MedKoo product information:

 Epirubicin Hydrochloride

Epirubicin hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt of the 4'-epi-isomer of the anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic doxorubicin. Epirubicin intercalates into DNA and interacts with topoisomerase II, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis. This agent also produces toxic free-radical intermediates and interacts with cell membrane lipids causing lipid peroxidation. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus).

DRUG DESCRIPTION

ELLENCE Injection (epirubicin hydrochloride injection) is an anthracycline cytotoxic agent, intended for intravenous administration. ELLENCE is supplied as a sterile, clear, red solution and is available in polypropylene vials containing 50 and 200 mg of epirubicin hydrochloride as a preservative-free, ready-to-use solution. Each milliliter of solution contains 2 mg of epirubicin hydrochloride. Inactive ingredients include sodium chloride, USP, and water for injection, USP. The pH of the solution has been adjusted to 3.0 with hydrochloric acid, NF. Epirubicin hydrochloride is the 4-epimer of doxorubicin and is a semi-synthetic derivative of daunorubicin. The chemical name is (8S- cis)-10-[(3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-α-L-arabino-hexopyranosyl)oxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro6,8,11-trihydroxy-8-(hydroxyacetyl)-1-methoxy-5,12-naphthacenedione hydrochloride. The active ingredient is a red-orange hygroscopic powder, with the empirical formula C27 H29 NO11 HCl and a molecular weight of 579.95.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Epirubicin is an anthracycline cytotoxic agent. Although it is known that anthracyclines can interfere with a number of biochemical and biological functions within eukaryotic cells, the precise mechanisms of epirubicin's cytotoxic and/or antiproliferative properties have not been completely elucidated. Epirubicin forms a complex with DNA by intercalation of its planar rings between nucleotide base pairs, with consequent inhibition of nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) and protein synthesis. Such intercalation triggers DNA cleavage by topoisomerase II, resulting in cytocidal activity. Epirubicin also inhibits DNA helicase activity, preventing the enzymatic separation of double-stranded DNA and interfering with replication and transcription. Epirubicin is also involved in oxidation/reduction reactions by generating cytotoxic free radicals. The antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity of epirubicin is thought to result from these or other possible mechanisms. Epirubicin is cytotoxic in vitro to a variety of established murine and human cell lines and primary cultures of human tumors. It is also active in vivo against a variety of murine tumors and human xenografts in athymic mice, including breast tumors.

Development history

The first trial of epirubicin in humans was published in 1980. Upjohn applied for approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in node-positive breast cancer in 1984, but was turned down because of lack of data. It appears to have been licensed for use in Europe from around this time however. In 1999 Pharmacia (who had by then merged with Upjohn) received FDA approval for the use of epirubicin as a component of adjuvant therapy in node-positive patients. Patent protection for epirubicin expired in August 2007. from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirubicin.

 1: Weinreich J, Schott S, Königsrainer I, Zieker D, Königsrainer A, Schott H. Cytostatic activity of the duplex drug linking 2'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5FdU) with 3'-C-ethynylcytidine (ECyd) against gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines. Invest New Drugs. 2010 Jul 2. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20596746.

2: Sen AK, Karakas E, Bilaloglu R. Genotoxic effect of epirubicin in mouse bone marrow in vivo. Z Naturforsch C. 2010 Mar-Apr;65(3-4):211-7. PubMed PMID: 20469640.

3: Kountourakis P, Missitzis I, Doufexis D, Zobolas V, Pissakas G, Arnogiannaki N, Maliou S, Sotiropoulou A, Ardavanis A. Neoadjuvant sequential epirubicin and docetaxel followed by surgery-radiotherapy and post-operative docetaxel or gemcitabine/vinorelbine combination based on primary response: a multimodality approach for locally advanced breast cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2010 Apr 13. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20387073.

4: Gao F, Li L, Zhang H, Yang W, Chen H, Zhou J, Zhou Z, Wang Y, Cai Y, Li X, Liu L, Zhang Q. Deoxycholic acid modified-carboxymethyl curdlan conjugate as a novel carrier of epirubicin: in vitro and in vivo studies. Int J Pharm. 2010 Jun 15;392(1-2):254-60. Epub 2010 Mar 25. PubMed PMID: 20347028.

5: Gofrit ON, Zorn KC, Shikanov S, Steinberg GD. Marker lesion experiments in bladder cancer--what have we learned? J Urol. 2010 May;183(5):1678-84. Epub 2010 Mar 17. Review. PubMed PMID: 20299042.

6: Takayasu K, Arii S, Ikai I, Kudo M, Matsuyama Y, Kojiro M, Makuuchi M; Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan. Overall survival after transarterial lipiodol infusion chemotherapy with or without embolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: propensity score analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010 Mar;194(3):830-7. PubMed PMID: 20173167.

7: Zhou S, Li F, Xiao J, Xiong W, Fang Z, Chen W, Niu P. Isolation and identification of cancer stem cells from human osteosarcom by serum-free three-dimensional culture combined with anticancer drugs. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2010 Feb;30(1):81-4. Epub 2010 Feb 14. PubMed PMID: 20155460.

8: Kohga K, Takehara T, Tatsumi T, Miyagi T, Ishida H, Ohkawa K, Kanto T, Hiramatsu N, Hayashi N. Anticancer chemotherapy inhibits MHC class I-related chain a ectodomain shedding by downregulating ADAM10 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2009 Oct 15;69(20):8050-7. Epub 2009 Oct 13. PubMed PMID: 19826051.

9: Signorelli M, Chiappa V, Minig L, Fruscio R, Perego P, Caspani G, Battistello M, Colombo N. Platinum, anthracycline, and alkylating agent-based chemotherapy for ovarian carcinosarcoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2009 Aug;19(6):1142-6. PubMed PMID: 19820383.

10: Fujioka T, Taketani S, Nagasaki T, Matsumoto A. Self-Assembly and Cellular Uptake of Degradable and Water-Soluble Polyperoxides. Bioconjug Chem. 2009 Sep 23. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 19775104.

11: Pasut G, Greco F, Mero A, Mendichi R, Fante C, Green RJ, Veronese FM. Polymer-drug conjugates for combination anticancer therapy: investigating the mechanism of action. J Med Chem. 2009 Oct 22;52(20):6499-502. PubMed PMID: 19764729.

12: Hansson EK, Wallin JE, Lindman H, Sandström M, Karlsson MO, Friberg LE. Limited inter-occasion variability in relation to inter-individual variability in chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2010 Apr;65(5):839-48. Epub 2009 Aug 14. PubMed PMID: 19680655.

13: Collins DM, Crown J, O'Donovan N, Devery A, O'Sullivan F, O'Driscoll L, Clynes M, O'Connor R. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors potentiate the cytotoxicity of MDR-substrate anticancer agents independent of growth factor receptor status in lung cancer cell lines. Invest New Drugs. 2010 Aug;28(4):433-44. Epub 2009 Jun 5. PubMed PMID: 19499189.

14: Marchion DC, Bicaku E, Turner JG, Schmitt ML, Morelli DR, Munster PN. HDAC2 regulates chromatin plasticity and enhances DNA vulnerability. Mol Cancer Ther. 2009 Apr;8(4):794-801. PubMed PMID: 19372552.

15: Simůnek T, Stérba M, Popelová O, Adamcová M, Hrdina R, Gersl V. Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity: overview of studies examining the roles of oxidative stress and free cellular iron. Pharmacol Rep. 2009 Jan-Feb;61(1):154-71. Review. PubMed PMID: 19307704.

16: Hu H, Han HY, Wang YL, Zhang XP, Chua CW, Wong YC, Wang XF, Ling MT, Xu KX. The role of Id-1 in chemosensitivity and epirubicin-induced apoptosis in bladder cancer cells. Oncol Rep. 2009 Apr;21(4):1053-9. PubMed PMID: 19288008.

17: Takeshita T, Wu W, Koike A, Fukuda M, Ohta T. Perturbation of DNA repair pathways by proteasome inhibitors corresponds to enhanced chemosensitivity of cells to DNA damage-inducing agents. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2009 Oct;64(5):1039-46. Epub 2009 Mar 10. PubMed PMID: 19274461; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2728221.

18: Wu ZS, Lee JH, Kwon JA, Kim SH, Han SH, An JS, Lee JH, Lee ES, Park HR, Kim YS. Genetic alterations and chemosensitivity profile in newly established human renal collecting duct carcinoma cell lines. BJU Int. 2009 Jun;103(12):1721-8. Epub 2009 Jan 9. PubMed PMID: 19154479.

