ApoE-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007 Nov;27(11):2392-9. Epub 2007 Aug 30. PubMed PMID: 17761943.

223: Liu Q, Zhao X, Frissora F, Ma Y, Santhanam R, Jarjoura D, Lehman A, Perrotti D, Chen CS, Dalton JT, Muthusamy N, Byrd JC. FTY720 demonstrates promising preclinical activity for chronic lymphocytic leukemia and lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma. Blood. 2008 Jan 1;111(1):275-84. Epub 2007 Aug 29. PubMed PMID: 17761520; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2200813.

224: Coelho RP, Payne SG, Bittman R, Spiegel S, Sato-Bigbee C. The immunomodulator FTY720 has a direct cytoprotective effect in oligodendrocyte progenitors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007 Nov;323(2):626-35. Epub 2007 Aug 28. PubMed PMID: 17726159.

225: Neviani P, Santhanam R, Oaks JJ, Eiring AM, Notari M, Blaser BW, Liu S, Trotta R, Muthusamy N, Gambacorti-Passerini C, Druker BJ, Cortes J, Marcucci G, Chen CS, Verrills NM, Roy DC, Caligiuri MA, Bloomfield CD, Byrd JC, Perrotti D. FTY720, a new alternative for treating blast crisis chronic myelogenous leukemia and Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Invest. 2007 Sep;117(9):2408-21. PubMed PMID: 17717597; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1950458.

226: Wang F, Tan W, Guo D, He S. Reduction of CD4 positive T cells and improvement of pathological changes of collagen-induced arthritis by FTY720. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007 Nov 14;573(1-3):230-40. Epub 2007 Jul 24. PubMed PMID: 17716652.

227: Frink M, Kaudel CP, Hildebrand F, Pape HC, Klempnauer J, Winkler M, Krettek C, van Griensven M. FTY720 improves survival after transient ischemia and reperfusion of the hind limbs. J Trauma. 2007 Aug;63(2):263-7. PubMed PMID: 17693822.

228: Zhang Z, Schluesener HJ. FTY720: a most promising immunosuppressant modulating immune cell functions. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2007 Aug;7(8):845-50. Review. PubMed PMID: 17692046.

229: Foster CA, Howard LM, Schweitzer A, Persohn E, Hiestand PC, Balatoni B, Reuschel R, Beerli C, Schwartz M, Billich A. Brain penetration of the oral immunomodulatory drug FTY720 and its phosphorylation in the central nervous system during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: consequences for mode of action in multiple sclerosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007 Nov;323(2):469-75. Epub 2007 Aug 6. PubMed PMID: 17682127.

230: Klatt J, Hartung HP, Hohlfeld R. [FTY720 (Fingolimod) as a new therapeutic option for multiple sclerosis]. Nervenarzt. 2007 Oct;78(10):1200-8. Review. German. PubMed PMID: 17668161.

231: Delbridge MS, Shrestha BM, Raftery AT, El Nahas AM, Haylor JL. Reduction of ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat kidney by FTY720, a synthetic derivative of sphingosine. Transplantation. 2007 Jul 27;84(2):187-95. PubMed PMID: 17667810.

232: Kurashima Y, Kunisawa J, Higuchi M, Gohda M, Ishikawa I, Takayama N, Shimizu M, Kiyono H. Sphingosine 1-phosphate-mediated trafficking of pathogenic Th2 and mast cells for the control of food allergy. J Immunol. 2007 Aug 1;179(3):1577-85. PubMed PMID: 17641024.

233: Truong W, Emamaullee JA, Merani S, Anderson CC, James Shapiro AM. Human islet function is not impaired by the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator FTY720. Am J Transplant. 2007 Aug;7(8):2031-8. PubMed PMID: 17617868.

234: Taylor PA, Ehrhardt MJ, Lees CJ, Tolar J, Weigel BJ, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Serody JS, Brinkmann V, Blazar BR. Insights into the mechanism of FTY720 and compatibility with regulatory T cells for the inhibition of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Blood. 2007 Nov 1;110(9):3480-8. Epub 2007 Jul 2. PubMed PMID: 17606761; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2200903.

235: Brinkmann V. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors in health and disease: mechanistic insights from gene deletion studies and reverse pharmacology. Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Jul;115(1):84-105. Epub 2007 May 22. Review. PubMed PMID: 17561264.

236: Mechtcheriakova D, Wlachos A, Sobanov J, Bornancin F, Zlabinger G, Baumruker T, Billich A. FTY720-phosphate is dephosphorylated by lipid phosphate phosphatase 3. FEBS Lett. 2007 Jun 26;581(16):3063-8. Epub 2007 Jun 4. PubMed PMID: 17555747.

237: Anada Y, Igarashi Y, Kihara A. The immunomodulator FTY720 is phosphorylated and released from platelets. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007 Jul 30;568(1-3):106-11. Epub 2007 May 22. PubMed PMID: 17553484.

238: Westhoff TH, Schmidt S, Glander P, Liefeld L, Martini S, Offermann G, Neumayer HH, Zidek W, van der Giet M, Budde K. The impact of FTY720 (fingolimod) on vasodilatory function and arterial elasticity in renal transplant patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007 Aug;22(8):2354-8. Epub 2007 May 25. PubMed PMID: 17526535.

239: Kieseier BC, Wiendl H. Oral disease-modifying treatments for multiple sclerosis: the story so far. CNS Drugs. 2007;21(6):483-502. Review. PubMed PMID: 17521228.

240: Gonsette RE. Compared benefit of approved and experimental immunosuppressive therapeutic approaches in multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2007 Jun;8(8):1103-16. Review. PubMed PMID: 17516874.

241: Mori K, Itoi M, Tsukamoto N, Kubo H, Amagai T. The perivascular space as a path of hematopoietic progenitor cells and mature T cells between the blood circulation and the thymic parenchyma. Int Immunol. 2007 Jun;19(6):745-53. Epub 2007 May 9. PubMed PMID: 17493961.

242: Burton JM, O'Connor P. Novel oral agents for multiple sclerosis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2007 May;7(3):223-30. Review. PubMed PMID: 17488588.

243: Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Fauser U, Artelt M, Burnet M, Schluesener HJ. FTY720 attenuates accumulation of EMAP-II+ and MHC-II+ monocytes in early lesions of rat traumatic brain injury. J Cell Mol Med. 2007 Mar-Apr;11(2):307-14. PubMed PMID: 17488479.

244: Mullershausen F, Craveiro LM, Shin Y, Cortes-Cros M, Bassilana F, Osinde M, Wishart WL, Guerini D, Thallmair M, Schwab ME, Sivasankaran R, Seuwen K, Dev KK. Phosphorylated FTY720 promotes astrocyte migration through sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors. J Neurochem. 2007 Aug;102(4):1151-61. PubMed PMID: 17488279.

245: Liu L, Wang C, He X, Shang W, Bi Y, Wang D. Long-term effect of FTY720 on lymphocyte count and islet allograft survival in mice. Microsurgery. 2007;27(4):300-4. PubMed PMID: 17477424.

246: Dudek SM, Camp SM, Chiang ET, Singleton PA, Usatyuk PV, Zhao Y, Natarajan V, Garcia JG. Pulmonary endothelial cell barrier enhancement by FTY720 does not require the S1P1 receptor. Cell Signal. 2007 Aug;19(8):1754-64. Epub 2007 Apr 6. PubMed PMID: 17475445; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2682440.

247: Daniel C, Sartory NA, Zahn N, Schmidt R, Geisslinger G, Radeke HH, Stein JM. FTY720 ameliorates oxazolone colitis in mice by directly affecting T helper type 2 functions. Mol Immunol. 2007 Jul;44(13):3305-16. Epub 2007 May 1. PubMed PMID: 17475330.

248: Shen Y, Cai M, Xia W, Liu J, Zhang Q, Xie H, Wang C, Wang X, Zheng S. FTY720, a synthetic compound from Isaria sinclairii, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer Lett. 2007 Sep 8;254(2):288-97. Epub 2007 Apr 25. PubMed PMID: 17462818.

249: Watterson KR, Berg KM, Kapitonov D, Payne SG, Miner AS, Bittman R, Milstien S, Ratz PH, Spiegel S. Sphingosine-1-phosphate and the immunosuppressant, FTY720-phosphate, regulate detrusor muscle tone. FASEB J. 2007 Sep;21(11):2818-28. Epub 2007 Apr 20. PubMed PMID: 17449719.

250: Fischereder M. Chemokines and chemokine receptors in renal transplantation--from bench to bedside. Acta Physiol Hung. 2007 Mar;94(1-2):67-81. Review. PubMed PMID: 17444276.

251: Liao JJ, Huang MC, Goetzl EJ. Cutting edge: Alternative signaling of Th17 cell development by sphingosine 1-phosphate. J Immunol. 2007 May 1;178(9):5425-8. PubMed PMID: 17442922.

252: Bayes M. Gateways to clinical trials. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2007 Mar;29(2):153-73. PubMed PMID: 17440629.

253: Chun J. Immunology. The sources of a lipid conundrum. Science. 2007 Apr 13;316(5822):208-10. PubMed PMID: 17431159.

254: Don AS, Martinez-Lamenca C, Webb WR, Proia RL, Roberts E, Rosen H. Essential requirement for sphingosine kinase 2 in a sphingolipid apoptosis pathway activated by FTY720 analogues. J Biol Chem. 2007 May 25;282(21):15833-42. Epub 2007 Mar 30. PubMed PMID: 17400555.

255: Osinde M, Mullershausen F, Dev KK. Phosphorylated FTY720 stimulates ERK phosphorylation in astrocytes via S1P receptors. Neuropharmacology. 2007 Apr;52(5):1210-8. Epub 2007 Mar 26. PubMed PMID: 17379261.

256: Martini S, Peters H, Böhler T, Budde K. Current perspectives on FTY720. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2007 Apr;16(4):505-18. Review. PubMed PMID: 17371198.

257: Kaudel CP, Frink M, Schmiddem U, Probst C, Bergmann S, Krettek C, Klempnauer J, van Griensven M, Winkler M. FTY720 for treatment of ischemia-reperfusion injury following complete renal ischemia; impact on long-term survival and T-lymphocyte tissue infiltration. Transplant Proc. 2007 Mar;39(2):499-502. PubMed PMID: 17362767.

258: Kaudel CP, Frink M, van Griensven M, Schmiddem U, Probst C, Bergmann S, Krettek C, Klempnauer J, Winkler M. FTY720 application following isolated warm liver ischemia improves long-term survival and organ protection in a mouse model. Transplant Proc. 2007 Mar;39(2):493-8. PubMed PMID: 17362766.

259: Tölle M, Levkau B, Kleuser B, van der Giet M. Sphingosine-1-phosphate and FTY720 as anti-atherosclerotic lipid compounds. Eur J Clin Invest. 2007 Mar;37(3):171-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 17359484.

260: Martini S, Krämer S, Loof T, Wang-Rosenke Y, Daig U, Budde K, Neumayer HH, Peters H. S1P modulator FTY720 limits matrix expansion in acute anti-thy1 mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2007 Jun;292(6):F1761-70. Epub 2007 Mar 13. PubMed PMID: 17356129.

261: Oppenheimer F, Mulgaonkar S, Ferguson R, Grinyó J, Juarez F, Ostrowski M, Klinger M, Walker R, Torres A, Preiss R, Cremer M, Jardine A; FTY720 2216 Clinical Study Group. Impact of long-term therapy with FTY720 or mycophenolate mofetil on cardiac conduction and rhythm in stable adult renal transplant patients. Transplantation. 2007 Mar 15;83(5):645-8. PubMed PMID: 17353787.

262: Ubai T, Azuma H, Kotake Y, Inamoto T, Takahara K, Ito Y, Kiyama S, Sakamoto T, Horie S, Muto S, Takahara S, Otsuki Y, Katsuoka Y. FTY720 induced Bcl-associated and Fas-independent apoptosis in human renal cancer cells in vitro and significantly reduced in vivo tumor growth in mouse xenograft. Anticancer Res. 2007 Jan-Feb;27(1A):75-88. PubMed PMID: 17352219.

263: Bayés M, Rabasseda X, Prous JR. Gateways to clinical trials. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2007 Jan-Feb;29(1):53-71. PubMed PMID: 17344945.

264: Xiong HB, Huang ZF, Ye QF, Xia SS. [Effect of mono and combination therapy with FTY720 and ICAM-1 mAb for mouse-to-rat cardiac xenotransplantation]. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2007 Feb;32(1):41-6. Chinese. PubMed PMID: 17344585.

265: Maeda Y, Matsuyuki H, Shimano K, Kataoka H, Sugahara K, Chiba K. Migration of CD4 T cells and dendritic cells toward sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is mediated by different receptor subtypes: S1P regulates the functions of murine mature dendritic cells via S1P receptor type 3. J Immunol. 2007 Mar 15;178(6):3437-46. PubMed PMID: 17339438.

266: Xin C, Ren S, Eberhardt W, Pfeilschifter J, Huwiler A. FTY720 suppresses interleukin-1beta-induced secretory phospholipase A2 expression in renal mesangial cells by a transcriptional mechanism. Br J Pharmacol. 2007 Apr;150(7):943-50. Epub 2007 Feb 26. PubMed PMID: 17325654; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2013874.

267: Kovarik JM, Slade A, Voss B, Schmidli H, Riviere GJ, Picard F, Sugita Y, Kawai R, Mee-Lee D, Schmouder RL. Ethnic sensitivity study of fingolimod in white and Asian subjects. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Feb;45(2):98-109. PubMed PMID: 17323789.

268: Nagahara Y, Tanaka M, Shinomiya T. Mechanism of mitochondrial 7A6 antigen exposure triggered by distinct apoptotic pathways: involvement of caspases. Cytometry A. 2007 Apr;71(4):232-41. PubMed PMID: 17323348.

269: Baumruker T, Billich A, Brinkmann V. FTY720, an immunomodulatory sphingolipid mimetic: translation of a novel mechanism into clinical benefit in multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2007 Mar;16(3):283-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 17302523.

270: Alperovich G, Rama I, Lloberas N, Franquesa M, Poveda R, Gomà M, Herrero-Fresneda I, Cruzado JM, Bolaños N, Carrera M, Grinyó JM, Torras J. New immunosuppresor strategies in the treatment of murine lupus nephritis. Lupus. 2007;16(1):18-24. PubMed PMID: 17283580.

271: Daniel C, Sartory N, Zahn N, Geisslinger G, Radeke HH, Stein JM. FTY720 ameliorates Th1-mediated colitis in mice by directly affecting the functional activity of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. J Immunol. 2007 Feb 15;178(4):2458-68. PubMed PMID: 17277153.

272: Rosen H, Sanna MG, Cahalan SM, Gonzalez-Cabrera PJ. Tipping the gatekeeper: S1P regulation of endothelial barrier function. Trends Immunol. 2007 Mar;28(3):102-7. Epub 2007 Feb 5. Review. PubMed PMID: 17276731.

273: Doggrell SA. Is fingolimod an advancement in the treatment of multiple sclerosis? KAPPOS L, ANTEL J, COMI G. et al.: Oral fingolimod (FTY720) for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. (2006) 355:1124-1140. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2007 Feb;8(3):383-6. PubMed PMID: 17266472.

274: Nofer JR, Bot M, Brodde M, Taylor PJ, Salm P, Brinkmann V, van Berkel T, Assmann G, Biessen EA. FTY720, a synthetic sphingosine 1 phosphate analogue, inhibits development of atherosclerosis in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice. Circulation. 2007 Jan 30;115(4):501-8. Epub 2007 Jan 22. PubMed PMID: 17242282.

275: Oo ML, Thangada S, Wu MT, Liu CH, Macdonald TL, Lynch KR, Lin CY, Hla T. Immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor-1 agonists induce ubiquitinylation and proteasomal degradation of the receptor. J Biol Chem. 2007 Mar 23;282(12):9082-9. Epub 2007 Jan 21. PubMed PMID: 17237497.

276: Bayes M, Rabasseda X, Prous JR. Gateways to clinical trials. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2006 Dec;28(10):719-40. PubMed PMID: 17235418.