19: Mamori S, Tajiri H. Ets-1 is increased in anticancer drug-containing media and hypoxic cultures, similar to TACE. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2009;44(4):507-8. PubMed PMID: 19107674.

20: Ferguson PJ, Brisson AR, Koropatnick J, Vincent MD. Enhancement of cytotoxicity of natural product drugs against multidrug resistant variant cell lines of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and breast carcinoma by tesmilifene. Cancer Lett. 2009 Feb 18;274(2):279-89. Epub 2008 Nov 4. PubMed PMID: 18986763.

21: Ozensoy Guler O, Arslan O, Kockar F. Differential in vitro inhibitory effects of anticancer drugs on tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase isozymes CA IX and CA XII. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2008 Jun;30(5):335-40. PubMed PMID: 18806891.

22: Ribrag V, Koscielny S, Casasnovas O, Cazeneuve C, Brice P, Morschhauser F, Gabarre J, Stamatoullas A, Lenoir G, Salles G; Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes agressifs group, Laboratoire de Génétique et de recherche translationnelle, and Institut Gustave Roussy. Pharmacogenetic study in Hodgkin lymphomas reveals the impact of UGT1A1 polymorphisms on patient prognosis. Blood. 2009 Apr 2;113(14):3307-13. Epub 2008 Sep 3. PubMed PMID: 18768784.

23: Kebieche M, Lakroun Z, Lahouel M, Bouayed J, Meraihi Z, Soulimani R. Evaluation of epirubicin-induced acute oxidative stress toxicity in rat liver cells and mitochondria, and the prevention of toxicity through quercetin administration. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2009 Mar;61(2):161-7. Epub 2008 Jul 26. PubMed PMID: 18657957.

24: He Z, Gao J, Wang Q, Liu M, Li Y, Li X, Tang H, Zheng J. S100P contributes to chemosensitivity of human ovarian cancer cell line OVCAR3. Oncol Rep. 2008 Aug;20(2):325-32. PubMed PMID: 18636193.

25: Pozzo C, Barone C. Is there an optimal chemotherapy regimen for the treatment of advanced gastric cancer that will provide a platform for the introduction of new biological agents? Oncologist. 2008 Jul;13(7):794-806. Epub 2008 Jul 9. PubMed PMID: 18614586.

26: Lo YL, Ho CT, Tsai FL. Inhibit multidrug resistance and induce apoptosis by using glycocholic acid and epirubicin. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2008 Sep 2;35(1-2):52-67. Epub 2008 Jun 20. PubMed PMID: 18606222.

27: Lu W, Li YH, He XF, Zhao JB, Chen Y, Mei QL. Necrosis and apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma following low-dose versus high-dose preoperative chemoembolization. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2008 Nov-Dec;31(6):1133-40. Epub 2008 Jun 27. PubMed PMID: 18584240.

28: Lau D, Johl J, Huynh M, Davies A, Tanaka M, Lara P, Gandara D. Population-based phase I trial of irinotecan and epirubicin. Am J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jun;31(3):226-30. PubMed PMID: 18525299.

29: Li HZ, Yi TB, Wu ZY. Suspension culture combined with chemotherapeutic agents for sorting of breast cancer stem cells. BMC Cancer. 2008 May 14;8:135. PubMed PMID: 18477410; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2390573.

30: Barthwal R, Agrawal P, Tripathi AN, Sharma U, Jagannathan NR, Govil G. Structural elucidation of 4'-epiadriamycin by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and comparison with adriamycin and daunomycin using quantum mechanical and restrained molecular dynamics approach. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2008 Jun 1;474(1):48-64. Epub 2008 Mar 4. PubMed PMID: 18343212.

31: Ballatori E, Roila F, Ruggeri B, De Angelis V, Porzio G, Marchetti P; Italian Group for Antiemetic Research. Inappropriate doses of chemotherapy in Italian breast cancer patients enrolled in clinical trials. Tumori. 2007 Nov-Dec;93(6):540-3. PubMed PMID: 18338486.

32: Nagata M, Matsuo Y, Hidaka M, Kawano Y, Okumura M, Tokunaga J, Takamura N, Arimori K. Effect of acute hepatic failure on epirubicin pharmacokinetics after intrahepatic arterial injection in rats. Biol Pharm Bull. 2008 Mar;31(3):493-6. PubMed PMID: 18310916.

33: Wijayahadi N, Haron MR, Stanslas J, Yusuf Z. Changes in cellular immunity during chemotherapy for primary breast cancer with anthracycline regimens. J Chemother. 2007 Dec;19(6):716-23. PubMed PMID: 18230556.

34: Hasinoff BB. The use of dexrazoxane for the prevention of anthracycline extravasation injury. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2008 Feb;17(2):217-23. Review. PubMed PMID: 18230055.

35: Takamatsu M, Matsuda T, Kawaguchi K, Ku Y. [A complete response to one-shot hepatic arterial infusion of epirubicin in a patient with highly advanced hepatocellular carcinoma]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2007 Nov;34(12):2102-4. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 18219912.

36: Delemasure S, Sicard P, Lauzier B, Moreau D, Vergely C, Rochette L. Acute administration of epirubicin induces myocardial depression in isolated rat heart and production of radical species evaluated by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2007 Dec;50(6):647-53. PubMed PMID: 18091581.

37: Xu X, Sutak R, Richardson DR. Iron chelation by clinically relevant anthracyclines: alteration in expression of iron-regulated genes and atypical changes in intracellular iron distribution and trafficking. Mol Pharmacol. 2008 Mar;73(3):833-44. Epub 2007 Nov 20. PubMed PMID: 18029550.

38: Sun P, Gao J, Liu YL, Wei LW, Wu LP, Liu ZY. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) reduction interferes with lymphangiogenesis and enhances epirubicin sensitivity of breast cancer cells. Mol Cell Biochem. 2008 Jan;308(1-2):161-8. Epub 2007 Oct 16. PubMed PMID: 17938864.

39: Ikushima I, Higashi S, Seguchi K, Ishii A, Ota Y, Shima M, Kanemaru M, Hidaka Y. Transarterial infusion chemotherapy with epirubicin in water-in-oil-in-water emulsion for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma in the residual liver after hepatectomy. Eur J Radiol. 2009 Jan;69(1):114-9. Epub 2007 Nov 1. PubMed PMID: 17935921.

40: Loo WT, Sasano H, Chow LW. Evaluation of therapeutic efficacy of capecitabine on human breast carcinoma tissues and cell lines in vitro. Biomed Pharmacother. 2007 Oct;61(9):553-7. Epub 2007 Sep 14. PubMed PMID: 17905566.

41: Liu S, Wang F, Liu Z, Hu X, Yi A, Duan H. Resonance Rayleigh scattering spectra for studying the interaction of anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotics with some anionic surfactants and their analytical applications. Anal Chim Acta. 2007 Oct 3;601(1):101-7. Epub 2007 Sep 4. PubMed PMID: 17904475.

42: Lu W, Li YH, Yu ZJ, He XF, Chen Y, Zhao JB, Zhu ZY. A comparative study of damage to liver function after TACE with use of low-dose versus conventional-dose of anticancer drugs in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology. 2007 Jul-Aug;54(77):1499-502. PubMed PMID: 17708284.

43: Wu Y, Saiura A, Yamamoto J, Koga R, Asahara S, Kamei A, Takano K, Ikari T, Seki M, Yamaguchi T, Muto T. Locally advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma successfully resected after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization with degradable starch microspheres: report of a case. Hepatogastroenterology. 2007 Jul-Aug;54(77):1345-7. PubMed PMID: 17708251.

44: Cortés-Funes H, Coronado C. Role of anthracyclines in the era of targeted therapy. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2007;7(2):56-60. Review. PubMed PMID: 17652804.

45: Liang CH, Shiu LY, Chang LC, Sheu HM, Kuo KW. Solamargine upregulation of Fas, downregulation of HER2, and enhancement of cytotoxicity using epirubicin in NSCLC cells. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007 Aug;51(8):999-1005. PubMed PMID: 17639997.

46: Wu XX, Zeng Y, Jin XH, Kakehi Y. Enhanced susceptibility of adriamycin-treated human renal cell carcinoma cells to lysis by peripheral blood lymphocytes and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. Oncol Rep. 2007 Aug;18(2):353-9. PubMed PMID: 17611656.

47: Hoshida Y, Moriyama M, Otsuka M, Kato N, Taniguchi H, Shiratori Y, Seki N, Omata M. Gene expressions associated with chemosensitivity in human hepatoma cells. Hepatogastroenterology. 2007 Mar;54(74):489-92. PubMed PMID: 17523305.

48: Kudo T, Nakagawa H, Takahashi M, Hamaguchi J, Kamiyama N, Yokoo H, Nakanishi K, Nakagawa T, Kamiyama T, Deguchi K, Nishimura S, Todo S. N-glycan alterations are associated with drug resistance in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Cancer. 2007 May 9;6:32. PubMed PMID: 17488527; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1878497.

49: Lissoni P. Biochemotherapy with standard chemotherapies plus the pineal hormone melatonin in the treatment of advanced solid neoplasms. Pathol Biol (Paris). 2007 Apr-May;55(3-4):201-4. Epub 2007 Apr 18. PubMed PMID: 17446010.

50: Molnár J, Engi H, Mándi Y, Somlai C, Penke B, Szabó A, Orosz A. Effects of nontoxic heat shock protein 90 inhibitor peptide derivatives on reversal of MDR of tumor cells. In Vivo. 2007 Mar-Apr;21(2):429-33. PubMed PMID: 17436599.

51: Testart-Paillet D, Girard P, You B, Freyer G, Pobel C, Tranchand B. Contribution of modelling chemotherapy-induced hematological toxicity for clinical practice. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2007 Jul;63(1):1-11. Epub 2007 Apr 5. Review. PubMed PMID: 17418588.

52: Lucchi M, Chella A, Melfi F, Dini P, Tibaldi C, Fontanini G, Mussi A. Four-modality therapy in malignant pleural mesothelioma: a phase II study. J Thorac Oncol. 2007 Mar;2(3):237-42. PubMed PMID: 17410047.

53: Neri B, Pantaleo P, Giommoni E, Grifoni R, Paoletti C, Rotella V, Pantalone D, Taddei A, Mercatelli A, Tonelli P. Oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin and epirubicin as first-line treatment in advanced gastric carcinoma: a phase II study. Br J Cancer. 2007 Apr 10;96(7):1043-6. Epub 2007 Mar 13. PubMed PMID: 17353926; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2360129.

54: Li YF, Fu S, Hu W, Liu JH, Finkel KW, Gershenson DM, Kavanagh JJ. Systemic anticancer therapy in gynecological cancer patients with renal dysfunction. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2007 Jul-Aug;17(4):739-63. Epub 2007 Feb 16. Review. PubMed PMID: 17309673.

55: Sakamoto N, Monzawa S, Nagano H, Nishizaki H, Arai Y, Sugimura K. Acute tumor lysis syndrome caused by transcatheter oily chemoembolization in a patient with a large hepatocellular carcinoma. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2007 May-Jun;30(3):508-11. PubMed PMID: 17242878.

56: Marelli L, Stigliano R, Triantos C, Senzolo M, Cholongitas E, Davies N, Tibballs J, Meyer T, Patch DW, Burroughs AK. Transarterial therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: which technique is more effective? A systematic review of cohort and randomized studies. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2007 Jan-Feb;30(1):6-25. Review. PubMed PMID: 17103105.

57: Benoit L, Favoulet P, Ortega-Deballon P, Cheynel N, Anusca A, Bamourou D, Bonnetain F, Rat P, Favre JP, Chauffert B. Attempts to improve locoregional chemotherapy for the prevention of colonic cancer liver metastasis in the rat. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2006 Aug-Sep;30(8-9):1019-25. PubMed PMID: 17075453.

58: Chen Y, Yan ZP, Wang JH, Wang XL, Cheng JM, Gong GQ, Liu QX, Qian S, Liu R, Luo JJ. [Epirubicin in the treatment of malignant obstructive jaundice]. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 2006 May;28(5):397-9. Chinese. PubMed PMID: 17045011.

59: Robert J. Preclinical assessment of anthracycline cardiotoxicity in laboratory animals: predictiveness and pitfalls. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2007 Jan;23(1):27-37. Epub 2006 Oct 13. Review. PubMed PMID: 17041747.

60: Menna P, Minotti G, Salvatorelli E. In vitro modeling of the structure-activity determinants of anthracycline cardiotoxicity. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2007 Jan;23(1):49-62. Epub 2006 Oct 9. Review. PubMed PMID: 17031515.

61: Budman DR, Tai J, Calabro A. Fluvastatin enhancement of trastuzumab and classical cytotoxic agents in defined breast cancer cell lines in vitro. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2007 Jul;104(1):93-101. Epub 2006 Sep 27. PubMed PMID: 17004104.

62: Fujiwara K, Shin M, Hougaard DM, Larsson LI. Distribution of anticancer antibiotic daunomycin in the rat heart and kidney revealed by immunocytochemistry using monoclonal antibodies. Histochem Cell Biol. 2007 Jan;127(1):69-77. Epub 2006 Jul 19. PubMed PMID: 16850318.

63: Mahnik SN, Lenz K, Weissenbacher N, Mader RM, Fuerhacker M. Fate of 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, epirubicin, and daunorubicin in hospital wastewater and their elimination by activated sludge and treatment in a membrane-bio-reactor system. Chemosphere. 2007 Jan;66(1):30-7. Epub 2006 Jul 12. PubMed PMID: 16839587.

64: Ardavanis A, Scorilas A, Tryfonopoulos D, Orphanos G, Missitzis I, Karamouzis M, Chrysochoou M, Sotiropoulou A, Arnogiannaki N, Ioannidis G, Pissakas G, Rigatos G. Multidisciplinary therapy of locally far-advanced or inflammatory breast cancer with fixed perioperative sequence of epirubicin, vinorelbine, and Fluorouracil chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy: long-term results. Oncologist. 2006 Jun;11(6):563-73. PubMed PMID: 16794236.

65: Yu Y, Guo W, Qiu WL, Zhou XJ. [Experimental study of hydroxycamptothecine and theprubicine in the treatment of adenoid cystic carcinoma lung metastases]. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2006 May;41(5):291-4. Chinese. PubMed PMID: 16784612.

66: Kamiyama N, Takagi S, Yamamoto C, Kudo T, Nakagawa T, Takahashi M, Nakanishi K, Takahashi H, Todo S, Iseki K. Expression of ABC transporters in human hepatocyte carcinoma cells with cross-resistance to epirubicin and mitoxantrone. Anticancer Res. 2006 Mar-Apr;26(2A):885-8. PubMed PMID: 16619483.

67: Pesic M, Markovic JZ, Jankovic D, Kanazir S, Markovic ID, Rakic L, Ruzdijic S. Induced resistance in the human non small cell lung carcinoma (NCI-H460) cell line in vitro by anticancer drugs. J Chemother. 2006 Feb;18(1):66-73. PubMed PMID: 16572896.

68: Hasinoff BB. Dexrazoxane use in the prevention of anthracycline extravasation injury. Future Oncol. 2006 Feb;2(1):15-20. Review. PubMed PMID: 16556068.

69: Gyémánt N, Tanaka M, Molnár P, Deli J, Mándoky L, Molnár J. Reversal of multidrug resistance of cancer cells in vitro: modification of drug resistance by selected carotenoids. Anticancer Res. 2006 Jan-Feb;26(1A):367-74. PubMed PMID: 16475720.

70: Salvatorelli E, Guarnieri S, Menna P, Liberi G, Calafiore AM, Mariggiò MA, Mordente A, Gianni L, Minotti G. Defective one- or two-electron reduction of the anticancer anthracycline epirubicin in human heart. Relative importance of vesicular sequestration and impaired efficiency of electron addition. J Biol Chem. 2006 Apr 21;281(16):10990-1001. Epub 2006 Jan 19. PubMed PMID: 16423826.

71: Marchion DC, Bicaku E, Daud AI, Sullivan DM, Munster PN. In vivo synergy between topoisomerase II and histone deacetylase inhibitors: predictive correlates. Mol Cancer Ther. 2005 Dec;4(12):1993-2000. PubMed PMID: 16373714.

72: Mamot C, Drummond DC, Noble CO, Kallab V, Guo Z, Hong K, Kirpotin DB, Park JW. Epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted immunoliposomes significantly enhance the efficacy of multiple anticancer drugs in vivo. Cancer Res. 2005 Dec 15;65(24):11631-8. PubMed PMID: 16357174.