277: Kunisawa J, Kurashima Y, Gohda M, Higuchi M, Ishikawa I, Miura F, Ogahara I, Kiyono H. Sphingosine 1-phosphate regulates peritoneal B-cell trafficking for subsequent intestinal IgA production. Blood. 2007 May 1;109(9):3749-56. Epub 2007 Jan 18. PubMed PMID: 17234743.

278: Kovarik JM, Hartmann S, Bartlett M, Riviere GJ, Neddermann D, Wang Y, Port A, Schmouder RL. Oral-intravenous crossover study of fingolimod pharmacokinetics, lymphocyte responses and cardiac effects. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2007 Mar;28(2):97-104. PubMed PMID: 17230596.

279: Gallo AP, Silva LB, Franco M, Burdmann EA, Bueno V. Tacrolimus in combination with FTY720--an analysis of renal and blood parameters. Int Immunopharmacol. 2006 Dec 20;6(13-14):1919-24. PubMed PMID: 17219691.

280: Gonzalez-Cabrera PJ, Hla T, Rosen H. Mapping pathways downstream of sphingosine 1-phosphate subtype 1 by differential chemical perturbation and proteomics. J Biol Chem. 2007 Mar 9;282(10):7254-64. Epub 2007 Jan 10. PubMed PMID: 17218309.

281: Downes S, Chen YJ, Kyles A, Gregory C. Oral pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of FTY720 in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Feb;30(1):55-61. PubMed PMID: 17217402.

282: Schmid G, Guba M, Ischenko I, Papyan A, Joka M, Schrepfer S, Bruns CJ, Jauch KW, Heeschen C, Graeb C. The immunosuppressant FTY720 inhibits tumor angiogenesis via the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1. J Cell Biochem. 2007 May 1;101(1):259-70. PubMed PMID: 17203465.

283: Ng KT, Man K, Ho JW, Sun CK, Lee TK, Zhao Y, Lo CM, Poon RT, Fan ST. Marked suppression of tumor growth by FTY720 in a rat liver tumor model: the significance of down-regulation of cell survival Akt pathway. Int J Oncol. 2007 Feb;30(2):375-80. PubMed PMID: 17203219.

284: Keller CD, Rivera Gil P, Tölle M, van der Giet M, Chun J, Radeke HH, Schäfer-Korting M, Kleuser B. Immunomodulator FTY720 induces myofibroblast differentiation via the lysophospholipid receptor S1P3 and Smad3 signaling. Am J Pathol. 2007 Jan;170(1):281-92. PubMed PMID: 17200201; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1762708.

285: Tedesco-Silva H, Pescovitz MD, Cibrik D, Rees MA, Mulgaonkar S, Kahan BD, Gugliuzza KK, Rajagopalan PR, Esmeraldo Rde M, Lord H, Salvadori M, Slade JM; FTY720 Study Group. Randomized controlled trial of FTY720 versus MMF in de novo renal transplantation. Transplantation. 2006 Dec 27;82(12):1689-97. PubMed PMID: 17198261.

286: Kovarik JM, Tedesco-Silva H, Lorber MI, Foster C. Exposure-efficacy relationships of a fingolimod-everolimus regimen in kidney transplant patients at risk for delayed graft function. Transplant Proc. 2006 Dec;38(10):3479-82. PubMed PMID: 17175310.

287: Song J, Ito T, Matsuda C, Tanemura M, Nishida T, Nozawa M, Sawa Y. Regulation of donor T cells in the tolerant rats to graft-versus-host disease by FTY720 following small bowel transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2006 Dec;38(10):3181-3. PubMed PMID: 17175216.

288: Huwiler A, Pfeilschifter J. Altering the sphingosine-1-phosphate/ceramide balance: a promising approach for tumor therapy. Curr Pharm Des. 2006;12(35):4625-35. PubMed PMID: 17168766.

289: Miller D. Multiple sclerosis: new insights and therapeutic progress. Lancet Neurol. 2007 Jan;6(1):5-6. PubMed PMID: 17166789.

290: Böhler T, Schütz M, Budde K, Neumayer HH, Waiser J. Differential effects of single dose FTY720 on CD62L+ B-cells in stable renal allograft recipients. Int Immunopharmacol. 2007 Jan;7(1):88-95. Epub 2006 Sep 26. PubMed PMID: 17161821.

291: Silva FR, Silva LB, Cury PM, Burdmann EA, Bueno V. FTY720 in combination with cyclosporine--an analysis of skin allograft survival and renal function. Int Immunopharmacol. 2006 Dec 20;6(13-14):1911-8. Epub 2006 Aug 14. PubMed PMID: 17161344.

292: Hofmann M, Brinkmann V, Zerwes HG. FTY720 preferentially depletes naive T cells from peripheral and lymphoid organs. Int Immunopharmacol. 2006 Dec 20;6(13-14):1902-10. Epub 2006 Aug 30. PubMed PMID: 17161343.

293: Walter DH, Rochwalsky U, Reinhold J, Seeger F, Aicher A, Urbich C, Spyridopoulos I, Chun J, Brinkmann V, Keul P, Levkau B, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S, Haendeler J. Sphingosine-1-phosphate stimulates the functional capacity of progenitor cells by activation of the CXCR4-dependent signaling pathway via the S1P3 receptor. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007 Feb;27(2):275-82. Epub 2006 Dec 7. PubMed PMID: 17158356.

294: Keul P, Tölle M, Lucke S, von Wnuck Lipinski K, Heusch G, Schuchardt M, van der Giet M, Levkau B. The sphingosine-1-phosphate analogue FTY720 reduces atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007 Mar;27(3):607-13. Epub 2006 Dec 7. PubMed PMID: 17158351.

295: Hashimoto D, Asakura S, Matsuoka K, Sakoda Y, Koyama M, Aoyama K, Tanimoto M, Teshima T. FTY720 enhances the activation-induced apoptosis of donor T cells and modulates graft-versus-host disease. Eur J Immunol. 2007 Jan;37(1):271-81. PubMed PMID: 17154260.

296: Weissert R. The curtain is drawn for both natalizumab and fingolimod (FTY720): a new era of multiple sclerosis therapy has arrived. Expert Rev Neurother. 2006 Nov;6(11):1587-90. PubMed PMID: 17144774.

297: Sugito K, Koshinaga T, Inoue M, Ikeda T, Hagiwara N, Kusafuka T, Fukuzawa M. Effect of FTY720 in rat small bowel transplantation: apoptosis of crypt cells and lymphocytes in gut-associated lymphoid tissues. Transplant Proc. 2006 Nov;38(9):3058-60. PubMed PMID: 17112899.

298: Yopp AC, Ledgerwood LG, Ochando JC, Bromberg JS. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulators: a new class of immunosuppressants. Clin Transplant. 2006 Nov-Dec;20(6):788-95. Review. PubMed PMID: 17100731.

299: Budde K, Schütz M, Glander P, Peters H, Waiser J, Liefeldt L, Neumayer HH, Böhler T. FTY720 (fingolimod) in renal transplantation. Clin Transplant. 2006;20 Suppl 17:17-24. Review. PubMed PMID: 17100697.

300: Idzko M, Hammad H, van Nimwegen M, Kool M, Müller T, Soullié T, Willart MA, Hijdra D, Hoogsteden HC, Lambrecht BN. Local application of FTY720 to the lung abrogates experimental asthma by altering dendritic cell function. J Clin Invest. 2006 Nov;116(11):2935-44. PubMed PMID: 17080194; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1626118.

301: Hanessian S, Charron G, Billich A, Guerini D. Constrained azacyclic analogues of the immunomodulatory agent FTY720 as molecular probes for sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2007 Jan 15;17(2):491-4. Epub 2006 Oct 10. PubMed PMID: 17070046.

302: Salvadori M, Budde K, Charpentier B, Klempnauer J, Nashan B, Pallardo LM, Eris J, Schena FP, Eisenberger U, Rostaing L, Hmissi A, Aradhye S; FTY720 0124 Study Group. FTY720 versus MMF with cyclosporine in de novo renal transplantation: a 1-year, randomized controlled trial in Europe and Australasia. Am J Transplant. 2006 Dec;6(12):2912-21. PubMed PMID: 17061999.

303: Andréani P, Gräler MH. Comparative quantification of sphingolipids and analogs in biological samples by high-performance liquid chromatography after chloroform extraction. Anal Biochem. 2006 Nov 15;358(2):239-46. Epub 2006 Sep 22. PubMed PMID: 17027903.

304: Payne SG, Oskeritzian CA, Griffiths R, Subramanian P, Barbour SE, Chalfant CE, Milstien S, Spiegel S. The immunosuppressant drug FTY720 inhibits cytosolic phospholipase A2 independently of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors. Blood. 2007 Feb 1;109(3):1077-85. Epub 2006 Sep 28. PubMed PMID: 17008548; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1785128.

305: Kihara A. [Multifunctional sphingolipid, sphingosine (long-chain base) 1-phosphate: physiological role, metabolism, and intracellular dynamics]. Seikagaku. 2006 Aug;78(8):725-37. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 16986722.

306: Tedesco Silva H Jr, Pinheiro Machado P, Rosso Felipe C, Medina Pestana JO. Immunotherapy for De Novo renal transplantation: what's in the pipeline? Drugs. 2006;66(13):1665-84. Review. PubMed PMID: 16978033.

307: Kappos L, Antel J, Comi G, Montalban X, O'Connor P, Polman CH, Haas T, Korn AA, Karlsson G, Radue EW; FTY720 D2201 Study Group. Oral fingolimod (FTY720) for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2006 Sep 14;355(11):1124-40. PubMed PMID: 16971719.

308: Massberg S, von Andrian UH. Fingolimod and sphingosine-1-phosphate--modifiers of lymphocyte migration. N Engl J Med. 2006 Sep 14;355(11):1088-91. PubMed PMID: 16971715.

309: Deguchi Y, Andoh A, Yagi Y, Bamba S, Inatomi O, Tsujikawa T, Fujiyama Y. The S1P receptor modulator FTY720 prevents the development of experimental colitis in mice. Oncol Rep. 2006 Oct;16(4):699-703. PubMed PMID: 16969482.

310: Song J, Ito T, Matsuda C, Miao G, Tanemura M, Nishida T, Nozawa M, Matsuda H, Sawa Y. Inhibition of donor-derived T cells trafficking into target organs by FTY720 during acute graft-versus-host disease in small bowel transplantation. Clin Exp Immunol. 2006 Oct;146(1):85-92. PubMed PMID: 16968402; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1809734.

311: Bayes M, Rabasseda X, Prous JR. Gateways to clinical trials. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2006 Jul-Aug;28(6):379-412. PubMed PMID: 16894408.

312: Schmouder R, Serra D, Wang Y, Kovarik JM, DiMarco J, Hunt TL, Bastien MC. FTY720: placebo-controlled study of the effect on cardiac rate and rhythm in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol. 2006 Aug;46(8):895-904. PubMed PMID: 16855074.

313: von Wenckstern H, Zimmermann K, Kleuser B. The role of the lysophospholipid sphingosine 1-phosphate in immune cell biology. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2006 Jul-Aug;54(4):239-51. Epub 2006 Jul 10. Review. PubMed PMID: 16830220.

314: Salm P, Warnholtz CR, Lynch SV, Taylor PJ. Measurement and stability of FTY720 in human whole blood by high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2006 Nov 7;843(2):157-63. Epub 2006 Jun 16. PubMed PMID: 16781899.

315: Mulgaonkar S, Tedesco H, Oppenheimer F, Walker R, Kunzendorf U, Russ G, Knoflach A, Patel Y, Ferguson R; FTYA121 study group. FTY720/cyclosporine regimens in de novo renal transplantation: a 1-year dose-finding study. Am J Transplant. 2006 Aug;6(8):1848-57. Epub 2006 Jun 12. Erratum in: Am J Transplant. 2006 Dec;6(12):3044. PubMed PMID: 16771816.

316: El Alwani M, Wu BX, Obeid LM, Hannun YA. Bioactive sphingolipids in the modulation of the inflammatory response. Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Oct;112(1):171-83. Epub 2006 Jun 8. Review. PubMed PMID: 16759708.

317: Meno-Tetang GM, Li H, Mis S, Pyszczynski N, Heining P, Lowe P, Jusko WJ. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of FTY720 (2-amino-2[2-(-4-octylphenyl)ethyl]propane-1,3-diol hydrochloride) in rats after oral and intravenous doses. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 Sep;34(9):1480-7. Epub 2006 Jun 2. PubMed PMID: 16751263.

318: Cose S, Brammer C, Khanna KM, Masopust D, Lefrançois L. Evidence that a significant number of naive T cells enter non-lymphoid organs as part of a normal migratory pathway. Eur J Immunol. 2006 Jun;36(6):1423-33. PubMed PMID: 16708400.

319: Kaneko T, Murakami T, Kawana H, Takahashi M, Yasue T, Kobayashi E. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonists suppress concanavalin A-induced hepatic injury in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Jun 23;345(1):85-92. Epub 2006 Apr 25. PubMed PMID: 16674913.

320: Kaudel CP, Schmiddem U, Frink M, Bergmann S, Pape HC, Krettek C, Klempnauer J, Winkler M. FTY720 for treatment of ischemia-reperfusion injury following complete renal ischemia in C57/BL6 mice. Transplant Proc. 2006 Apr;38(3):679-81. PubMed PMID: 16647442.

321: Vaessen LM, van Besouw NM, Mol WM, Ijzermans JN, Weimar W. FTY720 treatment of kidney transplant patients: a differential effect on B cells, naïve T cells, memory T cells and NK cells. Transpl Immunol. 2006 Apr;15(4):281-8. Epub 2006 Mar 24. PubMed PMID: 16635750.

322: Isoyama N, Takai K, Tsuchida M, Matsumura M, Naito K. Evidence that FTY720 induces rat thymocyte apoptosis. Transpl Immunol. 2006 Apr;15(4):265-71. Epub 2006 Mar 27. PubMed PMID: 16635748.

323: Chen YJ, Kyles AE, Gregory CR. In vitro evaluation of the effect of a novel immunosuppressive agent, FTY720, on the function of feline neutrophils. Am J Vet Res. 2006 Apr;67(4):588-92. PubMed PMID: 16579750.

324: Fujii R, Kanai T, Nemoto Y, Makita S, Oshima S, Okamoto R, Tsuchiya K, Totsuka T, Watanabe M. FTY720 suppresses CD4+CD44highCD62L- effector memory T cell-mediated colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2006 Aug;291(2):G267-74. Epub 2006 Mar 30. PubMed PMID: 16574986.

325: Paugh SW, Cassidy MP, He H, Milstien S, Sim-Selley LJ, Spiegel S, Selley DE. Sphingosine and its analog, the immunosuppressant 2-amino-2-(2-[4-octylphenyl]ethyl)-1,3-propanediol, interact with the CB1 cannabinoid receptor. Mol Pharmacol. 2006 Jul;70(1):41-50. Epub 2006 Mar 29. PubMed PMID: 16571654.

326: Brinkmann V, Baumruker T. Pulmonary and vascular pharmacology of sphingosine 1-phosphate. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2006 Jun;6(3):244-50. Epub 2006 Mar 23. Review. PubMed PMID: 16563863.

327: Chiba K, Matsuyuki H, Maeda Y, Sugahara K. Role of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor type 1 in lymphocyte egress from secondary lymphoid tissues and thymus. Cell Mol Immunol. 2006 Feb;3(1):11-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 16549044.

328: Nishikido M, Kanekake H, Harada T. [Molecular action mechanisms of the therapeutic agents for kidney diseases: Immunosuppressants]. Nippon Rinsho. 2006 Feb;64 Suppl 2:634-8. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 16523968.

329: Matsumoto N, Kohno T, Uchida S, Shimizu T, Kusumoto H, Hirose R, Yanada K, Kurio W, Yamaguchi S, Watabe K, Fujita T. Preparation of antibodies against a novel immunosuppressant, FTY720, and development of an enzyme immunoassay for FTY720. Bioorg Med Chem. 2006 Jun 15;14(12):4182-92. Epub 2006 Feb 28. PubMed PMID: 16504516.

330: Sun C, Bittman R. A photoreactive analogue of the immunosuppressant FTY720. J Org Chem. 2006 Mar 3;71(5):2200-2. PubMed PMID: 16497020.

331: Zhou C, Ling MT, Kin-Wah Lee T, Man K, Wang X, Wong YC. FTY720, a fungus metabolite, inhibits invasion ability of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells through inactivation of RhoA-GTPase. Cancer Lett. 2006 Feb 20;233(1):36-47. PubMed PMID: 16473668.

332: Man K, Zhao Y, Xu A, Lo CM, Lam KS, Ng KT, Ho JW, Sun CK, Lee TK, Li XL, Fan ST. Fat-derived hormone adiponectin combined with FTY720 significantly improves small-for-size fatty liver graft survival. Am J Transplant. 2006 Mar;6(3):467-76. PubMed PMID: 16468955.

333: Kovarik JM, Schmouder RL, Hartmann S, Riviere GJ, Picard F, Voss B, Weiss M, Wagner F, Schmidt HH. Fingolimod (FTY720) in severe hepatic impairment: pharmacokinetics and relationship to markers of liver function. J Clin Pharmacol. 2006 Feb;46(2):149-56. PubMed PMID: 16432266.

334: Kataoka H, Sugahara K, Shimano K, Teshima K, Koyama M, Fukunari A, Chiba K. FTY720, sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator, ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inhibition of T cell infiltration. Cell Mol Immunol. 2005 Dec;2(6):439-48. PubMed PMID: 16426494.

335: Pabst O, Herbrand H, Willenzon S, Worbs T, Schippers A, Müller W, Bernhardt G, Förster R. Enhanced FTY720-mediated lymphocyte homing requires G alpha i signaling and depends on beta 2 and beta 7 integrin. J Immunol. 2006 Feb 1;176(3):1474-80. PubMed PMID: 16424175.

336: Awad AS, Ye H, Huang L, Li L, Foss FW Jr, Macdonald TL, Lynch KR, Okusa MD. Selective sphingosine 1-phosphate 1 receptor activation reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury in mouse kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2006 Jun;290(6):F1516-24. Epub 2006 Jan 10. PubMed PMID: 16403835.

337: LaMontagne K, Littlewood-Evans A, Schnell C, O'Reilly T, Wyder L, Sanchez T, Probst B, Butler J, Wood A, Liau G, Billy E, Theuer A, Hla T, Wood J. Antagonism of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors by FTY720 inhibits angiogenesis and tumor vascularization. Cancer Res. 2006 Jan 1;66(1):221-31. PubMed PMID: 16397235.

338: Zhang Q, Chen Y, Fairchild RL, Heeger PS, Valujskikh A. Lymphoid sequestration of alloreactive memory CD4 T cells promotes cardiac allograft survival. J Immunol. 2006 Jan 15;176(2):770-7. PubMed PMID: 16393960.

339: Sugito K, Koshinaga T, Inoue M, Ikeda T, Hagiwara N, Fukuzawa M. Effect of FTY720 in rat small bowel transplantation: expression of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1. Transplant Proc. 2005 Dec;37(10):4472-4. PubMed PMID: 16387148.

340: Troncoso P, Ortiz AM, Domínguez J, Kahan BD. Use of FTY 720 and ICAM-1 antisense oligonucleotides for attenuating chronic renal damage secondary to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Transplant Proc. 2005 Dec;37(10):4284-8. PubMed PMID: 16387098.

341: Peñuelas-Rivas G, Domínguez-Perles R, Brinkmann V, Del Rio ML, Muñoz-Luna A, Ramírez-Romero P, Parrilla-Paricio P, Rodríguez-Barbosa JI. FTY720 inhibits TH1-mediated allogeneic humoral immune response. Transplant Proc. 2005 Nov;37(9):4124-6. PubMed PMID: 16386642.

342: Senior K. Multiple sclerosis poses tough drug development challenges. Drug Discov Today. 2005 Dec;10(23-24):1583-4. PubMed PMID: 16376813.

343: Habicht A, Clarkson MR, Yang J, Henderson J, Brinkmann V, Fernandes S, Jurewicz M, Yuan X, Sayegh MH. Novel insights into the mechanism of action of FTY720 in a transgenic model of allograft rejection: implications for therapy of chronic rejection. J Immunol. 2006 Jan 1;176(1):36-42. PubMed PMID: 16365393.

344: Sawicka E, Dubois G, Jarai G, Edwards M, Thomas M, Nicholls A, Albert R, Newson C, Brinkmann V, Walker C. The sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonist FTY720 differentially affects the sequestration of CD4+/CD25+ T-regulatory cells and enhances their functional activity. J Immunol. 2005 Dec 15;175(12):7973-80. PubMed PMID: 16339533.

345: Lee TK, Man K, Ho JW, Wang XH, Poon RT, Xu Y, Ng KT, Chu AC, Sun CK, Ng IO, Sun HC, Tang ZY, Xu R, Fan ST. FTY720: a promising agent for treatment of metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2005 Dec 1;11(23):8458-66. PubMed PMID: 16322309.

346: Kim JY, Lim SW, Li C, Kim JS, Ahn KO, Yang HJ, Choi BS, Kim YS, Kim J, Bang BK, Yang CW. Effect of FTY720 on chronic cyclosporine nephropathy in rats. Transplantation. 2005 Nov 15;80(9):1323-30. PubMed PMID: 16314802.

347: Singer II, Tian M, Wickham LA, Lin J, Matheravidathu SS, Forrest MJ, Mandala S, Quackenbush EJ. Sphingosine-1-phosphate agonists increase macrophage homing, lymphocyte contacts, and endothelial junctional complex formation in murine lymph nodes. J Immunol. 2005 Dec 1;175(11):7151-61. PubMed PMID: 16301618.

348: Xin C, Ren S, Eberhardt W, Pfeilschifter J, Huwiler A. The immunomodulator FTY720 and its phosphorylated derivative activate the Smad signalling cascade and upregulate connective tissue growth factor and collagen type IV expression in renal mesangial cells. Br J Pharmacol. 2006 Jan;147(2):164-74. PubMed PMID: 16299553; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1615856.

349: Morris MA, Gibb DR, Picard F, Brinkmann V, Straume M, Ley K. Transient T cell accumulation in lymph nodes and sustained lymphopenia in mice treated with FTY720. Eur J Immunol. 2005 Dec;35(12):3570-80. PubMed PMID: 16285007.

350: [Multiple sclerosis. A new oral immunomodulator]. Med Monatsschr Pharm. 2005 Oct;28(10):372. German. PubMed PMID: 16245463.

351: Skerjanec A, Tedesco H, Neumayer HH, Cole E, Budde K, Hsu CH, Schmouder R. FTY720, a novel immunomodulator in de novo kidney transplant patients: pharmacokinetics and exposure-response relationship. J Clin Pharmacol. 2005 Nov;45(11):1268-78. PubMed PMID: 16239360.

352: Ettmayer P, Baumruker T, Guerini D, Mechtcheriakova D, Nussbaumer P, Streiff MB, Billich A. NBD-labeled derivatives of the immunomodulatory drug FTY720 as tools for metabolism and mode of action studies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2006 Jan 1;16(1):84-7. Epub 2005 Oct 19. PubMed PMID: 16236505.

353: Zemann B, Kinzel B, Müller M, Reuschel R, Mechtcheriakova D, Urtz N, Bornancin F, Baumruker T, Billich A. Sphingosine kinase type 2 is essential for lymphopenia induced by the immunomodulatory drug FTY720. Blood. 2006 Feb 15;107(4):1454-8. Epub 2005 Oct 13. PubMed PMID: 16223773.

354: Lan YY, De Creus A, Colvin BL, Abe M, Brinkmann V, Coates PT, Thomson AW. The sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist FTY720 modulates dendritic cell trafficking in vivo. Am J Transplant. 2005 Nov;5(11):2649-59. PubMed PMID: 16212624.

355: Ho JW, Man K, Sun CK, Lee TK, Poon RT, Fan ST. Effects of a novel immunomodulating agent, FTY720, on tumor growth and angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther. 2005 Sep;4(9):1430-8. PubMed PMID: 16170036.

356: Hla T. Immunology. Dietary factors and immunological consequences. Science. 2005 Sep 9;309(5741):1682-3. PubMed PMID: 16150998.

357: Huang WR, Wang LS, DA WM. [Effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate on functions of T cell - review]. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 2005 Aug;13(4):718-22. Chinese. PubMed PMID: 16129068.

358: Bandhuvula P, Tam YY, Oskouian B, Saba JD. The immune modulator FTY720 inhibits sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase activity. J Biol Chem. 2005 Oct 7;280(40):33697-700. Epub 2005 Aug 23. PubMed PMID: 16118221.

359: Czeloth N, Bernhardt G, Hofmann F, Genth H, Förster R. Sphingosine-1-phosphate mediates migration of mature dendritic cells. J Immunol. 2005 Sep 1;175(5):2960-7. PubMed PMID: 16116182.

360: Yopp AC, Ochando JC, Mao M, Ledgerwood L, Ding Y, Bromberg JS. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors regulate chemokine-driven transendothelial migration of lymph node but not splenic T cells. J Immunol. 2005 Sep 1;175(5):2913-24. PubMed PMID: 16116177.

361: Yasui H, Hideshima T, Raje N, Roccaro AM, Shiraishi N, Kumar S, Hamasaki M, Ishitsuka K, Tai YT, Podar K, Catley L, Mitsiades CS, Richardson PG, Albert R, Brinkmann V, Chauhan D, Anderson KC. FTY720 induces apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells and overcomes drug resistance. Cancer Res. 2005 Aug 15;65(16):7478-84. PubMed PMID: 16103102.

362: Kharel Y, Lee S, Snyder AH, Sheasley-O'neill SL, Morris MA, Setiady Y, Zhu R, Zigler MA, Burcin TL, Ley K, Tung KS, Engelhard VH, Macdonald TL, Pearson-White S, Lynch KR. Sphingosine kinase 2 is required for modulation of lymphocyte traffic by FTY720. J Biol Chem. 2005 Nov 4;280(44):36865-72. Epub 2005 Aug 10. PubMed PMID: 16093248.

363: Albert R, Hinterding K, Brinkmann V, Guerini D, Müller-Hartwieg C, Knecht H, Simeon C, Streiff M, Wagner T, Welzenbach K, Zécri F, Zollinger M, Cooke N, Francotte E. Novel immunomodulator FTY720 is phosphorylated in rats and humans to form a single stereoisomer. Identification, chemical proof, and biological characterization of the biologically active species and its enantiomer. J Med Chem. 2005 Aug 11;48(16):5373-7. PubMed PMID: 16078855.

364: Sugito K, Koshinaga T, Inoue M, Ikeda T, Hagiwara N, Fukuzawa M. The effect of a novel immunosuppressant, FTY720, in mice without secondary lymphoid organs. Surg Today. 2005;35(8):662-7. PubMed PMID: 16034547.

365: Chua CW, Lee DT, Ling MT, Zhou C, Man K, Ho J, Chan FL, Wang X, Wong YC. FTY720, a fungus metabolite, inhibits in vivo growth of androgen-independent prostate cancer. Int J Cancer. 2005 Dec 20;117(6):1039-48. PubMed PMID: 15986440.

366: Clemens JJ, Davis MD, Lynch KR, Macdonald TL. Synthesis of 4(5)-phenylimidazole-based analogues of sphingosine-1-phosphate and FTY720: discovery of potent S1P1 receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2005 Aug 1;15(15):3568-72. PubMed PMID: 15982878.

367: Yan S, Rodriguez-Barbosa JI, Pabst O, Beckmann JH, Brinkmann V, Förster R, Hoffmann MW. Protection of mouse small bowel allografts by FTY720 and costimulation blockade. Transplantation. 2005 Jun 27;79(12):1703-10. PubMed PMID: 15973172.

368: Schuurman HJ, Smith HT, Cozzi E. Tolerability of cyclosphosphamide and methotrexate induction immunosuppression in nonhuman primates. Toxicology. 2005 Sep 15;213(1-2):1-12. PubMed PMID: 15970369.

369: Chiba K. FTY720, a new class of immunomodulator, inhibits lymphocyte egress from secondary lymphoid tissues and thymus by agonistic activity at sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors. Pharmacol Ther. 2005 Dec;108(3):308-19. Epub 2005 Jun 13. Review. PubMed PMID: 15951022.

370: Tedesco-Silva H, Mourad G, Kahan BD, Boira JG, Weimar W, Mulgaonkar S, Nashan B, Madsen S, Charpentier B, Pellet P, Vanrenterghem Y. FTY720, a novel immunomodulator: efficacy and safety results from the first phase 2A study in de novo renal transplantation. Transplantation. 2005 Jun 15;79(11):1553-60. PubMed PMID: 15940045.

371: Cai JQ, Tan JM, Dong WP, Wang YF, Wang JB. [Study of the effects of immunosuppressive agents on human islet cells in vitro]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2005 Mar 16;85(10):654-6. Chinese. PubMed PMID: 15932724.

372: Park SI, Felipe CR, Machado PG, Garcia R, Skerjanec A, Schmouder R, Tedesco-Silva Jr H, Medina-Pestana JO. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships of FTY720 in kidney transplant recipients. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2005 May;38(5):683-94. Epub 2005 May 25. PubMed PMID: 15917949.

373: Bendszus M, Stoll G. Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in experimental autoimmune encephalitis. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2005 Jun;21(6):850; author reply 850-1. PubMed PMID: 15906328.

374: Vora KA, Nichols E, Porter G, Cui Y, Keohane CA, Hajdu R, Hale J, Neway W, Zaller D, Mandala S. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonist FTY720-phosphate causes marginal zone B cell displacement. J Leukoc Biol. 2005 Aug;78(2):471-80. Epub 2005 May 13. PubMed PMID: 15894589.

375: Maki T, Gottschalk R, Ogawa N, Monaco AP. Prevention and cure of autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice by continuous administration of FTY720. Transplantation. 2005 May 15;79(9):1051-5. PubMed PMID: 15880042.

376: Halin C, Scimone ML, Bonasio R, Gauguet JM, Mempel TR, Quackenbush E, Proia RL, Mandala S, von Andrian UH. The S1P-analog FTY720 differentially modulates T-cell homing via HEV: T-cell-expressed S1P1 amplifies integrin activation in peripheral lymph nodes but not in Peyer patches. Blood. 2005 Aug 15;106(4):1314-22. Epub 2005 May 3. PubMed PMID: 15870184; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1895188.

377: Bayés M, Rabasseda X, Prous JR. Gateways to clinical trials. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2005 Apr;27(3):193-219. PubMed PMID: 15834452.

378: Ueda H, Takahara S, Itoh S, Nomi H, Shibahara N, Katsuoka Y. Preoperative administration of FTY720 prolonged renal allograft survival. Transpl Immunol. 2005 Mar;14(1):1-8. PubMed PMID: 15814275.

379: Suleiman M, Cury PM, Pestana JO, Burdmann EA, Bueno V. FTY720 prevents renal T-cell infiltration after ischemia/reperfusion injury. Transplant Proc. 2005 Jan-Feb;37(1):373-4. PubMed PMID: 15808648.

380: Yan S, Rodriguez-Barbosa JI, Pabst O, Beckmann JH, Brinkmann V, Förster R, Hoffmann MW. Control of intestinal allograft rejection by FTY720 and costimulation blockade. Transplant Proc. 2005 Jan-Feb;37(1):114-5. PubMed PMID: 15808565.

381: Galvão VR, Ginoza M, Franco M, Burdmann EA, Bueno V. Prolonged administration of FTY720 does not cause renal toxicity in mice. Transplant Proc. 2005 Jan-Feb;37(1):112-3. PubMed PMID: 15808564.

382: Schmid G, Guba M, Papyan A, Ischenko I, Brückel M, Bruns CJ, Jauch KW, Graeb C. FTY720 inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis. Transplant Proc. 2005 Jan-Feb;37(1):110-1. PubMed PMID: 15808563.