73: Ardavanis A, Tryfonopoulos D, Orphanos G, Ioannidis G, Karamouzis M, Rigatos G. First-line chemotherapy with fluorouracil-epirubicin-navelbine (FEN) combination in advanced breast cancer. Anticancer Res. 2005 Nov-Dec;25(6C):4493-8. PubMed PMID: 16334132.

74: Chow KU, Nowak D, Kim SZ, Schneider B, Komor M, Boehrer S, Mitrou PS, Hoelzer D, Weidmann E, Hofmann WK. In vivo drug-response in patients with leukemic non-Hodgkin's lymphomas is associated with in vitro chemosensitivity and gene expression profiling. Pharmacol Res. 2006 Jan;53(1):49-61. Epub 2005 Oct 5. PubMed PMID: 16213748.

75: Perik PJ, De Vries EG, Boomsma F, van der Graaf WT, Sleijfer DT, van Veldhuisen DJ, Gietema JA. Use of natriuretic peptides for detecting cardiac dysfunction in long-term disease-free breast cancer survivors. Anticancer Res. 2005 Sep-Oct;25(5):3651-7. PubMed PMID: 16101196.

76: Martinova Y, Topashka-Ancheva M, Konstantinov S, Petkova S, Karaivanova M, Berger M. Miltefosine decreases the cytotoxic effect of epirubicine and cyclophosphamide on mouse spermatogenic, thymic and bone marrow cells. Arch Toxicol. 2006 Jan;80(1):27-33. Epub 2005 Aug 4. PubMed PMID: 16079990.

77: Di Nicolantonio F, Mercer SJ, Knight LA, Gabriel FG, Whitehouse PA, Sharma S, Fernando A, Glaysher S, Di Palma S, Johnson P, Somers SS, Toh S, Higgins B, Lamont A, Gulliford T, Hurren J, Yiangou C, Cree IA. Cancer cell adaptation to chemotherapy. BMC Cancer. 2005 Jul 18;5:78. PubMed PMID: 16026610; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1199589.

78: Fumoleau P, Seidman AD, Trudeau ME, Chevallier B, Ten Bokkel Huinink WW. Docetaxel: a new active agent in the therapy of metastatic breast cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 1997 Dec;6(12):1853-65. PubMed PMID: 15989586.

79: Youssef G, Links M. The prevention and management of cardiovascular complications of chemotherapy in patients with cancer. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2005;5(4):233-43. Review. PubMed PMID: 15984906.

80: Arpino G, Ciocca DR, Weiss H, Allred DC, Daguerre P, Vargas-Roig L, Leuzzi M, Gago F, Elledge R, Mohsin SK. Predictive value of apoptosis, proliferation, HER-2, and topoisomerase IIalpha for anthracycline chemotherapy in locally advanced breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2005 Jul;92(1):69-75. PubMed PMID: 15980993.

81: Ozdemir FA, Anilanmert B, Pekin M. Spectrophotometric investigation of the chemical compatibility of the anticancer drugs irinotecan-HCl and epirubicin-HCl in the same infusion solution. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2005 Nov;56(5):529-34. Epub 2005 Jun 10. PubMed PMID: 15947932.

82: Gligorov J, Debourdeau P, Arsovski O, Lotz JP. [Cardiac prevention: the oncologic point of view]. Bull Cancer. 2004 Nov 1;91 Suppl 3:192-200. Review. French. PubMed PMID: 15899627.

83: Fujiwara K, Takatsu H, Tsukamoto K. Immunocytochemistry for drugs containing an aliphatic primary amino group in the molecule, anticancer antibiotic daunomycin as a model. J Histochem Cytochem. 2005 Apr;53(4):467-74. PubMed PMID: 15805421.

84: Woo IS, Moon DH, Shim BY, Lee MA, Byun JH, Kim KW, Kang JH, Choi MG, Chung IS, Hong YS, Park SY, Lee KS. A phase II study of epirubicin, cisplatin and uracil-tegafur for advanced gastric carcinoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2005 Jan;35(1):13-7. PubMed PMID: 15681598.

85: Ozkan A, Fişkin K. Epirubicin HCl toxicity in human-liver derived hepatoma G2 cells. Pol J Pharmacol. 2004 Jul-Aug;56(4):435-44. PubMed PMID: 15520498.

86: Vogt U, Bielawski KP, Bosse U, Schlotter CM. Breast tumour growth inhibition in vitro through the combination of cyclophosphamide/metotrexate/5-fluorouracil, epirubicin/cyclophosphamide, epirubicin/paclitaxel, and epirubicin/docetaxel with the bisphosphonates ibandronate and zoledronic acid. Oncol Rep. 2004 Nov;12(5):1109-14. PubMed PMID: 15492801.

87: Kyle AH, Huxham LA, Chiam AS, Sim DH, Minchinton AI. Direct assessment of drug penetration into tissue using a novel application of three-dimensional cell culture. Cancer Res. 2004 Sep 1;64(17):6304-9. PubMed PMID: 15342419.

88: Fiorentini G, Rossi S, Bonechi F, Vaira M, De Simone M, Dentico P, Bernardeschi P, Cantore M, Guadagni S. Intra-arterial hepatic chemoembolization in liver metastases from neuroendocrine tumors: a phase II study. J Chemother. 2004 Jun;16(3):293-7. PubMed PMID: 15330328.

89: Minotti G, Menna P, Salvatorelli E, Cairo G, Gianni L. Anthracyclines: molecular advances and pharmacologic developments in antitumor activity and cardiotoxicity. Pharmacol Rev. 2004 Jun;56(2):185-229. Review. PubMed PMID: 15169927.

90: Molnar J, Mucsi I, Nacsa J, Hevér A, Gyémánt N, Ugocsai K, Hegyes P, Kiessig S, Gaal D, Lage H, Varga A. New silicon compounds as resistance modifiers against multidrug-resistant cancer cells. Anticancer Res. 2004 Mar-Apr;24(2B):865-71. PubMed PMID: 15161039.

91: Alexopoulos A, Karamouzis MV, Stavrinides H, Ardavanis A, Kandilis K, Stavrakakis J, Georganta C, Rigatos G. Phase II study of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Caelyx) and docetaxel as first-line treatment in metastatic breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2004 Jun;15(6):891-5. PubMed PMID: 15151945.

92: Toi M, Bando H, Horiguchi S, Takada M, Kataoka A, Ueno T, Saji S, Muta M, Funata N, Ohno S. Modulation of thymidine phosphorylase by neoadjuvant chemotherapy in primary breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 2004 Jun 14;90(12):2338-43. PubMed PMID: 15150550; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2409525.

93: Rooseboom M, Commandeur JN, Vermeulen NP. Enzyme-catalyzed activation of anticancer prodrugs. Pharmacol Rev. 2004 Mar;56(1):53-102. Review. PubMed PMID: 15001663.

94: Veldman RJ, Zerp S, van Blitterswijk WJ, Verheij M. N-hexanoyl-sphingomyelin potentiates in vitro doxorubicin cytotoxicity by enhancing its cellular influx. Br J Cancer. 2004 Feb 23;90(4):917-25. PubMed PMID: 14970874; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2410169.

95: Han B, Zhang JT. Multidrug resistance in cancer chemotherapy and xenobiotic protection mediated by the half ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2. Curr Med Chem Anticancer Agents. 2004 Jan;4(1):31-42. Review. PubMed PMID: 14754410.

96: Taucher S, Rudas M, Mader RM, Gnant M, Sporn E, Dubsky P, Roka S, Bachleitner T, Fitzal F, Kandioler D, Wenzel C, Steger GG, Mittlböck M, Jakesz R. Influence of neoadjuvant therapy with epirubicin and docetaxel on the expression of HER2/neu in patients with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2003 Dec;82(3):207-13. PubMed PMID: 14703068.

97: Lu W, Li Y, He X, Chen Y. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: evaluation of two kinds of dosages of anticancer drugs and analysis of prognostic factors. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003 Nov-Dec;50(54):2079-83. PubMed PMID: 14696468.

98: Vermorken JB. The role of anthracyclines in second-line therapy of ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2003 Nov-Dec;13 Suppl 2:178-84. Review. PubMed PMID: 14656277.

99: Denis F, Colas S, Chami L, Louisot P, Le Floch O, Tranquart F, Bougnoux P. Changes in tumor vascularization after irradiation, anthracyclin, or antiangiogenic treatment in nitrosomethyl ureas-induced rat mammary tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2003 Oct 1;9(12):4546-52. PubMed PMID: 14555529.