383: Kataoka H, Ohtsuki M, Shimano K, Mochizuki S, Oshita K, Murata M, Sugahara K, Sato N, Hoshino Y, Chiba K. Immunosuppressive activity of FTY720, sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonist: II. Effect of FTY720 and FTY720-phosphate on host-versus-graft and graft-versus-host reaction in mice. Transplant Proc. 2005 Jan-Feb;37(1):107-9. PubMed PMID: 15808562.

384: Chiba K, Hoshino Y, Ohtsuki M, Kataoka H, Maeda Y, Matsuyuki H, Sugahara K, Kiuchi M, Hirose R, Adachi K. Immunosuppressive activity of FTY720, sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonist: I. Prevention of allograft rejection in rats and dogs by FTY720 and FTY720-phosphate. Transplant Proc. 2005 Jan-Feb;37(1):102-6. PubMed PMID: 15808561.

385: Kohno T, Tsuji T, Hirayama K, Iwatsuki R, Hirose M, Watabe K, Yoshikawa H, Kohno T, Matsumoto A, Fujita T, Hayashi M. A novel immunomodulator, FTY720, prevents development of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis in C57BL/6 mice. Biol Pharm Bull. 2005 Apr;28(4):736-9. PubMed PMID: 15802820.

386: Tölle M, Levkau B, Keul P, Brinkmann V, Giebing G, Schönfelder G, Schäfers M, von Wnuck Lipinski K, Jankowski J, Jankowski V, Chun J, Zidek W, Van der Giet M. Immunomodulator FTY720 Induces eNOS-dependent arterial vasodilatation via the lysophospholipid receptor S1P3. Circ Res. 2005 Apr 29;96(8):913-20. Epub 2005 Mar 31. PubMed PMID: 15802614.

387: Segoloni GP. [New immunodepressant drugs for the prevention and control of kidney transplant rejection]. G Ital Nefrol. 2005 Jan-Feb;22(1):3-15. Review. Italian. PubMed PMID: 15786373.

388: Okamoto T, Yamada T, Kuno A, Ogawa K, Tang M, Sano H, Ohara H, Nakao H, Kataoka H, Shirai T, Itoh M. FTY720, an immunosuppressant, attenuates chronic pancreatitis in rats by suppressing T-cell infiltration. Pancreas. 2005 Apr;30(3):e64-70. PubMed PMID: 15782091.

389: Kovarik JM, Schmouder RL, Serra D, Wang Y, Wiegand H, Dilzer SC, Lasseter KC. FTY720 pharmacokinetics in mild to moderate hepatic impairment. J Clin Pharmacol. 2005 Apr;45(4):446-52. PubMed PMID: 15778425.

390: Dumont FJ. Fingolimod. Mitsubishi Pharma/Novartis. IDrugs. 2005 Mar;8(3):236-53. Review. PubMed PMID: 15772896.

391: Cyster JG. Chemokines, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and cell migration in secondary lymphoid organs. Annu Rev Immunol. 2005;23:127-59. Review. PubMed PMID: 15771568.

392: Meno-Tetang GM, Lowe PJ. On the prediction of the human response: a recycled mechanistic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic approach. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2005 Mar;96(3):182-92. Review. PubMed PMID: 15733213.

393: Böhler T, Budde K, Neumayer HH, Waiser J. Novel mediators of FTY720 in human lymphocytes. Transplantation. 2005 Feb 27;79(4):492-5. PubMed PMID: 15729178.

394: Koyrakh L, Roman MI, Brinkmann V, Wickman K. The heart rate decrease caused by acute FTY720 administration is mediated by the G protein-gated potassium channel I. Am J Transplant. 2005 Mar;5(3):529-36. PubMed PMID: 15707407.

395: Sedláková K, Muckersie E, Robertson M, Filipec M, Forrester JV. FTY720 in corneal concordant xenotransplantation. Transplantation. 2005 Feb 15;79(3):297-303. PubMed PMID: 15699759.

396: Shi Y, Yoshihara F, Nakahama H, Ichimaru N, Yazawa K, Sada M, Goto R, Kawano Y, Moriyama T, Takahara S, Okuyama A, Kangawa K. A novel immunosuppressant FTY720 ameliorates proteinuria and alterations of intrarenal adrenomedullin in rats with autoimmune glomerulonephritis. Regul Pept. 2005 Apr 15;127(1-3):233-8. PubMed PMID: 15680492.

397: Bayés M, Rabasseda X, Prous JR. Gateways to clinical trials. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2004 Dec;26(10):801-27. PubMed PMID: 15672123.

398: Baczkowska T, Durlik M. [Immunossupresive drugs in renal transplantation]. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2004 Oct;112 Spec No:99-120. Review. Polish. PubMed PMID: 15669207.

399: Müller H, Hofer S, Kaneider N, Neuwirt H, Mosheimer B, Mayer G, Konwalinka G, Heufler C, Tiefenthaler M. The immunomodulator FTY720 interferes with effector functions of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol. 2005 Feb;35(2):533-45. PubMed PMID: 15657952.

400: Shimizu H, Takahashi M, Kaneko T, Murakami T, Hakamata Y, Kudou S, Kishi T, Fukuchi K, Iwanami S, Kuriyama K, Yasue T, Enosawa S, Matsumoto K, Takeyoshi I, Morishita Y, Kobayashi E. KRP-203, a novel synthetic immunosuppressant, prolongs graft survival and attenuates chronic rejection in rat skin and heart allografts. Circulation. 2005 Jan 18;111(2):222-9. Epub 2005 Jan 10. PubMed PMID: 15642767.

401: He JH, Zhang HN, Lin ZB. Effect of 2-amino-2-(2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl) propane-1,3-diol hydrochloride (FTY 720) on immune liver injury in mice. World J Gastroenterol. 2005 Jan 28;11(4):573-6. PubMed PMID: 15641148.

402: Man K, Ng KT, Lee TK, Lo CM, Sun CK, Li XL, Zhao Y, Ho JW, Fan ST. FTY720 attenuates hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in normal and cirrhotic livers. Am J Transplant. 2005 Jan;5(1):40-9. PubMed PMID: 15636610.

403: Sugiyama S, Arai S, Kiriyama M, Ishii K. A convenient synthesis of immunosuppressive agent FTY720 using the petasis reaction. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2005 Jan;53(1):100-2. PubMed PMID: 15635240.

404: Bayés M, Rabasseda X, Prous JR. Gateways to clinical trials. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2004 Nov;26(9):723-53. PubMed PMID: 15632957.

405: Brinkmann V. FTY720: mechanism of action and potential benefit in organ transplantation. Yonsei Med J. 2004 Dec 31;45(6):991-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 15627289.

406: Lee TK, Man K, Ho JW, Wang XH, Poon RT, Sun CK, Ng KT, Ng IO, Xu R, Fan ST. Significance of the Rac signaling pathway in HCC cell motility: implications for a new therapeutic target. Carcinogenesis. 2005 Mar;26(3):681-7. Epub 2004 Dec 16. PubMed PMID: 15604094.

407: Kiuchi M, Adachi K, Tomatsu A, Chino M, Takeda S, Tanaka Y, Maeda Y, Sato N, Mitsutomi N, Sugahara K, Chiba K. Asymmetric synthesis and biological evaluation of the enantiomeric isomers of the immunosuppressive FTY720-phosphate. Bioorg Med Chem. 2005 Jan 17;13(2):425-32. PubMed PMID: 15598563.

408: Krieger NR, Emre S. Novel immunosuppressants. Pediatr Transplant. 2004 Dec;8(6):594-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 15598332.

409: Suzuki T, Jin MB, Shimamura T, Yamashita K, Taniguchi M, Nomura M, Yokota R, Fukai M, Magata S, Horiuchi H, Fujita M, Nagashima K, Furukawa H, Todo S. A new immunosuppressant, FTY720, in canine kidney transplantation: effect of single-drug, induction and combination treatments. Transpl Int. 2004 Nov;17(10):574-84. Epub 2004 Nov 5. PubMed PMID: 15592714.

410: Davis MD, Clemens JJ, Macdonald TL, Lynch KR. Sphingosine 1-phosphate analogs as receptor antagonists. J Biol Chem. 2005 Mar 18;280(11):9833-41. Epub 2004 Dec 8. PubMed PMID: 15590668.

411: Elices MJ. Editorial overview: Tie me up, tie me down: immunosuppressive therapies for the 21st century. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2004 Nov;5(11):1137-40. Review. PubMed PMID: 15573862.

412: Kovarik JM, Schmouder RL, Slade AJ. Overview of FTY720 clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacology. Ther Drug Monit. 2004 Dec;26(6):585-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 15570180.

413: Takai K, Takahara S, Isoyama N, Tsuchida M, Matsumura M, Kishi Y, Uchiyama K, Naito K. Effects of FTY720 on rat lymphoid organs. Transplant Proc. 2004 Oct;36(8):2453-6. PubMed PMID: 15561279.

414: Lee WJ, Yoo HS, Suh PG, Oh S, Lim JS, Lee YM. Sphingosine mediates FTY720-induced apoptosis in LLC-PK1 cells. Exp Mol Med. 2004 Oct 31;36(5):420-7. PubMed PMID: 15557814.

415: Allende ML, Sasaki T, Kawai H, Olivera A, Mi Y, van Echten-Deckert G, Hajdu R, Rosenbach M, Keohane CA, Mandala S, Spiegel S, Proia RL. Mice deficient in sphingosine kinase 1 are rendered lymphopenic by FTY720. J Biol Chem. 2004 Dec 10;279(50):52487-92. Epub 2004 Sep 30. PubMed PMID: 15459201.

416: Peters H, Martini S, Wang Y, Shimizu F, Kawachi H, Krämer S, Neumayer HH. Selective lymphocyte inhibition by FTY720 slows the progressive course of chronic anti-thy 1 glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int. 2004 Oct;66(4):1434-43. PubMed PMID: 15458436.

417: Sakagawa T, Kiyochi H, Honda K, Kobayashi N. Rejection following donor or recipient preoperative treatment with FTY720 in rat small bowel transplantation. Transpl Immunol. 2004 Nov;13(3):161-8. PubMed PMID: 15381198.

418: Kohno T, Tsuji T, Hirayama K, Watabe K, Matsumoto A, Kohno T, Fujita T. A novel immunomodulator, FTY720, prevents spontaneous dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. Biol Pharm Bull. 2004 Sep;27(9):1392-6. PubMed PMID: 15340225.

419: Hale JJ, Yan L, Neway WE, Hajdu R, Bergstrom JD, Milligan JA, Shei GJ, Chrebet GL, Thornton RA, Card D, Rosenbach M, HughRosen, Mandala S. Synthesis, stereochemical determination and biochemical characterization of the enantiomeric phosphate esters of the novel immunosuppressive agent FTY720. Bioorg Med Chem. 2004 Sep 15;12(18):4803-7. PubMed PMID: 15336258.

420: Wang M, Liu S, Ouyang N, Song E, Lutz J, Heemann U. Protective effects of FTY720 on chronic allograft nephropathy by reducing late lymphocytic infiltration. Kidney Int. 2004 Sep;66(3):1248-56. PubMed PMID: 15327424.

421: Han S, Zhang X, Wang G, Guan H, Garcia G, Li P, Feng L, Zheng B. FTY720 suppresses humoral immunity by inhibiting germinal center reaction. Blood. 2004 Dec 15;104(13):4129-33. Epub 2004 Aug 19. PubMed PMID: 15319278.

422: Zhao Y, Man K, Lo CM, Ng KT, Li XL, Sun CK, Lee TK, Dai XW, Fan ST. Attenuation of small-for-size liver graft injury by FTY720: significance of cell-survival Akt signaling pathway. Am J Transplant. 2004 Sep;4(9):1399-407. PubMed PMID: 15307827.

423: Lee TK, Man K, Ho JW, Sun CK, Ng KT, Wang XH, Wong YC, Ng IO, Xu R, Fan ST. FTY720 induces apoptosis of human hepatoma cell lines through PI3-K-mediated Akt dephosphorylation. Carcinogenesis. 2004 Dec;25(12):2397-405. Epub 2004 Aug 5. PubMed PMID: 15297371.

424: Mizushima T, Ito T, Kishi D, Kai Y, Tamagawa H, Nezu R, Kiyono H, Matsuda H. Therapeutic effects of a new lymphocyte homing reagent FTY720 in interleukin-10 gene-deficient mice with colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2004 May;10(3):182-92. PubMed PMID: 15290910.

425: Payne SG, Milstien S, Barbour SE, Spiegel S. Modulation of adaptive immune responses by sphingosine-1-phosphate. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2004 Oct;15(5):521-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 15271297.

426: Webb M, Tham CS, Lin FF, Lariosa-Willingham K, Yu N, Hale J, Mandala S, Chun J, Rao TS. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonists attenuate relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalitis in SJL mice. J Neuroimmunol. 2004 Aug;153(1-2):108-21. PubMed PMID: 15265669.

427: Gabardi S, Cerio J. Future immunosuppressive agents in solid-organ transplantation. Prog Transplant. 2004 Jun;14(2):148-56. Review. PubMed PMID: 15264459.

428: Takeya H. ['Vegetable wasps and plant worms' and G-protein-coupled receptors]. J UOEH. 2004 Jun 1;26(2):227-38. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 15244075.

429: Yopp AC, Fu S, Honig SM, Randolph GJ, Ding Y, Krieger NR, Bromberg JS. FTY720-enhanced T cell homing is dependent on CCR2, CCR5, CCR7, and CXCR4: evidence for distinct chemokine compartments. J Immunol. 2004 Jul 15;173(2):855-65. PubMed PMID: 15240672.

430: Gunn MD, Kelsoe G. Should we B-leavin' now? Nat Immunol. 2004 Jul;5(7):703-4. PubMed PMID: 15224099.

431: Fujishiro J, Inoue S, Shimizu H, Yoshino H, Murakami T, Kobayashi E. Effect of FTY720 on rat small bowel transplantation. Transplantation. 2004 Jun 27;77(12):1910-1. PubMed PMID: 15223918.

432: Tedesco-Silva H, Mourad G, Kahan BD, Boira JG, Weimar W, Mulgaonkar S, Nashan B, Madsen S, Charpentier B, Pellet P, Vanrenterghem Y. FTY720, a novel immunomodulator: efficacy and safety results from the first phase 2A study in de novo renal transplantation. Transplantation. 2004 Jun 27;77(12):1826-33. Corrected and republished in: Transplantation. 2005 Jun 15;79(11):1553-60. PubMed PMID: 15223899.

433: Rausch M, Hiestand P, Foster CA, Baumann DR, Cannet C, Rudin M. Predictability of FTY720 efficacy in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by in vivo macrophage tracking: clinical implications for ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2004 Jul;20(1):16-24. PubMed PMID: 15221804.

434: Kaneider NC, Lindner J, Feistritzer C, Sturn DH, Mosheimer BA, Djanani AM, Wiedermann CJ. The immune modulator FTY720 targets sphingosine-kinase-dependent migration of human monocytes in response to amyloid beta-protein and its precursor. FASEB J. 2004 Aug;18(11):1309-11. Epub 2004 Jun 18. PubMed PMID: 15208267.

435: Mayer K, Birnbaum F, Reinhard T, Reis A, Braunstein S, Claas F, Sundmacher R. FTY720 prolongs clear corneal allograft survival with a differential effect on different lymphocyte populations. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004 Jul;88(7):915-9. PubMed PMID: 15205237; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1772210.

436: Kunzendorf U, Ziegler E, Kabelitz D. FTY720--the first compound of a new promising class of immunosuppressive drugs. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004 Jul;19(7):1677-81. Review. PubMed PMID: 15199193.

437: Brinkmann V, Cyster JG, Hla T. FTY720: sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor-1 in the control of lymphocyte egress and endothelial barrier function. Am J Transplant. 2004 Jul;4(7):1019-25. Review. PubMed PMID: 15196057.

438: Lima RS, Nogueira-Martins MF, Silva HT Jr, Pestana JO, Bueno V. FTY720 treatment prolongs skin graft survival in a completely incompatible strain combination. Transplant Proc. 2004 May;36(4):1015-7. PubMed PMID: 15194353.