100: Swift L, McHowat J, Sarvazyan N. Inhibition of membrane-associated calcium-independent phospholipase A2 as a potential culprit of anthracycline cardiotoxicity. Cancer Res. 2003 Sep 15;63(18):5992-8. PubMed PMID: 14522926.

101: Okamoto T, Ogata J, Minami K. Sino-atrial block during anesthesia in a patient with breast cancer being treated with the anticancer drug epirubicin. Anesth Analg. 2003 Jul;97(1):19-20, table of contents. PubMed PMID: 12818936.

102: Fedier A, Schlamminger M, Schwarz VA, Haller U, Howell SB, Fink D. Loss of atm sensitises p53-deficient cells to topoisomerase poisons and antimetabolites. Ann Oncol. 2003 Jun;14(6):938-45. PubMed PMID: 12796033.

103: Sacco G, Giampietro R, Salvatorelli E, Menna P, Bertani N, Graiani G, Animati F, Goso C, Maggi CA, Manzini S, Minotti G. Chronic cardiotoxicity of anticancer anthracyclines in the rat: role of secondary metabolites and reduced toxicity by a novel anthracycline with impaired metabolite formation and reactivity. Br J Pharmacol. 2003 Jun;139(3):641-51. PubMed PMID: 12788824; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1573869.

104: Wataru K. [Prospects for standardization of surgical procedures for carcinoma of the pancreas]. Nippon Geka Gakkai Zasshi. 2003 May;104(5):412-21. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 12774526.

105: Jönsson-Videsäter K, Andersson G, Bergh J, Paul C. Doxorubicin-resistant, MRP1-expressing U-1285 cells are sensitive to idarubicin. Ther Drug Monit. 2003 Jun;25(3):331-9. PubMed PMID: 12766562.

106: Abe S, Otsuki M. Styrene maleic acid neocarzinostatin treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. Curr Med Chem Anticancer Agents. 2002 Nov;2(6):715-26. Review. PubMed PMID: 12678722.

107: Godinot N, Iversen PW, Tabas L, Xia X, Williams DC, Dantzig AH, Perry WL 3rd. Cloning and functional characterization of the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP1/ABCC1) from the cynomolgus monkey. Mol Cancer Ther. 2003 Mar;2(3):307-16. PubMed PMID: 12657726.

108: Moriyama M, Hoshida Y, Otsuka M, Nishimura S, Kato N, Goto T, Taniguchi H, Shiratori Y, Seki N, Omata M. Relevance network between chemosensitivity and transcriptome in human hepatoma cells. Mol Cancer Ther. 2003 Feb;2(2):199-205. PubMed PMID: 12589037.

109: Kigami Y, Kobayashi H, Umeoka S, Emoto T, Akuta K. [Early effect of intra-arterial chemotherapy combined with degradable starch microspheres for malignant hepatic tumors]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2003 Jan;30(1):81-7. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 12557709.

110: Germain E, Bonnet P, Aubourg L, Grangeponte MC, Chajès V, Bougnoux P. Anthracycline-induced cardiac toxicity is not increased by dietary omega-3 fatty acids. Pharmacol Res. 2003 Feb;47(2):111-7. PubMed PMID: 12543058.

111: Geffen DB, Man S. New drugs for the treatment of cancer, 1990-2001. Isr Med Assoc J. 2002 Dec;4(12):1124-31. Review. PubMed PMID: 12516906.

112: Müller HJ, Grubert M, Hilger R, Richly H, Port R, Scheulen M, Mross K; CESAR-APOH. The influence of elevated liver function parameters on the pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin and epirubicin--a population based pharmacokinetic study of CESAR-APOH. Central European Society for Anticancer Drug Research. Working Group for Pharmacology in Oncology and Hematology. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2002 Dec;40(12):575-7. PubMed PMID: 12503820.

113: Buschini A, Poli P, Rossi C. Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an eukaryotic cell model to assess cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of three anticancer anthraquinones. Mutagenesis. 2003 Jan;18(1):25-36. PubMed PMID: 12473732.

114: Yang Q, Sakurai T, Yoshimura G, Suzuma T, Umemura T, Nakamura M, Nakamura Y, Mori I, Kakudo K. Prognostic value of Bcl-2 in invasive breast cancer receiving chemotherapy and endocrine therapy. Oncol Rep. 2003 Jan-Feb;10(1):121-5. PubMed PMID: 12469156.

115: Budman DR. New directions with capecitabine combinations in advanced breast cancer. Oncology (Williston Park). 2002 Oct;16(10 Suppl 12):23-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 12435176.

116: Zhang XS, Zhu XF, Gao JS, Ye YL, Feng QS, Liu ZC, Zeng YX. Variable sensitivity of endothelial cells to epirubicin in xenografts of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE-2 cells. Cancer Biol Ther. 2002 May-Jun;1(3):263-5. PubMed PMID: 12432274.

117: Gianni L. The future of targeted therapy: combining novel agents. Oncology. 2002;63 Suppl 1:47-56. Review. PubMed PMID: 12422055.

118: Lu W, Li YH, He XF, Chen Y, Zeng QL, Qiu YR. Effect of dosage of anticancer agents during transcatheter arterial chemoembolization on T cell subsets in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao. 2002 Jun;22(6):524-6. PubMed PMID: 12297475.

119: Danesi R, Fogli S, Gennari A, Conte P, Del Tacca M. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships of the anthracycline anticancer drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2002;41(6):431-44. Review. PubMed PMID: 12074691.

120: Kitagawa K, Yamakado K, Nakatsuka A, Tanaka N, Matsumura K, Takeda K, Kawarada Y. Preoperative transcatheter arterial infusion chemotherapy for locally advanced breast cancer (stage IIIb) for down-staging and increase of resectability. Eur J Radiol. 2002 Jul;43(1):31-6. PubMed PMID: 12065118.

121: Denis F, Bougnoux P, de Poncheville L, Prat M, Catroux R, Tranquart F. In vivo quantitation of tumour vascularisation assessed by Doppler sonography in rat mammary tumours. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2002 Apr;28(4):431-7. PubMed PMID: 12049955.

122: Jianmin Z, Hongfang W, Meifu F. Resistance of multicellular aggregates to pharmorubicin observed in human hepatocarcinoma cells. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2002 Feb;35(2):255-60. PubMed PMID: 11847530.

123: Chen MS, Li JQ, Zhang YQ, Lu LX, Zhang WZ, Yuan YF, Guo YP, Lin XJ, Li GH. High-dose iodized oil transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for patients with large hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2002 Feb;8(1):74-8. PubMed PMID: 11833075.

124: Takeuchi Y, Sugimoto M, Ochiai K, Ito K. Expression of P-glycoprotein in rat hepatocarcinogenesis by diethylnitrosamine and the modulation by anticancer drugs. Hepatol Res. 2002 Feb;22(2):107-118. PubMed PMID: 11818250.

125: Zagotto G, Gatto B, Moro S, Sissi C, Palumbo M. Anthracyclines: recent developments in their separation and quantitation. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2001 Nov 25;764(1-2):161-71. Review. PubMed PMID: 11817026.

126: Seitz JF, Duffaud F, Dahan L, Ries P, Ville E, Laugier R. [Adenocarcinomas of the distal esophagus and gastric cardia: what chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for recurrent or metastatic disease?]. Cancer Radiother. 2001 Nov;5 Suppl 1:107s-112s. French. PubMed PMID: 11797269.

127: Baumhäkel M, Kasel D, Rao-Schymanski RA, Böcker R, Beckurts KT, Zaigler M, Barthold D, Fuhr U. Screening for inhibitory effects of antineoplastic agents on CYP3A4 in human liver microsomes. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2001 Dec;39(12):517-28. PubMed PMID: 11770832.

128: Zhang XS, Zhu XF, Gao JS, Qian CN, Kuang ZJ, Liu ZC, Zeng YX. Multiple drug resistance phenotype of human endothelial cells induced by vascular endothelial growth factor 165. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2001 Aug;22(8):731-5. PubMed PMID: 11749847.

129: Horikiri N, Yamakado K, Nakatsuka A, Ishii T, Matsushima N, Tanaka N, Takeda K. [Transarterial chemoembolization (TAE) with degradable starch microspheres (DSM) in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2001 Oct;28(11):1493-6. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 11707962.