439: Oliveira CM, Borra RC, Franco M, Schor N, Silva HT Jr, Pestana JO, Bueno V. FTY720 impairs necrosis development after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Transplant Proc. 2004 May;36(4):854-6. PubMed PMID: 15194292.

440: Welsch CA, Roth LW, Goetschy JF, Movva NR. Genetic, biochemical, and transcriptional responses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the novel immunomodulator FTY720 largely mimic those of the natural sphingolipid phytosphingosine. J Biol Chem. 2004 Aug 27;279(35):36720-31. Epub 2004 Jun 9. PubMed PMID: 15190065.

441: Cinamon G, Matloubian M, Lesneski MJ, Xu Y, Low C, Lu T, Proia RL, Cyster JG. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 promotes B cell localization in the splenic marginal zone. Nat Immunol. 2004 Jul;5(7):713-20. Epub 2004 Jun 6. PubMed PMID: 15184895.

442: Böhler T, Waiser J, Schütz M, Dragun D, Neumayer HH, Budde K. FTY720 mediates apoptosis-independent lymphopenia in human renal allograft recipients: different effects on CD62L+ and CCR5+ T lymphocytes. Transplantation. 2004 May 15;77(9):1424-32. PubMed PMID: 15167602.

443: Calne SR. FTY: not just a homely drug. Transplantation. 2004 May 15;77(9):1327. Review. PubMed PMID: 15167585.

444: Li D, Zhang Y, Hu X, Cao W, Huang W. Role of extracelluar regulated protein kinases in FTY720-induced apoptosis of leukemia cell lines HL-60 and U937. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2004;24(1):45-7. PubMed PMID: 15165113.

445: Butler J, Lana D, Round O, LaMontagne K. Functional characterization of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonist in human endothelial cells. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2004 Jan;73(1-2):29-45. PubMed PMID: 15165029.

446: Taha TA, Argraves KM, Obeid LM. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors: receptor specificity versus functional redundancy. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2004 Jun 1;1682(1-3):48-55. Review. PubMed PMID: 15158755.

447: Seidel G, Laurich D, Fürstner A. Iron-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. A scalable synthesis of the immunosuppressive agent FTY720. J Org Chem. 2004 May 28;69(11):3950-2. PubMed PMID: 15153030.

448: Hale JJ, Neway W, Mills SG, Hajdu R, Ann Keohane C, Rosenbach M, Milligan J, Shei GJ, Chrebet G, Bergstrom J, Card D, Koo GC, Koprak SL, Jackson JJ, Rosen H, Mandala S. Potent S1P receptor agonists replicate the pharmacologic actions of the novel immune modulator FTY720. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2004 Jun 21;14(12):3351-5. PubMed PMID: 15149705.

449: Schroeder G, Risch K, Kotsch K, Siepert A, Brock J, Nickel P, Reinke P, Ritter T, Volk HD, Lehmann M. FTY720 prevents anti-CD4 mAb-induced tolerance but cannot reverse established tolerance in a rat kidney transplantation model. Am J Transplant. 2004 Jun;4(6):863-71. PubMed PMID: 15147419.

450: Kovarik JM, Schmouder RL, Barilla D, Büche M, Rouilly M, Berthier S, Wang Y, Van Saders C, Mayer T, Gottlieb AB. FTY720 and cyclosporine: evaluation for a pharmacokinetic interaction. Ann Pharmacother. 2004 Jul-Aug;38(7-8):1153-8. Epub 2004 May 11. PubMed PMID: 15138297.

451: Kovarik JM, Schmouder R, Barilla D, Riviere GJ, Wang Y, Hunt T. Multiple-dose FTY720: tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and lymphocyte responses in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol. 2004 May;44(5):532-7. PubMed PMID: 15102874.

452: Kovarik JM, Schmouder R, Barilla D, Wang Y, Kraus G. Single-dose FTY720 pharmacokinetics, food effect, and pharmacological responses in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004 May;57(5):586-91. PubMed PMID: 15089811; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1884502.

453: Wijkstrom M, Kenyon NS, Kirchhof N, Kenyon NM, Mullon C, Lake P, Cottens S, Ricordi C, Hering BJ. Islet allograft survival in nonhuman primates immunosuppressed with basiliximab, RAD, and FTY720. Transplantation. 2004 Mar 27;77(6):827-35. PubMed PMID: 15077021.

454: Goetzl EJ. Immunoregulatory lysophospholipids: new stars in the mast cell constellation. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2004 May;4(3):175-7. PubMed PMID: 15056396.

455: Popovic J, Kover KL, Moore WV. The effect of immunomodulators on prevention of autoimmune diabetes is stage dependent: FTY720 prevents diabetes at three different stages in the diabetes-resistant biobreeding rat. Pediatr Diabetes. 2004 Mar;5(1):3-9. PubMed PMID: 15043683.

456: Ferguson R. FTY720 immunomodulation: optimism for improved transplant regimens. Transplant Proc. 2004 Mar;36(2 Suppl):549S-553S. Review. PubMed PMID: 15041404.

457: Dragun D, Fritsche L, Boehler T, Peters H, Budde K, Neumayer HH. FTY720: early clinical experience. Transplant Proc. 2004 Mar;36(2 Suppl):544S-548S. Review. PubMed PMID: 15041403.

458: Kahan BD. FTY720: from bench to bedside. Transplant Proc. 2004 Mar;36(2 Suppl):531S-543S. Review. PubMed PMID: 15041402.

459: Peng X, Hassoun PM, Sammani S, McVerry BJ, Burne MJ, Rabb H, Pearse D, Tuder RM, Garcia JG. Protective effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate in murine endotoxin-induced inflammatory lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004 Jun 1;169(11):1245-51. Epub 2004 Mar 12. PubMed PMID: 15020292.

460: Kimura T, Boehmler AM, Seitz G, Kuçi S, Wiesner T, Brinkmann V, Kanz L, Möhle R. The sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonist FTY720 supports CXCR4-dependent migration and bone marrow homing of human CD34+ progenitor cells. Blood. 2004 Jun 15;103(12):4478-86. Epub 2004 Feb 26. PubMed PMID: 14988150.

461: Dragun D, Böhler T, Nieminen-Kelhä M, Waiser J, Schneider W, Haller H, Luft FC, Budde K, Neumayer HH. FTY720-induced lymphocyte homing modulates post-transplant preservation/reperfusion injury. Kidney Int. 2004 Mar;65(3):1076-83. PubMed PMID: 14871428.

462: Böhler T, Waiser J, Schuetz M, Neumayer HH, Budde K. FTY720 exerts differential effects on CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte subpopulations expressing chemokine and adhesion receptors. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004 Mar;19(3):702-13. PubMed PMID: 14767029.

463: Barshes NR, Goodpastor SE, Goss JA. Pharmacologic immunosuppression. Front Biosci. 2004 Jan 1;9:411-20. Review. PubMed PMID: 14766378.

464: Zhang L, Zhu T, Sun EW, Shen SQ, Guo H, Min ZL, Chen ZH. [Study the mechanisms and inducing transplantation immune tolerance of FTY720]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2003 Oct;41(10):773-7. Chinese. PubMed PMID: 14766054.

465: Forrest M, Sun SY, Hajdu R, Bergstrom J, Card D, Doherty G, Hale J, Keohane C, Meyers C, Milligan J, Mills S, Nomura N, Rosen H, Rosenbach M, Shei GJ, Singer II, Tian M, West S, White V, Xie J, Proia RL, Mandala S. Immune cell regulation and cardiovascular effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonists in rodents are mediated via distinct receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 May;309(2):758-68. Epub 2004 Jan 27. PubMed PMID: 14747617.

466: Matloubian M, Lo CG, Cinamon G, Lesneski MJ, Xu Y, Brinkmann V, Allende ML, Proia RL, Cyster JG. Lymphocyte egress from thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs is dependent on S1P receptor 1. Nature. 2004 Jan 22;427(6972):355-60. PubMed PMID: 14737169.

467: Sanna MG, Liao J, Jo E, Alfonso C, Ahn MY, Peterson MS, Webb B, Lefebvre S, Chun J, Gray N, Rosen H. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor subtypes S1P1 and S1P3, respectively, regulate lymphocyte recirculation and heart rate. J Biol Chem. 2004 Apr 2;279(14):13839-48. Epub 2004 Jan 19. PubMed PMID: 14732717.

468: Gräler MH, Goetzl EJ. The immunosuppressant FTY720 down-regulates sphingosine 1-phosphate G-protein-coupled receptors. FASEB J. 2004 Mar;18(3):551-3. Epub 2004 Jan 8. PubMed PMID: 14715694.

469: Smith JM, Nemeth TL, McDonald RA. Current immunosuppressive agents: efficacy, side effects, and utilization. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2003 Dec;50(6):1283-300. Review. PubMed PMID: 14710781.

470: Böhler T, Waiser J, Schütz M, Schumann B, Neumayer HH, Budde K. Pharmacodynamics of FTY720, the first member of a new class of immune-modulating therapeutics in transplantation medicine. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2003 Oct;41(10):482-7. PubMed PMID: 14703955.

471: Fu S, Yopp AC, Mao X, Chen D, Zhang N, Chen D, Mao M, Ding Y, Bromberg JS. CD4+ CD25+ CD62+ T-regulatory cell subset has optimal suppressive and proliferative potential. Am J Transplant. 2004 Jan;4(1):65-78. PubMed PMID: 14678036.

472: Zhang EP, Müller A, Ignatius R, Hoffmann F. Significant prolongation of orthotopic corneal-graft survival in FTY720-treated mice. Transplantation. 2003 Nov 27;76(10):1511-3. PubMed PMID: 14657695.

473: Sawicka E, Zuany-Amorim C, Manlius C, Trifilieff A, Brinkmann V, Kemeny DM, Walker C. Inhibition of Th1- and Th2-mediated airway inflammation by the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonist FTY720. J Immunol. 2003 Dec 1;171(11):6206-14. PubMed PMID: 14634137.

474: Paugh SW, Payne SG, Barbour SE, Milstien S, Spiegel S. The immunosuppressant FTY720 is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase type 2. FEBS Lett. 2003 Nov 6;554(1-2):189-93. PubMed PMID: 14596938.

475: Huizinga R, Voyer T. New paradigms in immunosuppression. CANNT J. 2003 Jul-Sep;13(3):66-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 14596200.

476: Lee RS, Kuhr CS, Sale GE, Zellmer E, Hogan WJ, Storb R, Little MT. FTY720 does not abrogate acute graft-versus-host disease in the dog leukocyte antigen-nonidentical unrelated canine model. Transplantation. 2003 Oct 27;76(8):1155-8. PubMed PMID: 14578745.

477: Braun WE. Renal transplantation: basic concepts and evolution of therapy. J Clin Apher. 2003;18(3):141-52. Review. PubMed PMID: 14569608.

478: Kahan BD, Karlix JL, Ferguson RM, Leichtman AB, Mulgaonkar S, Gonwa TA, Skerjanec A, Schmouder RL, Chodoff L. Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and safety of multiple doses of FTY720 in stable renal transplant patients: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, phase I study. Transplantation. 2003 Oct 15;76(7):1079-84. PubMed PMID: 14557756.

479: Billich A, Bornancin F, Dévay P, Mechtcheriakova D, Urtz N, Baumruker T. Phosphorylation of the immunomodulatory drug FTY720 by sphingosine kinases. J Biol Chem. 2003 Nov 28;278(48):47408-15. Epub 2003 Sep 16. PubMed PMID: 13129923.

480: Rosen H, Sanna G, Alfonso C. Egress: a receptor-regulated step in lymphocyte trafficking. Immunol Rev. 2003 Oct;195:160-77. Review. PubMed PMID: 12969317.

481: Wang MH, Milekhin V, Zhang H, Huang HZ. FTY720, a new immunosuppressant, as rescue therapy in mouse cardiac transplantation. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2003 Sep;24(9):847-52. PubMed PMID: 12956930.

482: Sanchez T, Estrada-Hernandez T, Paik JH, Wu MT, Venkataraman K, Brinkmann V, Claffey K, Hla T. Phosphorylation and action of the immunomodulator FTY720 inhibits vascular endothelial cell growth factor-induced vascular permeability. J Biol Chem. 2003 Nov 21;278(47):47281-90. Epub 2003 Sep 3. PubMed PMID: 12954648.

483: Rosen H, Liao J. Sphingosine 1-phosphate pathway therapeutics: a lipid ligand-receptor paradigm. Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2003 Aug;7(4):461-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 12941420.

484: Azuma H, Horie S, Muto S, Otsuki Y, Matsumoto K, Morimoto J, Gotoh R, Okuyama A, Suzuki S, Katsuoka Y, Takahara S. Selective cancer cell apoptosis induced by FTY720; evidence for a Bcl-dependent pathway and impairment in ERK activity. Anticancer Res. 2003 Jul-Aug;23(4):3183-93. PubMed PMID: 12926052.

485: Aki FT, Kahan BD. FTY720: A new kid on the block for transplant immunosuppression. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2003 Jul;3(4):665-81. Review. PubMed PMID: 12831371.

486: Ortiz AM, Troncoso P, Kahan BD. Prevention of renal ischemic reperfusion injury using FTY 720 and ICAM-1 antisense oligonucleotides. Transplant Proc. 2003 Jun;35(4):1571-4. PubMed PMID: 12826223.

487: Koshiba T, Van Damme B, Ji P, Sefrioui H, Rutgeerts O, Waer M, Pirenne J. The effect of FTY 720 on engraftment in a model of spontaneous allograft acceptance. Transpl Int. 2003 Jun;16(6):383-90. Epub 2003 Mar 20. PubMed PMID: 12819868.

488: Budde K, L Schmouder R, Nashan B, Brunkhorst R, W Lücker P, Mayer T, Brookman L, Nedelman J, Skerjanec A, Böhler T, Neumayer HH. Pharmacodynamics of single doses of the novel immunosuppressant FTY720 in stable renal transplant patients. Am J Transplant. 2003 Jul;3(7):846-54. PubMed PMID: 12814476.

489: Kimura T, Hasegawa T, Nakai H, Azuma T, Usui N, Sasaki T, Okada A. FTY720 reduces T-cell recruitment into murine intestinal allograft and prevents activation of graft-infiltrating cells. Transplantation. 2003 May 15;75(9):1469-74. PubMed PMID: 12792499.

490: Azuma H, Takahara S, Horie S, Muto S, Otsuki Y, Katsuoka Y. Induction of apoptosis in human bladder cancer cells in vitro and in vivo caused by FTY720 treatment. J Urol. 2003 Jun;169(6):2372-7. PubMed PMID: 12771800.

491: Yang Z, Chen M, Fialkow LB, Ellett JD, Wu R, Brinkmann V, Nadler JL, Lynch KR. The immune modulator FYT720 prevents autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice small star, filled. Clin Immunol. 2003 Apr;107(1):30-5. PubMed PMID: 12738247.

492: Lee YS, Nakajima H, Tsuruga M, Magae J. Elimination of cell-cycle regulators during caspase-3-dependent apoptosis caused by an immunosuppressant, FTY720. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2003 Mar;67(3):467-74. PubMed PMID: 12723592.

493: Maeda A, Goto M, Zhang J, Bennet W, Groth CG, Korsgren O, Wennberg L. Immunosuppression with FTY720 and cyclosporine A inhibits rejection of adult porcine islet xenografts in rats. Transplantation. 2003 Apr 27;75(8):1409-14. PubMed PMID: 12717240.

494: Matsuoka Y, Nagahara Y, Ikekita M, Shinomiya T. A novel immunosuppressive agent FTY720 induced Akt dephosphorylation in leukemia cells. Br J Pharmacol. 2003 Apr;138(7):1303-12. PubMed PMID: 12711631; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1573783.

495: Welsch CA, Hagiwara S, Goetschy JF, Movva NR. Ubiquitin pathway proteins influence the mechanism of action of the novel immunosuppressive drug FTY720 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem. 2003 Jul 18;278(29):26976-82. Epub 2003 Apr 22. PubMed PMID: 12709439.

496: Koshiba T, Van Damme B, Rutgeerts O, Waer M, Pirenne J. FTY720, an immunosuppressant that alters lymphocyte trafficking, abrogates chronic rejection in combination with cyclosporine A. Transplantation. 2003 Apr 15;75(7):945-52. PubMed PMID: 12698078.

497: Fujino M, Funeshima N, Kitazawa Y, Kimura H, Amemiya H, Suzuki S, Li XK. Amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats by FTY720 treatment. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 Apr;305(1):70-7. PubMed PMID: 12649354.

498: Xie JH, Nomura N, Koprak SL, Quackenbush EJ, Forrest MJ, Rosen H. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonism impairs the efficiency of the local immune response by altering trafficking of naive and antigen-activated CD4+ T cells. J Immunol. 2003 Apr 1;170(7):3662-70. PubMed PMID: 12646631.

499: Kim YM, Sachs T, Asavaroengchai W, Bronson R, Sykes M. Graft-versus-host disease can be separated from graft-versus-lymphoma effects by control of lymphocyte trafficking with FTY720. J Clin Invest. 2003 Mar;111(5):659-69. PubMed PMID: 12618520; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC151899.

500: Honig SM, Fu S, Mao X, Yopp A, Gunn MD, Randolph GJ, Bromberg JS. FTY720 stimulates multidrug transporter- and cysteinyl leukotriene-dependent T cell chemotaxis to lymph nodes. J Clin Invest. 2003 Mar;111(5):627-37. PubMed PMID: 12618517; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC151892.

501: Zhang L, Zhu T, Sun EW, Shen SQ, Min ZL, Chen ZK. Pretreatment with FTY720 alone induced long-term survival of mouse heart allograft. Transplant Proc. 2003 Feb;35(1):567-8. PubMed PMID: 12591534.

502: Kita Y, Li XK, Nogimura H, Ida M, Kageyama Y, Ohi S, Suzuki K, Kazui T, Suzuki S. CTLA4Ig-gene transfection with FTY720 administration markedly inhibits the obliterative airway disease in heterotopically transplanted rat tracheas. Transplant Proc. 2003 Feb;35(1):458-60. PubMed PMID: 12591486.

503: Zhao DM, Zhang H, Chen H, Cai DH. [Effects of three different immunosuppressive drugs on SD rat islet cell viability]. Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao. 2003 Feb;23(2):151-2. Chinese. PubMed PMID: 12581966.

504: Nakajima H, Lee YS, Matsuda T, Mizuta N, Magae J. Different mechanisms for membrane and nuclear damages in apoptosis induced by an immunosuppressant, FTY720. Mol Cells. 2002 Dec 31;14(3):332-8. PubMed PMID: 12521294.

505: Maki T, Gottschalk R, Monaco AP. Prevention of autoimmune diabetes by FTY720 in nonobese diabetic mice. Transplantation. 2002 Dec 27;74(12):1684-6. PubMed PMID: 12499880.

506: Im DS. Linking Chinese medicine and G-protein-coupled receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2003 Jan;24(1):2-4. Review. PubMed PMID: 12498721.

507: Matsumoto Y, Hof A, Baumlin Y, Hof RP. Efficacy of mycophenolate sodium as monotherapy and in combination with FTY720 in a DA-to-Lewis-rat heart-transplantation model. Transplantation. 2002 Nov 27;74(10):1372-6. PubMed PMID: 12451233.

508: Matsumoto Y, Hof RP. Effects of mycophenolate sodium with or without FTY720 in a DA-to-Lewis rat heart transplantation model. Transplant Proc. 2002 Nov;34(7):2891-2. PubMed PMID: 12431647.

509: Kahan BD. Sirolimus and FTY720: new approaches to transplant immunosuppression. Transplant Proc. 2002 Nov;34(7):2520-2. PubMed PMID: 12431509.

510: Nagahara Y, Ikekita M, Shinomiya T. T cell selective apoptosis by a novel immunosuppressant, FTY720, is closely regulated with Bcl-2. Br J Pharmacol. 2002 Dec;137(7):953-62. PubMed PMID: 12429567; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1573588.

511: Schuurman HJ, Menninger K, Audet M, Kunkler A, Maurer C, Vedrine C, Bernhard M, Gaschen L, Brinkmann V, Quesniaux V. Oral efficacy of the new immunomodulator FTY720 in cynomolgus monkey kidney allotransplantation, given alone or in combination with cyclosporine or RAD. Transplantation. 2002 Oct 15;74(7):951-60. PubMed PMID: 12394836.

512: Anselmo DM, Amersi FF, Shen XD, Gao F, Katori M, Lassman C, Ke B, Coito AJ, Ma J, Brinkmann V, Busuttil RW, Kupiec-Weglinski JW, Farmer DG. FTY720 pretreatment reduces warm hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury through inhibition of T-lymphocyte infiltration. Am J Transplant. 2002 Oct;2(9):843-9. PubMed PMID: 12392290.

513: Tawadrous MN, Mabuchi A, Zimmermann A, Wheatley AM. Effects of immunosuppressant FTY720 on renal and hepatic hemodynamics in the rat. Transplantation. 2002 Sep 15;74(5):602-10. PubMed PMID: 12352874.

514: Boehler T, Schuetz M, Budde K, Neumayer H, Waiser J. FTY720 alters the composition of T-lymphocyte subpopulations in the peripheral blood compartment of renal transplant patients. Transplant Proc. 2002 Sep;34(6):2242-3. PubMed PMID: 12270383.

515: Brinkmann V, Lynch KR. FTY720: targeting G-protein-coupled receptors for sphingosine 1-phosphate in transplantation and autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol. 2002 Oct;14(5):569-75. Review. PubMed PMID: 12183155.

516: Sykes M. Transplantation. Curr Opin Immunol. 2002 Oct;14(5):559-61. PubMed PMID: 12183153.

517: Anselmo D, Amersi FF, Shen XD, Gao F, Katori M, Ke B, Lassman C, Coito AJ, Brinkmann V, Busuttil RW, Kupiec-Weglinski JW, Farmer DG. FTY720: a novel approach to the treatment of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. Transplant Proc. 2002 Aug;34(5):1467-8. PubMed PMID: 12176443.

518: Kita Y, Nogimura H, Ida M, Kageyama Y, Ohi S, Ito Y, Matsushita K, Takahashi T, Suzuki K, Kazui T, Hayashi S, Li X, Suzuki S. Combined therapy of CTLA4Ig-gene transfection with FTY720 administration in rat lung allografts. Transplant Proc. 2002 Aug;34(5):1437-40. PubMed PMID: 12176429.

519: Tanaka T, Takahara S, Hatori M, Suzuki K, Wang J, Ichimaru N, Suzuki S, Morozumi K, Okuyama A, Yamanaka H. A novel immunosuppressive drug, FTY720, prevents the cancer progression induced by cyclosporine. Cancer Lett. 2002 Jul 26;181(2):165-71. PubMed PMID: 12175531.

520: Konishi K, Inobe M, Yamada A, Murakami M, Todo S, Uede T. Combination treatment with FTY720 and CTLA4IgG preserves the respiratory epithelium and prevents obliterative disease in a murine airway model. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2002 Jun;21(6):692-700. PubMed PMID: 12057704.

521: Sakagawa T, Kiyochi H, Honda K, Kobayashi N. Donor pretreatment with FTY720 increases graft lymphocytes but does not affect graft survival following rat small bowel transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2002 May;34(3):973-4. PubMed PMID: 12034266.

522: Koshiba T, Van Damme B, Lu Y, Yan Y, Rutgeerts O, Overbergh L, Tanaka K, Waer M, Mathieu C, Pirenne J. Combined use of FTY720 and cyclosporine A prevents chronic allograft vasculopathy. Transplant Proc. 2002 May;34(3):748-9. PubMed PMID: 12034170.

523: Fu F, Hu S, Deleo J, Li S, Hopf C, Hoover J, Wang S, Brinkmann V, Lake P, Shi VC. Long-term islet graft survival in streptozotocin- and autoimmune-induced diabetes models by immunosuppressive and potential insulinotropic agent FTY720. Transplantation. 2002 May 15;73(9):1425-30. PubMed PMID: 12023620.

524: Brinkmann V, Davis MD, Heise CE, Albert R, Cottens S, Hof R, Bruns C, Prieschl E, Baumruker T, Hiestand P, Foster CA, Zollinger M, Lynch KR. The immune modulator FTY720 targets sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors. J Biol Chem. 2002 Jun 14;277(24):21453-7. Epub 2002 Apr 19. PubMed PMID: 11967257.

525: Li H, Meno-Tetang GM, Chiba K, Arima N, Heining P, Jusko WJ. Pharmacokinetics and cell trafficking dynamics of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl]propane-1,3-diol hydrochloride (FTY720) in cynomolgus monkeys after single oral and intravenous doses. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 May;301(2):519-26. PubMed PMID: 11961052.

526: Okazaki H, Hirata D, Kamimura T, Sato H, Iwamoto M, Yoshio T, Masuyama J, Fujimura A, Kobayashi E, Kano S, Minota S. Effects of FTY720 in MRL-lpr/lpr mice: therapeutic potential in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2002 Apr;29(4):707-16. PubMed PMID: 11950011.

527: Mandala S, Hajdu R, Bergstrom J, Quackenbush E, Xie J, Milligan J, Thornton R, Shei GJ, Card D, Keohane C, Rosenbach M, Hale J, Lynch CL, Rupprecht K, Parsons W, Rosen H. Alteration of lymphocyte trafficking by sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonists. Science. 2002 Apr 12;296(5566):346-9. Epub 2002 Mar 28. PubMed PMID: 11923495.

528: Budde K, Schmouder RL, Brunkhorst R, Nashan B, Lücker PW, Mayer T, Choudhury S, Skerjanec A, Kraus G, Neumayer HH. First human trial of FTY720, a novel immunomodulator, in stable renal transplant patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002 Apr;13(4):1073-83. PubMed PMID: 11912269.

529: Azuma H, Takahara S, Ichimaru N, Wang JD, Itoh Y, Otsuki Y, Morimoto J, Fukui R, Hoshiga M, Ishihara T, Nonomura N, Suzuki S, Okuyama A, Katsuoka Y. Marked prevention of tumor growth and metastasis by a novel immunosuppressive agent, FTY720, in mouse breast cancer models. Cancer Res. 2002 Mar 1;62(5):1410-9. PubMed PMID: 11888913.

530: Fujino M, Li XK, Kitazawa Y, Guo L, Kawasaki M, Funeshima N, Amano T, Suzuki S. Distinct pathways of apoptosis triggered by FTY720, etoposide, and anti-Fas antibody in human T-lymphoma cell line (Jurkat cells). J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Mar;300(3):939-45. PubMed PMID: 11861801.

531: Permpongkosol S, Wang JD, Takahara S, Matsumiya K, Nonomura N, Nishimura K, Tsujimura A, Kongkanand A, Okuyama A. Anticarcinogenic effect of FTY720 in human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells: modulation of mitogenic signaling, FAK, cell-cycle entry and apoptosis. Int J Cancer. 2002 Mar 10;98(2):167-72. PubMed PMID: 11857403.

532: Bai Y, Liu J, Wang Y, Honig S, Qin L, Boros P, Bromberg JS. L-selectin-dependent lymphoid occupancy is required to induce alloantigen-specific tolerance. J Immunol. 2002 Feb 15;168(4):1579-89. PubMed PMID: 11823485.

533: Xun CQ, Little MT, Zellmer E, Yu C, Zaucha JM, Sale GE, Storer B, Storb R. What role for FTY720, a novel immunosuppressive agent, in canine nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation? Transplantation. 2002 Jan 27;73(2):310-3. PubMed PMID: 11821753.

534: Kahan BD. Update on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies with FTY720 and sirolimus. Ther Drug Monit. 2002 Feb;24(1):47-52. PubMed PMID: 11805722.

535: Fujino M, Li XK, Guo L, Kitazawa Y, Funeshima N, Fukuda S, Kimura H, Miyashita T, Okuyama T, Amano T, Suzuki S. T-cell apoptosis triggered by FTY720 via mitochondrial pathway. Transplant Proc. 2001 Nov-Dec;33(7-8):3084-5. PubMed PMID: 11750325.

536: Kahan BD. FTY720: a new dimension in transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2001 Nov-Dec;33(7-8):3081-3. PubMed PMID: 11750324.

537: Brinkmann V, Wilt C, Kristofic C, Nikolova Z, Hof RP, Chen S, Albert R, Cottens S. FTY720: dissection of membrane receptor-operated, stereospecific effects on cell migration from receptor-independent antiproliferative and apoptotic effects. Transplant Proc. 2001 Nov-Dec;33(7-8):3078-80. PubMed PMID: 11750323.

538: Chen S, Bacon KB, Garcia G, Liao R, Pan ZK, Sullivan SK, Nakano H, Matsuzawa A, Brinkmann V, Feng L. FTY720, a novel transplantation drug, modulates lymphocyte migratory responses to chemokines. Transplant Proc. 2001 Nov-Dec;33(7-8):3057-63. PubMed PMID: 11750317.

539: Henning G, Ohl L, Junt T, Reiterer P, Brinkmann V, Nakano H, Hohenberger W, Lipp M, Förster R. CC chemokine receptor 7-dependent and -independent pathways for lymphocyte homing: modulation by FTY720. J Exp Med. 2001 Dec 17;194(12):1875-81. PubMed PMID: 11748287; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2193576.

540: Fujino M, Li XK, Guo L, Amano T, Suzuki S. Activation of caspases and mitochondria in FTY720-mediated apoptosis in human T cell line Jurkat. Int Immunopharmacol. 2001 Oct;1(11):2011-21. PubMed PMID: 11606032.

541: Thervet E. [What is new on transplantation in 2001?]. Presse Med. 2001 Sep 1;30(24 Pt 2):5-7. French. PubMed PMID: 11577590.

542: Morel D. [mTOR and FTY 720 inhibitors]. Presse Med. 2001 Sep 1;30(24 Pt 2):35-7. French. PubMed PMID: 11577586.

543: Dumont FJ. Treatment of transplant rejection: are the traditional immunosuppressants good enough? Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2001 Mar;2(3):357-63. Review. PubMed PMID: 11575705.

544: Brinkmann V, Pinschewer DD, Feng L, Chen S. FTY720: altered lymphocyte traffic results in allograft protection. Transplantation. 2001 Sep 15;72(5):764-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 11571432.

545: Morley SJ, Pain VM. Proteasome inhibitors and immunosuppressive drugs promote the cleavage of eIF4GI and eIF4GII by caspase-8-independent mechanisms in Jurkat T cell lines. FEBS Lett. 2001 Aug 17;503(2-3):206-12. PubMed PMID: 11513883.

546: Nikolova Z, Hof A, Baumlin Y, Hof RP. Combined FTY720/cyclosporine treatment promotes graft survival and lowers the peripheral lymphocyte count in a murine cardiac allotransplantation model. Transplantation. 2001 Jul 15;72(1):168-71. PubMed PMID: 11468555.

547: Nagahara Y, Matsuoka Y, Saito K, Ikekita M, Higuchi S, Shinomiya T. Coordinate involvement of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis strengthen the effect of FTY720. Jpn J Cancer Res. 2001 Jun;92(6):680-7. PubMed PMID: 11429058.

548: Diaz-Romero J, Vogt G, Weckbecker G. Coexpression of CD4 and CD8alpha on rat T-cells in whole blood: a sensitive marker for monitoring T-cell immunosuppressive drugs. J Immunol Methods. 2001 Aug 1;254(1-2):1-12. PubMed PMID: 11406149.

549: Quesniaux V, Menninger K, Audet M, Gaschen L, Schuurman HJ. FTY-720 is efficacious in monkey kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2001 May;33(3):2374-5. PubMed PMID: 11377564.

550: Nikolova Z, Hof RP. Neointima suppression in rat carotid allografts by FTY720 combined with a small fixed cyclosporine dose is related to a diminution of the peripheral lymphocyte count. Transplant Proc. 2001 May;33(3):2184-5. PubMed PMID: 11377496.

551: Hammond-McKibben D, Lake P, Zhang J, Tart-Risher N, Hugo R, Weetall M. A high-capacity quantitative mouse model of drug-mediated immunosuppression based on rejection of an allogeneic subcutaneous tumor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001 Jun;297(3):1144-51. PubMed PMID: 11356940.