130: Minotti G, Parlani M, Salvatorelli E, Menna P, Cipollone A, Animati F, Maggi CA, Manzini S. Impairment of myocardial contractility by anticancer anthracyclines: role of secondary alcohol metabolites and evidence of reduced toxicity by a novel disaccharide analogue. Br J Pharmacol. 2001 Nov;134(6):1271-8. PubMed PMID: 11704647; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1573059.

131: Lo Y, Liu F, Cherng J. Effect of PSC 833 liposomes and Intralipid on the transport of epirubicin in Caco-2 cells and rat intestines. J Control Release. 2001 Sep 11;76(1-2):1-10. PubMed PMID: 11532308.

132: Schöndorf T, Kurbacher CM, Becker M, Warm M, Kolhagen H, Göhring UJ. Heterogeneity of proteinkinase C activity and PKC-zeta expression in clinical breast carcinomas. Clin Exp Med. 2001 Mar;1(1):1-8. PubMed PMID: 11467396.

133: Kataoka Y, Ishikawa M, Miura M, Takeshita M, Fujita R, Furusawa S, Takayanagi M, Takayanagi Y, Sasaki K. Reversal of vinblastine resistance in human leukemic cells by haloperidol and dihydrohaloperidol. Biol Pharm Bull. 2001 Jun;24(6):612-7. PubMed PMID: 11411546.

134: Sawyer M, Ratain MJ. Body surface area as a determinant of pharmacokinetics and drug dosing. Invest New Drugs. 2001 May;19(2):171-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 11392451.

135: Innocenti F, Iyer L, Ramírez J, Green MD, Ratain MJ. Epirubicin glucuronidation is catalyzed by human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7. Drug Metab Dispos. 2001 May;29(5):686-92. PubMed PMID: 11302935.

136: Jonsson E, Friberg LE, Karlsson MO, Hassan SB, Freijs A, Hansen K, Larsson R. Determination of drug effect on tumour cells, host animal toxicity and drug pharmacokinetics in a hollow-fibre model in rats. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2000;46(6):493-500. PubMed PMID: 11138463.

137: Minotti G, Licata S, Saponiero A, Menna P, Calafiore AM, Di Giammarco G, Liberi G, Animati F, Cipollone A, Manzini S, Maggi CA. Anthracycline metabolism and toxicity in human myocardium: comparisons between doxorubicin, epirubicin, and a novel disaccharide analogue with a reduced level of formation and [4Fe-4S] reactivity of its secondary alcohol metabolite. Chem Res Toxicol. 2000 Dec;13(12):1336-41. PubMed PMID: 11123976.

138: Plumb JA, Strathdee G, Sludden J, Kaye SB, Brown R. Reversal of drug resistance in human tumor xenografts by 2'-deoxy-5-azacytidine-induced demethylation of the hMLH1 gene promoter. Cancer Res. 2000 Nov 1;60(21):6039-44. PubMed PMID: 11085525.

139: Demachi H, Matsui O, Abo H, Tatsu H. Simulation model based on non-newtonian fluid mechanics applied to the evaluation of the embolic effect of emulsions of iodized oil and anticancer drug. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2000 Jul-Aug;23(4):285-90. PubMed PMID: 10960542.

140: Trimble EL. Innovative therapies for advanced ovarian cancer. Semin Oncol. 2000 Jun;27(3 Suppl 7):24-30. Review. PubMed PMID: 10952123.

141: Bottini A, Berruti A, Bersiga A, Brizzi MP, Brunelli A, Gorzegno G, DiMarco B, Aguggini S, Bolsi G, Cirillo F, Filippini L, Betri E, Bertoli G, Alquati P, Dogliotti L. p53 but not bcl-2 immunostaining is predictive of poor clinical complete response to primary chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2000 Jul;6(7):2751-8. PubMed PMID: 10914720.

142: El-Mahdy Sayed Othman O. Cytogenetic effect of the anticancer drug epirubicin on Chinese hamster cell line in vitro. Mutat Res. 2000 Jul 10;468(2):109-15. PubMed PMID: 10882889.

143: Yu DS, Sun GH, Ma CP, Chang SY. Verapamil modulation of multidrug resistance in renal cell carcinoma. J Formos Med Assoc. 2000 Apr;99(4):311-6. Erratum in: J Formos Med Assoc 2000 Sep;99(9):740. PubMed PMID: 10870315.

144: Wu XX, Mizutani Y, Kakehi Y, Yoshida O, Ogawa O. Enhancement of Fas-mediated apoptosis in renal cell carcinoma cells by adriamycin. Cancer Res. 2000 Jun 1;60(11):2912-8. PubMed PMID: 10850437.

145: Fujiwara K, Hayakawa K, Nagata Y, Hiraoka M, Nakamura T, Shimizu Y, Ikada Y. Experimental embolization of rabbit renal arteries to compare the effects of poly L-lactic acid microspheres with and without epirubicin release against intraarterial injection of epirubicin. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2000 May-Jun;23(3):218-23. PubMed PMID: 10821897.

146: Marbeuf-Gueye C, Salerno M, Quidu P, Garnier-Suillerot A. Inhibition of the P-glycoprotein- and multidrug resistance protein-mediated efflux of anthracyclines and calceinacetoxymethyl ester by PAK-104P. Eur J Pharmacol. 2000 Mar 17;391(3):207-16. PubMed PMID: 10729360.

147: Armand JP, Seymour L, Evans TR. Raltitrexed (Tomudex) in combination with platinum-based agents and/or anthracyclines: preliminary results of phase I clinical trials. Eur J Cancer. 1999 Mar;35 Suppl 1:S14-8. PubMed PMID: 10645209.

148: Takahashi H, Adachi K, Yamaguchi F, Teramoto A. Experimental treatment of malignant gliomas with human monoclonal antibody-drug conjugates. Anticancer Res. 1999 Sep-Oct;19(5B):4151-5. PubMed PMID: 10628367.

149: Li H, Zeng H, Yang L. [Influence factors in hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy and embolization of liver metastases from alimentary tract cancer]. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi. 1999 Sep;7(3):142-3. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 10572679.

150: Kreil A, Bauer J, Scheithauer W. [In vitro evaluation of potentially effective gemcitabine combination therapy for exocrine pancreatic carcinoma]. Acta Med Austriaca. 1999;26(3):93-100. German. PubMed PMID: 10520377.

151: Mizutani Y, Yoshida O, Miki T, Bonavida B. Synergistic cytotoxicity and apoptosis by Apo-2 ligand and adriamycin against bladder cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res. 1999 Sep;5(9):2605-12. PubMed PMID: 10499639.

152: Cesana C, Regazzi E, Garau D, Caramatti C, Mangoni L, Rizzoli V. Clonogenic potential and phenotypic analysis of CD34+ cells mobilized by different chemotherapy regimens. Haematologica. 1999 Sep;84(9):771-8. PubMed PMID: 10477448.

153: Wiela-Hojenska A, Orzechowska-Juzwenko K, Usnarska-Zubkiewicz L, Kotlarek-Haus S, Hurkacz M. Phenazone as a marker of liver-metabolic function in patients with acute leukemia. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1999 May;37(5):234-7. PubMed PMID: 10363621.

154: Higashi S, Tabata N, Kondo KH, Maeda Y, Shimizu M, Nakashima T, Setoguchi T. Size of lipid microdroplets effects results of hepatic arterial chemotherapy with an anticancer agent in water-in-oil-in-water emulsion to hepatocellular carcinoma. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 May;289(2):816-9. PubMed PMID: 10215657.

155: Benoit L, Duvillard C, L'Helgouarc'h JL, Chauffert B. [Intratumoral chemotherapy in an experimental animal model: another therapeutic possibility in cancerology]. Presse Med. 1999 Mar 20;28(11):571-6. French. PubMed PMID: 10214376.

156: Inagaki R, Taniguchi T, Sakai T, Hayashi N, Ishii Y, Muramatsu I. Anticancer drugs inhibit induction of NO synthase in rat in vivo. Gen Pharmacol. 1999 Feb;32(2):185-8. PubMed PMID: 10188617.

157: Ikeda R, Chikazawa I, Kobayashi Y, Shiroma K, Nakade T, Suga K, Shiba N, Nakajima C, Moriyama M, Kawamura K, Miyazawa K, Tanaka T, Tsugawa R, Suzuki K, Sato H, Kikuyama A. [Prophylaxis of recurrence in superficial bladder carcinoma by intravesical chemotherapy--comparative study between instillation of combined double anticancer agents and single anticancer agent]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1999 Mar;26(4):509-14. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 10097748.