552: Miyamoto T, Matsumori A, Hwang MW, Nishio R, Ito H, Sasayama S. Therapeutic effects of FTY720, a new immunosuppressive agent, in a murine model of acute viral myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001 May;37(6):1713-8. PubMed PMID: 11345389.

553: Ohba M, Li XK, Kita Y, Enosawa S, Funeshima N, Nagai H, Zhang H, Okuyama T, Ogoshi S, Sasaguri S, Amemiya H, Suzuki S. Long-term graft acceptance in rat heart transplantation by CTLA4Ig gene transfection combined with FTY720 treatment. World J Surg. 2001 Apr;25(4):391-7; discussion 397-8. PubMed PMID: 11344387.

554: Nikolova Z, Hof A, Baumlin Y, Hof RP. Combined FTY720/cyclosporine A treatment promotes graft survival and lowers the peripheral lymphocyte count in DA to lewis heart and skin transplantation models. Transpl Immunol. 2001 Feb;8(4):267-77. PubMed PMID: 11316070.

555: Troncoso P, Ortíz M, Martínez L, Kahan BD. FTY 720 prevents ischemic reperfusion damage in rat kidneys. Transplant Proc. 2001 Feb-Mar;33(1-2):857-9. PubMed PMID: 11267102.

556: Fu F, Hu S, Li S, DeLeo J, Hoover J, Wang S, Lake P, Shi V. FTY720, a novel immunosuppressive agent with insulinotropic activity, prolongs graft survival in a mouse islet transplantation model. Transplant Proc. 2001 Feb-Mar;33(1-2):672-3. PubMed PMID: 11267010.

557: Chueh SC, Chen JR, Chen J, Lai MK. FTY720 prevents chronic rejection of rat heterotopic cardiac allografts. Transplant Proc. 2001 Feb-Mar;33(1-2):542-3. PubMed PMID: 11266948.

558: Brinkmann V, Chen S, Feng L, Pinschewer D, Nikolova Z, Hof R. FTY720 alters lymphocyte homing and protects allografts without inducing general immunosuppression. Transplant Proc. 2001 Feb-Mar;33(1-2):530-1. PubMed PMID: 11266942.

559: van Mourik ID, Kelly DA. Immunosuppressive drugs in paediatric liver transplantation. Paediatr Drugs. 2001;3(1):43-60. Review. PubMed PMID: 11220404.

560: Pohanka E. New immunosuppressive drugs: an update. Curr Opin Urol. 2001 Mar;11(2):143-51. Review. PubMed PMID: 11224744.

561: Li XK, Tamura A, Fujino M, Guo L, Kakefuda T, Funeshima N, Enosawa S, Amari M, Naoe S, Amemiya H, Suzuki S. Induction of lymphocyte apoptosis in rat liver allograft with ongoing rejection by FTY720. Clin Exp Immunol. 2001 Feb;123(2):331-9. PubMed PMID: 11207666; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1905974.

562: Sonoda Y, Yamamoto D, Sakurai S, Hasegawa M, Aizu-Yokota E, Momoi T, Kasahara T. FTY720, a novel immunosuppressive agent, induces apoptosis in human glioma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001 Feb 23;281(2):282-8. PubMed PMID: 11181042.

563: Quesniaux VF, Menninger K, Kunkler A, Vedrine C, Bernhard M, Hedinger R, Kraus G, Schuurman HJ. The novel immunosuppressant FTY720 induces peripheral lymphodepletion of both T- and B-cells in cynomolgus monkeys when given alone, with Cyclosporine Neoral or with RAD. Transpl Immunol. 2000 Nov;8(3):177-87. PubMed PMID: 11147698.

564: Ohba M, Li XK, Kita Y, Tamura A, Enosawa S, Sasakuri S, Ogoshi S, Amemiya H, Suzuki S. Perioperative administration of FTY720 and CTLA4IG in rat heart transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2000 Nov;32(7):2024-5. PubMed PMID: 11120049.

565: Chueh SC, Tsai CC, Chiu B, Li YC, Lai MK. Rescuing acute rejection of rat cardiac allografts with FTY720. Transplant Proc. 2000 Nov;32(7):1629-30. PubMed PMID: 11119868.

566: Lei G, Amemiya H, Suzuki S, Goto T, Kokubo T, Miyamoto M, Kimura H. New immunosuppressive reagent, FTY 720, spares immunologic memory. Transplant Proc. 2000 Nov;32(7):1628. PubMed PMID: 11119867.

567: Böhler T, Waiser J, Schütz M, Friedrich M, Schötschel R, Reinhold S, Schmouder R, Budde K, Neumayer HH. FTY 720A mediates reduction of lymphocyte counts in human renal allograft recipients by an apoptosis-independent mechanism. Transpl Int. 2000;13 Suppl 1:S311-3. PubMed PMID: 11112021.

568: Ueda H, Takahara S, Azuma H, Kusaka M, Suzuki S, Katsuoka Y. Effect of a novel immunosuppressant, FTY720, on allograft survival after renal transplant in rats. Eur Surg Res. 2000;32(5):279-83. PubMed PMID: 11111172.

569: Matsuura M, Imayoshi T, Chiba K, Okumoto T. Effect of FTY720, a novel immunosuppressant, on adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. Inflamm Res. 2000 Aug;49(8):404-10. PubMed PMID: 11028757.

570: Nikolova Z, Hof A, Baumlin Y, Hof RP. The peripheral lymphocyte count predicts graft survival in DA to Lewis heterotopic heart transplantation treated with FTY720 and SDZ RAD. Transpl Immunol. 2000 Jun;8(2):115-24. PubMed PMID: 11005317.

571: Koshiba T, Ji P, Tanaka K, McMaster P, Van Damme B, Waer M, Pirenne J. Tolerance induction with FTY720 and donor-specific blood transfusion: discrepancy between heart transplantation and intestinal transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2000 Sep;32(6):1255-7. PubMed PMID: 10995936.

572: Yanagawa Y, Hoshino Y, Chiba K. The significance of timing of FTY720 administration on the immunosuppressive effect to prolong rat skin allograft survival. Int J Immunopharmacol. 2000 Aug;22(8):597-602. PubMed PMID: 10988354.

573: Nagahara Y, Ikekita M, Shinomiya T. Immunosuppressant FTY720 induces apoptosis by direct induction of permeability transition and release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. J Immunol. 2000 Sep 15;165(6):3250-9. PubMed PMID: 10975841.

574: Kiuchi M, Adachi K, Kohara T, Minoguchi M, Hanano T, Aoki Y, Mishina T, Arita M, Nakao N, Ohtsuki M, Hoshino Y, Teshima K, Chiba K, Sasaki S, Fujita T. Synthesis and immunosuppressive activity of 2-substituted 2-aminopropane-1,3-diols and 2-aminoethanols. J Med Chem. 2000 Jul 27;43(15):2946-61. PubMed PMID: 10956203.

575: Zhang J, Song Z, Wijkström M, Bari S, Sundberg B, Nava S, Groth CG, Korsgren O, Wennberg L. FTY720 in combination with CsA inhibits islet xenograft rejection: a study in the pig-to-rat model. Transplant Proc. 2000 Aug;32(5):1017. PubMed PMID: 10936327.

576: Nikolova Z, Hof A, Rudin M, Baumlin Y, Kraus G, Hof RP. Prevention of graft vessel disease by combined FTY720/cyclosporine. A treatment in a rat carotid artery transplantation model. Transplantation. 2000 Jun 27;69(12):2525-30. PubMed PMID: 10910272.

577: Nagahara Y, Enosawa S, Ikekita M, Suzuki S, Shinomiya T. Evidence that FTY720 induces T cell apoptosis in vivo. Immunopharmacology. 2000 Jun;48(1):75-85. PubMed PMID: 10822091.

578: Yagi H, Kamba R, Chiba K, Soga H, Yaguchi K, Nakamura M, Itoh T. Immunosuppressant FTY720 inhibits thymocyte emigration. Eur J Immunol. 2000 May;30(5):1435-44. PubMed PMID: 10820391.

579: Pinschewer DD, Ochsenbein AF, Odermatt B, Brinkmann V, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel RM. FTY720 immunosuppression impairs effector T cell peripheral homing without affecting induction, expansion, and memory. J Immunol. 2000 Jun 1;164(11):5761-70. PubMed PMID: 10820254.

580: Katz SM, Hong JC, Kahan BD. New immunosuppressive agents. Transplant Proc. 2000 May;32(3):620-1. PubMed PMID: 10812142.

581: Kobayakawa T, Chiba K. [Immunosuppressive agent FTY720]. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso. 2000 Apr;45(6 Suppl):1188-92. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 10771694.

582: Sun E, Zhang L, Zeng Y, Ge Q, Zhao M, Gao W. Apoptotic cells actively inhibit the expression of CD69 on Con A activated T lymphocytes. Scand J Immunol. 2000 Mar;51(3):231-6. PubMed PMID: 10736091.

583: Suzuki S, Li XK, Okuyama T, Tamura A, Funeshima N, Enosawa S, Ohba M, Amemiya H. [Immunomodulation after organ grafting by novel immunosuppressive drug and gene transfection]. Nihon Rinsho Meneki Gakkai Kaishi. 1999 Dec;22(6):422-7. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 10726478.

584: Yuzawa K, Stephkowski SM, Wang M, Kahan BD. FTY720 blocks allograft rejection by homing of lymphocytes in vivo. Transplant Proc. 2000 Mar;32(2):269. PubMed PMID: 10715413.

585: Fujita T, Matsumoto N, Uchida S, Kohno T, Shimizu T, Hirose R, Yanada K, Kurio W, Watabe K. Antibody against a novel, myriocin (ISP-I)-based immunosuppressant, FTY720. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2000 Feb 21;10(4):337-9. PubMed PMID: 10714494.

586: Kitabayashi H, Isobe M, Watanabe N, Suzuki J, Yazaki Y, Sekiguchi M. FTY720 prevents development of experimental autoimmune myocarditis through reduction of circulating lymphocytes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2000 Mar;35(3):410-6. PubMed PMID: 10710126.

587: Mizuta K, Ohmori M, Miyashita F, Kitoh Y, Fujimura A, Mori M, Kanno T, Hashizume K, Kobayashi E. Effect of pretreatment with FTY720 and cyclosporin on ischaemia-reperfusion injury of the liver in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1999 Dec;51(12):1423-8. PubMed PMID: 10678498.

588: Matsuura M, Imayoshi T, Okumoto T. Effect of FTY720, a novel immunosuppressant, on adjuvant- and collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Int J Immunopharmacol. 2000 Apr;22(4):323-31. PubMed PMID: 10689105.

589: Napoli KL. The FTY720 story. Ther Drug Monit. 2000 Feb;22(1):47-51. Review. PubMed PMID: 10688258.

590: Furukawa H, Suzuki T, Jin MB, Yamashita K, Taniguchi M, Magata S, Ishikawa H, Ogata K, Masuko H, Shimamura T, Fukai M, Hayashi T, Fujita M, Nagashima K, Omura T, Kishida A, Todo S. Prolongation of canine liver allograft survival by a novel immunosuppressant, FTY720: effect of monotherapy and combined treatment with conventional drugs. Transplantation. 2000 Jan 27;69(2):235-41. PubMed PMID: 10670633.

591: Brinkmann V, Pinschewer D, Chiba K, Feng L. FTY720: a novel transplantation drug that modulates lymphocyte traffic rather than activation. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2000 Feb;21(2):49-52. PubMed PMID: 10664606.

592: Tamura A, Li XK, Funeshima N, Enosawa S, Amemiya H, Kitajima M, Suzuki S. Immunosuppressive therapy using FTY720 combined with tacrolimus in rat liver transplantation. Surgery. 2000 Jan;127(1):47-54. PubMed PMID: 10660758.

593: Kurose S, Ikeda E, Tokiwa M, Hikita N, Mochizuki M. Effects of FTY720, a novel immunosuppressant, on experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in rats. Exp Eye Res. 2000 Jan;70(1):7-15. PubMed PMID: 10644416.

594: Quesniaux V, Fullard L, Arendse H, Davison G, Markgraaff N, Auer R, Ehrhart F, Kraus G, Schuurman HJ. A novel immunosuppressant, FTY720, induces peripheral lymphodepletion of both T- and B cells and immunosuppression in baboons. Transpl Immunol. 1999 Sep;7(3):149-57. PubMed PMID: 10608298.

595: Fujiwara I, Nakajima H, Matsuda T, Mizuta N, Yamagishi H, Oka T. Prolongation of concordant xenograft survival by a newly developed drug, FTY720. Transplant Proc. 1999 Nov;31(7):2831-3. PubMed PMID: 10578306.

596: Kita Y, Li XK, Funeshima N, Enosawa S, Tamura A, Hayashi S, Suzuki K, Kazui T, Amemiya H, Suzuki S. Prolonged graft survival induced by CTLA4IG-gene transfection combined with FTY720 administration in rat heart grafting. Transplant Proc. 1999 Nov;31(7):2787-8. PubMed PMID: 10578291.

597: Tamura A, Li XK, Funeshima N, Enosawa S, Amemiya H, Suzuki S. Combination effect of tacrolimus and FTY720 in liver transplantation in rats. Transplant Proc. 1999 Nov;31(7):2785-6. PubMed PMID: 10578290.

598: Omura T, Suzuki T, Shimamura T, Jin MB, Yokota R, Fukai M, Iida J, Taniguchi M, Magata S, Horiuchi H, Yamashita K, Nomura M, Kishida A, Matsushita M, Furukawa H, Todo S. A short-course therapy with FTY720 prolongs allograft survival after canine kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc. 1999 Nov;31(7):2783-4. PubMed PMID: 10578289.

599: Suzuki S. FTY720: mechanisms of action and its effect on organ transplantation (review). Transplant Proc. 1999 Nov;31(7):2779-82. Review. PubMed PMID: 10578288.

600: Hozumi Y, Kobayashi E, Miyata M, Fujimura A. Immunotherapy for experimental rat autoimmune thyroiditis using a novel immunosuppressant, FTY720. Life Sci. 1999;65(17):1739-45. PubMed PMID: 10576553.

601: FTY 720. Drugs R D. 1999 Jan;1(1):78-80. PubMed PMID: 10565994.

602: Hwang MW, Matsumori A, Furukawa Y, Ono K, Okada M, Iwasaki A, Hara M, Sasayama S. FTY720, a new immunosuppressant, promotes long-term graft survival and inhibits the progression of graft coronary artery disease in a murine model of cardiac transplantation. Circulation. 1999 Sep 21;100(12):1322-9. PubMed PMID: 10491378.

603: Kahan BD. The potential role of rapamycin in pediatric transplantation as observed from adult studies. Pediatr Transplant. 1999 Aug;3(3):175-80. Review. PubMed PMID: 10487276.

604: Luo ZJ, Tanaka T, Kimura F, Miyasaka M. Analysis of the mode of action of a novel immunosuppressant FTY720 in mice. Immunopharmacology. 1999 Apr;41(3):199-207. PubMed PMID: 10428648.

605: Watanabe H, Hamada Y, Toshima T, Nagasawa K, Sakano Y. Effect of a new immunosuppressant, FTY720, on joint allografts. J Reconstr Microsurg. 1999 May;15(4):295-8. PubMed PMID: 10363553.

606: Wang JD, Takahara S, Nonomura N, Ichimaru N, Toki K, Azuma H, Matsumiya K, Okuyama A, Suzuki S. Early induction of apoptosis in androgen-independent prostate cancer cell line by FTY720 requires caspase-3 activation. Prostate. 1999 Jun 15;40(1):50-5. PubMed PMID: 10344723.

607: Matsuda S, Minowa A, Suzuki S, Koyasu S. Differential activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and p38 pathways during FTY720-induced apoptosis of T lymphocytes that is suppressed by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. J Immunol. 1999 Mar 15;162(6):3321-6. PubMed PMID: 10092785.

608: Chiba K, Yanagawa Y, Kataoka H, Kawaguchi T, Ohtsuki M, Hoshino Y. FTY720, a novel immunosuppressant, induces sequestration of circulating lymphocytes by acceleration of lymphocyte homing. Transplant Proc. 1999 Feb-Mar;31(1-2):1230-3. PubMed PMID: 10083549.