158: Sohara N, Takagi H, Abe T, Hashimoto Y, Kojima A, Takahashi H, Nagamine T, Mori M. Nausea and vomiting induced by arterial chemo-embolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and the antiemetic effect of ondansetron hydrochloride. Support Care Cancer. 1999 Mar;7(2):84-8. PubMed PMID: 10089088.

159: Yamada K, Sato T, Yamada A, Tanaka S, Fujii S, Matuo R, Murata K, Manabe T, Oda J. [A case of hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor thrombus in the right atrium successfully treated by arterial administration of lipiodol-SMANCS]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1999 Feb;26(3):361-4. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 10065101.

160: Fujii H, Nakamura K, Kubo A, Enomoto K, Ikeda T, Kubota T, Matsuzaki SW, Kitajima M. Preoperative evaluation of the chemosensitivity of breast cancer by means of double phase 99mTc-MIBI scintimammography. Ann Nucl Med. 1998 Dec;12(6):307-12. PubMed PMID: 9972367.

161: Fujii H, Nakamura K, Kubo A, Enomoto K, Ikeda T, Kubota T, Matsuzaki SW, Kitajima M. 99mTc-MIBI scintigraphy as an indicator of the chemosensitivity of anthracyclines in patients with breast cancer. Anticancer Res. 1998 Nov-Dec;18(6B):4601-5. PubMed PMID: 9891525.

162: Maurer-Spurej E, Wong KF, Maurer N, Fenske DB, Cullis PR. Factors influencing uptake and retention of amino-containing drugs in large unilamellar vesicles exhibiting transmembrane pH gradients. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999 Jan 12;1416(1-2):1-10. PubMed PMID: 9889298.

163: Villa R, Orlandi L, Berruti A, Dogliotti L, Zaffaroni N. Modulation of cytotoxic drug activity by mitotane and lonidamine in human adrenocortical carcinoma cells. Int J Oncol. 1999 Jan;14(1):133-8. PubMed PMID: 9863019.

164: Duffy CP, Elliott CJ, O'Connor RA, Heenan MM, Coyle S, Cleary IM, Kavanagh K, Verhaegen S, O'Loughlin CM, NicAmhlaoibh R, Clynes M. Enhancement of chemotherapeutic drug toxicity to human tumour cells in vitro by a subset of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Eur J Cancer. 1998 Jul;34(8):1250-9. PubMed PMID: 9849488.

165: Yu DS, Chang SY, Ma CP. The expression of mdr-1-related gp-170 and its correlation with anthracycline resistance in renal cell carcinoma cell lines and multidrug-resistant sublines. Br J Urol. 1998 Oct;82(4):544-7. PubMed PMID: 9806185.

166: Sakai T, Inagaki R, Taniguchi T, Shinozuka K, Kunitomo M, Hayashi N, Ishii Y, Muramatsu I. Persistent release of noradrenaline caused by anticancer drug 4'-epidoxorubicin in rat tail artery in vitro. Eur J Pharmacol. 1998 Aug 28;356(1):25-30. PubMed PMID: 9761420.

167: Lo YL, Hsu CY, Huang JD. Comparison of effects of surfactants with other MDR reversing agents on intracellular uptake of epirubicin in Caco-2 cell line. Anticancer Res. 1998 Jul-Aug;18(4C):3005-9. PubMed PMID: 9713500.

168: Inutsuka S, Baba H, Maehara Y, Sugimachi K. MST-16, a novel derivative of bis(2,6-dioxopiperazine), synergistically enhances the antitumor effects of anthracyclines. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1998;42(3):194-200. PubMed PMID: 9685054.

169: Geromichalos GD, Katsoulos GA, Hadjikostas CC, Kortsaris AH, Kyriakidis DA. In vitro combined effect of a new series of copper (II) complexes with cisplatin or epirubicin on human breast and cervical cancer cell lines. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1998;24(2):93-104. PubMed PMID: 9675550.

170: Miyazaki H, Naitoh Y, Nakahashi Y, Yanagitani S, Kuno K, Ueno Y, Okajima A, Inoue K. Induction of metallothionein isoforms in rat hepatoma cells by various anticancer drugs. J Biochem. 1998 Jul;124(1):65-71. PubMed PMID: 9644247.

171: Terayama N, Miyayama S, Tatsu H, Yamamoto T, Toya D, Tanaka N, Mitsui T, Miura S, Fujisawa M, Kifune K, Matsui O, Takashima T. Subsegmental transcatheter arterial embolization for hepatocellular carcinoma in the caudate lobe. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1998 May-Jun;9(3):501-8. PubMed PMID: 9618113.

172: Arcamone FM. From the pigments of the actinomycetes to third generation antitumor anthracyclines. Biochimie. 1998 Mar;80(3):201-6. Review. PubMed PMID: 9615860.

173: Sakamoto I, Aso N, Nagaoki K, Matsuoka Y, Uetani M, Ashizawa K, Iwanaga S, Mori M, Morikawa M, Fukuda T, Hayashi K, Matsunaga N. Complications associated with transcatheter arterial embolization for hepatic tumors. Radiographics. 1998 May-Jun;18(3):605-19. PubMed PMID: 9599386.

174: Arcamone F, Animati F, Capranico G, Lombardi P, Pratesi G, Manzini S, Supino R, Zunino F. New developments in antitumor anthracyclines. Pharmacol Ther. 1997 Oct-Dec;76(1-3):117-24. Review. PubMed PMID: 9535173.

175: Hiwasa T, Tokita H, Sakiyama S, Nakagaware A. Enhancement of chemosensitivity toward anticancer drugs by high expression of caspase-1 in NIH 3T3 cells. Anticancer Drugs. 1998 Jan;9(1):82-7. PubMed PMID: 9491796.

176: Kawabata K, Nio Y, Imamura M. 5-Fluorouracil + cisplatin + mitomycin C is a relatively most effective combination against xenograft lines of human colorectal cancer. Anticancer Drugs. 1997 Sep;8(8):790-6. PubMed PMID: 9396624.

177: Olinski R, Jaruga P, Foksinski M, Bialkowski K, Tujakowski J. Epirubicin-induced oxidative DNA damage and evidence for its repair in lymphocytes of cancer patients who are undergoing chemotherapy. Mol Pharmacol. 1997 Nov;52(5):882-5. PubMed PMID: 9351979.

178: Ogihara M, Aikawa K, Ishibashi K, Yamaguchi O, Shiraiwa Y, Koseki K. [Neoadjuvant intra-arterial chemotherapy based on chemosensitivity tests for locally invasive bladder cancer]. Hinyokika Kiyo. 1997 Aug;43(8):555-60. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 9310777.

179: Suzuki M, Suzuki H, Yamamoto T, Mamada Y, Mizuno H, Tominaga T, Suga M, Suemori S, Kato Y, Sato A, Yamanouchi E, Sakuyama K, Maeyama S, Shinagawa T, Okabe K. Indication of chemoembolization therapy without gelatin sponge for hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Oncol. 1997 Apr;24(2 Suppl 6):S6-110-S6-115. PubMed PMID: 9151925.

180: Meurman JH, Laine P, Keinànen S, Pyrhönen S, Teerenhovi L, Lindqvist C. Five-year follow-up of saliva in patients treated for lymphomas. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1997 Apr;83(4):447-52. PubMed PMID: 9127375.

181: Mizutani Y, Okada Y, Yoshida O, Fukumoto M, Bonavida B. Doxorubicin sensitizes human bladder carcinoma cells to Fas-mediated cytotoxicity. Cancer. 1997 Mar 15;79(6):1180-9. PubMed PMID: 9070496.

182: Bottone AE, de Beer EL, Voest EE. Anthracyclines enhance tension development in cardiac muscle by direct interaction with the contractile system. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1997 Mar;29(3):1001-8. PubMed PMID: 9152861.

183: Miners JO, Valente L, Lillywhite KJ, Mackenzie PI, Burchell B, Baguley BC, Kestell P. Preclinical prediction of factors influencing the elimination of 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid, a new anticancer drug. Cancer Res. 1997 Jan 15;57(2):284-9. PubMed PMID: 9000569.

184: Sakai T, Muramatsu I, Hayashi N, Ishii Y. Inhibition of NO synthase induction by an anticancer drug 4'-epi-doxorubicin in rats. Gen Pharmacol. 1996 Dec;27(8):1367-72. PubMed PMID: 9304408.