609: Yanagawa Y, Hoshino Y, Kataoka H, Kawaguchi T, Ohtsuki M, Sugahara K, Chiba K. FTY720, a novel immunosuppressant, prolongs rat skin allograft survival by decreasing T-cell infiltration into grafts. Transplant Proc. 1999 Feb-Mar;31(1-2):1227-9. PubMed PMID: 10083548.

610: Hoshino Y, Yanagawa Y, Ohtsuki M, Nakayama S, Hashimoto T, Chiba K. FTY720, a novel immunosuppressant, shows a synergistic effect in combination with FK 506 in rat allograft models. Transplant Proc. 1999 Feb-Mar;31(1-2):1224-6. PubMed PMID: 10083547.

611: Suzuki T, Shimamura T, Jin MB, Yokota R, Fukai M, Iida J, Taniguchi M, Magata S, Horiuchi H, Yamashita K, Nomura M, Omura T, Kishida A, Furukawa H, Todo S. Dose-dependent study of a novel immunosuppressant, FTY720, with the canine renal allograft transplantation model. Transplant Proc. 1999 Feb-Mar;31(1-2):1208-9. PubMed PMID: 10083540.

612: Yamashita K, Nomura M, Omura T, Takehara M, Suzuki T, Shimamura T, Kishida A, Furukawa H, Murakami M, Uede T, Todo S. Effect of a novel immunosuppressant, FTY720, on heart and liver transplantations in rats. Transplant Proc. 1999 Feb-Mar;31(1-2):1178-9. PubMed PMID: 10083526.

613: Kunikata S, Nagano T, Nishioka T, Akiyama T, Kurita T. Immunosuppressive action of FTY720 for renal allograft a rat model. Transplant Proc. 1999 Feb-Mar;31(1-2):1157-9. PubMed PMID: 10083517.

614: Yuzawa K, Otsuka M, Taniguchi H, Takada Y, Sakurayama N, Jinzenji Y, Suzuki S, Fukao K. Rescue effect of FTY720 on acute renal rejection in dogs. Transplant Proc. 1999 Feb-Mar;31(1-2):872. PubMed PMID: 10083381.

615: Kiuchi M, Adachi K, Kohara T, Teshima K, Masubuchi Y, Mishina T, Fujita T. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2,2-disubstituted 2-aminoethanols: analogues of FTY720. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 1998 Jan 6;8(1):101-6. PubMed PMID: 9925439.

616: Troncoso P, Stepkowski SM, Wang ME, Qu X, Chueh SC, Clark J, Kahan BD. Prophylaxis of acute renal allograft rejection using FTY720 in combination with subtherapeutic doses of cyclosporine. Transplantation. 1999 Jan 15;67(1):145-51. PubMed PMID: 9921811.

617: Yanagawa Y, Masubuchi Y, Chiba K. FTY720, a novel immunosuppressant, induces sequestration of circulating mature lymphocytes by acceleration of lymphocyte homing in rats, III. Increase in frequency of CD62L-positive T cells in Peyer's patches by FTY720-induced lymphocyte homing. Immunology. 1998 Dec;95(4):591-4. PubMed PMID: 9893050; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1364357.

618: Miyata Y, Ohdan H, Noriyuki T, Shintaku S, Shibata S, Yamamoto H, Fan XH, Fudaba Y, Yoshioka S, Asahara T, Fukuda Y, Dohi K. Prolongation of concordant xenograft survival by treatment with FTY720. Transplant Proc. 1998 Dec;30(8):4163-5. PubMed PMID: 9865334.

619: Yan H, Suzuki K, Li XK, Amemiya H, Suzuki S, Hiromitsu K. Immunosuppressive effect of FTY 720 on autoimmune diabetes models. Transplant Proc. 1998 Nov;30(7):3436-7. PubMed PMID: 9838514.

620: Suzuki K, Kazui T, Kawabe A, Li XK, Funeshima N, Amemiya H, Suzuki S. Immunosuppressive effect of FTY 720 on rat pancreas allograft. Transplant Proc. 1998 Nov;30(7):3417-8. PubMed PMID: 9838506.

621: Shimizu C, Li X, Kimura M, Hashimoto K, Sugaya K, Kubo M, Suzuki S, Nakayama T. A novel immunosuppressant, FTY720, increases the efficiency of a superantigen-induced peripheral T-cell deletion whilst inhibiting negative selection in the thymus. Immunology. 1998 Aug;94(4):503-12. PubMed PMID: 9767438; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1364228.

622: Sakaguchi M, Sugita S, Sagawa K, Itoh K, Mochizuki M. Cytokine production by T cells infiltrating in the eye of uveitis patients. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 1998 Jul-Aug;42(4):262-8. PubMed PMID: 9749865.

623: Matsuda T, Nakajima H, Fujiwara I, Mizuta N, Oka T. Caspase requirement for the apoptotic death of WR19L-induced by FTY720. Transplant Proc. 1998 Aug;30(5):2355-7. PubMed PMID: 9723502.

624: Xu M, Pirenne J, Antoniou S, Gunson B, D'Silva M, McMaster P. FTY720 compares with FK 506 as rescue therapy in rat heterotopic cardiac transplantation. Transplant Proc. 1998 Aug;30(5):2221-2. PubMed PMID: 9723447.

625: Nakajima H, Sun E, Mizuta N, Fujiwara I, Oka T. FTY720 inhibits the mRNA expression of intragraft cytotoxic molecules, leading to cardiac allograft survival. Transplant Proc. 1998 Aug;30(5):2217-20. PubMed PMID: 9723446.

626: Stepkowski SM, Wang M, Qu X, Yu J, Okamoto M, Tejpal N, Kahan BD. Synergistic interaction of FTY720 with cyclosporine or sirolimus to prolong heart allograft survival. Transplant Proc. 1998 Aug;30(5):2214-6. PubMed PMID: 9723445.

627: Kahan BD. FTY720: a new immunosuppressive agent with novel mechanism(s) of action. Transplant Proc. 1998 Aug;30(5):2210-3. Review. PubMed PMID: 9723444.

628: Troncoso P, Kahan BD. Preclinical evaluation of a new immunosuppressive agent, FTY720. Clin Biochem. 1998 Jul;31(5):369-73. Review. PubMed PMID: 9721436.

629: Yamasaki T, Inoue K, Hayashi H, Gu Y, Setoyama H, Ida J, Cui W, Kawakami Y, Kogire M, Imamura M. Effect of a new immunosuppressive agent, FTY720, on survival of islet allografts. Cell Transplant. 1998 Jul-Aug;7(4):403-6. PubMed PMID: 9710310.

630: Xu M, Pirenne J, Antoniou EA, Afford SC, D'Silva M, McMaster P. Effect of peritransplant FTY720 alone or in combination with post-transplant tacrolimus in a rat model of cardiac allotransplantation. Transpl Int. 1998;11(4):288-94. PubMed PMID: 9704394.

631: Fukuda Y, Ohdan H, Miyata Y, Shintaku S, Dohi K. Effect of FTY720 on immunoregulation in concordant xenotransplantation. Transpl Int. 1998;11 Suppl 1:S461-4. PubMed PMID: 9665039.

632: Suzuki K, Kazui T, Kawabe A, Li XK, Amemiya H, Suzuki S. Beneficial immunosuppressive effect of FTY720 combined with intrathymic injection of splenic cells on rat pancreaticoduodenal allograft. Transplant Proc. 1998 Jun;30(4):1067-8. PubMed PMID: 9636432.

633: Yuzawa K, Otsuka M, Taniguchi H, Takada Y, Sakurayama N, Jinzenji Y, Suzuki S, Fukao K. An effect of FTY720 on acute rejection in canine renal transplantation. Transplant Proc. 1998 Jun;30(4):1046. PubMed PMID: 9636422.

634: Suzuki K, Yan H, Li XK, Amemiya H, Suzuki S, Hiromitsu K. Prevention of experimentally induced autoimmune type I diabetes in rats by the new immunosuppressive reagent FTY720. Transplant Proc. 1998 Jun;30(4):1044-5. PubMed PMID: 9636421.

635: Antoniou EA, Drayson M, Howie AJ, McMaster P, D'Silva M. Donor-specific blood transfusion does not enhance the effect of FTY720 in rat cardiac allotransplantation. Transplant Proc. 1998 Jun;30(4):1042-3. PubMed PMID: 9636420.

636: Oyama Y, Chikahisa L, Kanemaru K, Nakata M, Noguchi S, Nagano T, Okazaki E, Hirata A. Cytotoxic actions of FTY720, a novel immunosuppressant, on thymocytes and brain neurons dissociated from the rat. Jpn J Pharmacol. 1998 Apr;76(4):377-85. PubMed PMID: 9623716.

637: Yanagawa Y, Sugahara K, Kataoka H, Kawaguchi T, Masubuchi Y, Chiba K. FTY720, a novel immunosuppressant, induces sequestration of circulating mature lymphocytes by acceleration of lymphocyte homing in rats. II. FTY720 prolongs skin allograft survival by decreasing T cell infiltration into grafts but not cytokine production in vivo. J Immunol. 1998 Jun 1;160(11):5493-9. PubMed PMID: 9605152.

638: Chiba K, Yanagawa Y, Masubuchi Y, Kataoka H, Kawaguchi T, Ohtsuki M, Hoshino Y. FTY720, a novel immunosuppressant, induces sequestration of circulating mature lymphocytes by acceleration of lymphocyte homing in rats. I. FTY720 selectively decreases the number of circulating mature lymphocytes by acceleration of lymphocyte homing. J Immunol. 1998 May 15;160(10):5037-44. PubMed PMID: 9590253.

639: Wang ME, Tejpal N, Qu X, Yu J, Okamoto M, Stepkowski SM, Kahan BD. Immunosuppressive effects of FTY720 alone or in combination with cyclosporine and/or sirolimus. Transplantation. 1998 Apr 15;65(7):899-905. PubMed PMID: 9565092.

640: Suzuki S, Kakefuda T, Amemiya H, Chiba K, Hoshino Y, Kawaguchi T, Kataoka H, Rahman F. An immunosuppressive regimen using FTY720 combined with cyclosporin in canine kidney transplantation. Transpl Int. 1998;11(2):95-101. PubMed PMID: 9561675.

641: Muramatsu K, Doi K, Shigetomi M, Kido K, Kawai S. A new immunosuppressant, FTY720, prolongs limb allograft survival in rats. Ann Plast Surg. 1998 Feb;40(2):160-5. PubMed PMID: 9495465.

642: Chueh SC, Tian L, Wang M, Wang ME, Stepkowski SM, Kahan BD. Induction of tolerance toward rat cardiac allografts by treatment with allochimeric class I MHC antigen and FTY720. Transplantation. 1997 Nov 27;64(10):1407-14. PubMed PMID: 9392303.

643: Xu M, Antoniou EA, Afford SC, Suzuki S, Pirenne J, McMaster P, D'Silva M. Effect of peritransplant FTY720 alone or in combination with posttransplant FK 506 in a rat model of cardiac allotransplantation. Transplant Proc. 1997 Nov;29(7):2964-6. PubMed PMID: 9365631.

644: Shinomiya T, Li XK, Amemiya H, Suzuki S. An immunosuppressive agent, FTY720, increases intracellular concentration of calcium ion and induces apoptosis in HL-60. Immunology. 1997 Aug;91(4):594-600. PubMed PMID: 9378500; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1363881.

645: Li XK, Shinomiya T, Enosawa S, Kakefuda T, Amemiya H, Suzuki S. Induction of lymphocyte apoptosis by a novel immunosuppressant FTY720: relation with Fas, Bcl-2 and Bax expression. Transplant Proc. 1997 Feb-Mar;29(1-2):1267-8. PubMed PMID: 9123299.

646: Li XK, Enosawa S, Kakefuda T, Amemiya H, Suzuki S. FTY720, a novel immunosuppressive agent, enhances upregulation of the cell adhesion molecular ICAM-1 in TNF-alpha treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Transplant Proc. 1997 Feb-Mar;29(1-2):1265-6. PubMed PMID: 9123298.

647: Mitsusada M, Suzuki S, Kobayashi E, Enosawa S, Kakefuda T, Miyata M. Prevention of graft rejection and graft-versus-host reaction by a novel immunosuppressant, FTY720, in rat small bowel transplantation. Transpl Int. 1997;10(5):343-9. PubMed PMID: 9287398.

648: Suzuki S, Li XK, Shinomiya T, Enosawa S, Amemiya H, Amari M, Naoe S. The in vivo induction of lymphocyte apoptosis in MRL-lpr/lpr mice treated with FTY720. Clin Exp Immunol. 1997 Jan;107(1):103-11. PubMed PMID: 9010264; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1904563.

649: Suzuki S, Li XK, Enosawa S, Shinomiya T. A new immunosuppressant, FTY720, induces bcl-2-associated apoptotic cell death in human lymphocytes. Immunology. 1996 Dec;89(4):518-23. PubMed PMID: 9014815; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1456592.

650: Suzuki S, Enosawa S, Kakefuda T, Li XK, Mitsusada M, Takahara S, Amemiya H. Immunosuppressive effect of a new drug, FTY720, on lymphocyte responses in vitro and cardiac allograft survival in rats. Transpl Immunol. 1996 Sep;4(3):252-5. PubMed PMID: 8893458.

651: Enosawa S, Suzuki S, Kakefuda T, Li XK, Amemiya H. Induction of selective cell death targeting on mature T-lymphocytes in rats by a novel immunosuppressant, FTY720. Immunopharmacology. 1996 Sep;34(2-3):171-9. PubMed PMID: 8886861.

652: Suzuki S, Li XK, Shinomiya T, Enosawa S, Kakefuda T, Mitsusada M, Amemiya H, Takahara S, Amari M, Naoe S, Hoshino Y, Chiba K. Induction of lymphocyte apoptosis and prolongation of allograft survival by FTY720. Transplant Proc. 1996 Aug;28(4):2049-50. PubMed PMID: 8769151.

653: Kozutsumi Y, Nakamura S, Kawasaki T. ["Sphingosine pathway": a novel apoptosis inducing pathway]. Seikagaku. 1996 Jun;68(6):444-52. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 8741290.

654: Suzuki S, Enosawa S, Kakefuda T, Amemiya H, Hoshino Y, Chiba K. Long-term graft acceptance in allografted rats and dogs by treatment with a novel immunosuppressant, FTY720. Transplant Proc. 1996 Jun;28(3):1375-6. PubMed PMID: 8658701.

655: Kawaguchi T, Hoshino Y, Rahman F, Amano Y, Higashi H, Kataoka H, Ohtsuki M, Teshima K, Chiba K, Kakefuda T, Suzuki S. FTY720, a novel immunosuppressant possessing unique mechanisms. III. Synergistic prolongation of canine renal allograft survival in combination with cyclosporine A. Transplant Proc. 1996 Apr;28(2):1062-3. PubMed PMID: 8623227.

656: Hoshino Y, Suzuki C, Ohtsuki M, Masubuchi Y, Amano Y, Chiba K. FTY720, a novel immunosuppressant possessing unique mechanisms. II. Long-term graft survival induction in rat heterotopic cardiac allografts and synergistic effect in combination with cyclosporine A. Transplant Proc. 1996 Apr;28(2):1060-1. PubMed PMID: 8623226.

657: Chiba K, Hoshino Y, Suzuki C, Masubuchi Y, Yanagawa Y, Ohtsuki M, Sasaki S, Fujita T. FTY720, a novel immunosuppressant possessing unique mechanisms. I. Prolongation of skin allograft survival and synergistic effect in combination with cyclosporine in rats. Transplant Proc. 1996 Apr;28(2):1056-9. PubMed PMID: 8623225.

658: Suzuki S, Enosawa S, Kakefuda T, Shinomiya T, Amari M, Naoe S, Hoshino Y, Chiba K. A novel immunosuppressant, FTY720, with a unique mechanism of action, induces long-term graft acceptance in rat and dog allotransplantation. Transplantation. 1996 Jan 27;61(2):200-5. PubMed PMID: 8600623.