185: Inoue K, Kasahara K, Inoue Y, Inoue K, Yamashita M, Morioka M, Fujita Y, Shuin T. [The efficacy of ATP sensitivity assay on intravesical prophylactic instillation for superficial bladder cancer]. Nippon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi. 1996 Dec;87(12):1281-8. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 8997075.

186: Cornarotti M, Tinelli S, Willmore E, Zunino F, Fisher LM, Austin CA, Capranico G. Drug sensitivity and sequence specificity of human recombinant DNA topoisomerases IIalpha (p170) and IIbeta (p180). Mol Pharmacol. 1996 Dec;50(6):1463-71. PubMed PMID: 8967966.

187: Hiss D, Gabriels G, Jacobs P, Folb P. Tunicamycin potentiates drug cytotoxicity and vincristine retention in multidrug resistant cell lines. Eur J Cancer. 1996 Nov;32A(12):2164-72. PubMed PMID: 9014761.

188: Lübbe AS, Bergemann C, Riess H, Schriever F, Reichardt P, Possinger K, Matthias M, Dörken B, Herrmann F, Gürtler R, Hohenberger P, Haas N, Sohr R, Sander B, Lemke AJ, Ohlendorf D, Huhnt W, Huhn D. Clinical experiences with magnetic drug targeting: a phase I study with 4'-epidoxorubicin in 14 patients with advanced solid tumors. Cancer Res. 1996 Oct 15;56(20):4686-93. PubMed PMID: 8840985.

189: Sakai T, Hayashi N, Kimoto T, Kitagawa M, Ishii Y, Muramatsu I. [Effects of anticancer drugs on vascular wall: histological and pharmacological studies]. Nippon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai Zasshi. 1996 Oct;56(12):818-21. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 8940810.

190: Takeda S, Ikeba K, Ohokubo T, Sodemoto T, Yamamoto T, Takagi A, Hayashi N, Kinoshita K. [Clinical effect of intra-arterial carboplatin-combined chemotherapy for advanced uterine cervical cancer and increased tissue platinum levels with Lipo PGE1 administration before chemotherapy]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1996 Oct;23(12):1697-703. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 8886048.

191: Yoshida M, Fujioka A, Nakano K, Yuasa C, Toko T, Takeda S, Unemi N. Activity of menogaril against various malignant lymphoma cell lines and a human lymphoma xenograft in mice. Anticancer Res. 1996 Sep-Oct;16(5A):2875-9. PubMed PMID: 8917401.

192: Sakaguchi S, Sakaguchi H, Matsuo N, Anai H, Ohkura A, Hirohashi S, Imai T, Ohishi H, Akada S, Morikawa H, Uchida H. [Drug distribution of pelvic intraarterial infusion chemotherapy by bilateral internal iliac arterial catheter placement with coil occlusion of superior, inferior gluteal and obturator arteries]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1996 Sep;23(11):1495-8. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 8854788.

193: Jeremić B, Sibamoto J, Abe M. [Significance of formation of micronuclei in SCC VII murine cells treated with various chemotherapeutic agents]. Srp Arh Celok Lek. 1996 Jul-Aug;124(7-8):169-74. Serbian. PubMed PMID: 9102841.

194: Jeremic B, Shibamoto Y, Abe M. Assessment of micronucleus induction in murine SCCVII cells treated with various anticancer agents. Chemotherapy. 1996 Jul-Aug;42(4):266-72. PubMed PMID: 8804794.

195: Kitada M, Sawaragi I. [Clinical evaluation of granisetron hydrochloride against nausea and vomiting induced by anticancer drugs for gynecological malignant tumors]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1996 Jan;23(1):87-91. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 8546476.

196: Papadopoulos NG, Gritzapis AD, Dedoussis GV, Spanakos G, Baxevanis CN, Papamichail M. Production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody against epirubicin. Hybridoma. 1995 Dec;14(6):593-6. PubMed PMID: 8770648.

197: Kasugai H, Ishiyama J, Imai I, Fukuma E, Miyajima N, Kano N, Yamakawa T, Goto S, Kera J, Takeuchi S, et al. [A case report of far advanced gastric cancer with multiple liver metastasis (H3) treated with transarterial intermittent chemotherapy and intradermal administration of low molecular lipopolysaccharide (LPSp) extracted from Pantoea agglomerans]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1995 Sep;22(11):1690-3. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 7574794.

198: Katsumori T, Fujita M, Takahashi T, Satoh O, Ichijima S, Nakamura T, Morishita H, Ohno K, Nakano Y, Maeda T. Effective segmental chemoembolization of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor thrombus in the portal vein. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1995 Jul-Aug;18(4):217-21. PubMed PMID: 8581900.

199: Goan SR, Fichtner I, Just U, Karawajew L, Schultze W, Krause KP, von Harsdorf S, von Schilling C, Herrmann F. The severe combined immunodeficient-human peripheral blood stem cell (SCID-huPBSC) mouse: a xenotransplant model for huPBSC-initiated hematopoiesis. Blood. 1995 Jul 1;86(1):89-100. PubMed PMID: 7540891.

200: Kanematsu M. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization therapy with epirubicin hydrochloride, mitomycin C-iohexol-Lipiodol emulsion (EMILE) for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol. 1995 Apr;30(2):215-23. PubMed PMID: 7773353.

201: Testi R, Mattii L, Di Simone D, Zaccaro L, Malvaldi G, Grassi B, Petrini M. Evaluation of resistance index of several anticancer agents on parental and resistant P-388 cell lines. Leuk Res. 1995 Apr;19(4):257-61. PubMed PMID: 7752672.

202: Nishizaki T, Takenaka K, Yoshida K, Ikeda T, Sugimachi K. Influence of lipiodolization on a cirrhotic liver. J Surg Oncol. 1995 Apr;58(4):263-8. PubMed PMID: 7723371.

203: Takenaka K, Yoshida K, Nishizaki T, Korenaga D, Hiroshige K, Ikeda T, Sugimachi K. Postoperative prophylactic lipiodolization reduces the intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Surg. 1995 Apr;169(4):400-4; discussion 405. PubMed PMID: 7694977.

204: Higashi S, Shimizu M, Nakashima T, Iwata K, Uchiyama F, Tateno S, Tamura S, Setoguchi T. Arterial-injection chemotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma using monodispersed poppy-seed oil microdroplets containing fine aqueous vesicles of epirubicin. Initial medical application of a membrane-emulsification technique. Cancer. 1995 Mar 15;75(6):1245-54. PubMed PMID: 7882276.

205: Robert J. [Pharmacokinetic mechanisms of resistance to anticancer medications]. Bull Cancer. 1994 Dec;81 Suppl 2:78s-81s. Review. French. PubMed PMID: 7727864.

206: Motohara T, Ozawa Z, Morita S. [Intra-arterial chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma through implantable port (reservoir)]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1994 Nov;21(15):2645-8. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 7979426.

207: Masai Y, Nio Y, Tsubono M, Tseng CC, Kawabata K, Hayashi H, Ishigami S, Imamura M. Anticancer chemosensitivity profile of freshly separated human pancreatic cancer cells assessed by DNA synthesis inhibition assay. J Surg Oncol. 1994 Oct;57(2):97-104. PubMed PMID: 7934070.

208: Nakamura H, Murakami T, Tomoda K, Nakanishi K, Hori S, Oi H, Tsukaguchi I, Watanabe H, Masuike M, Inoue Y. [Doses of epirubicin used in oily chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1994 Sep;21(13):2218-21. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 7944444.

209: Hoshino M, Koyama Y, Igarashi W, Ohtake T, Ono T, Sato N, Hatakeyama Y, Abe R. [Efficacy of intrahepatic arterial chemotherapy to prevent recurrence of residual liver in metastatic liver cancer patients after hepatectomy]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1994 Sep;21(13):2151-4. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 7944426.

210: Asaishi K, Okazaki M, Okazaki A, Toda K, Masuoka H, Hirata K, Narimatsu E. [The significance of intra-arterial infusion therapy for neoadjuvant chemotherapy]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1994 Jun;21 Suppl 2:264-71. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 8037491.

211: Ichida T, Kato M, Hayakawa A, Ito S, Mori S, Sato T, Sugitani S, Sato H, Watanabe M, Asakura H. Therapeutic effect of a CDDP-epirubicin-Lipiodol emulsion on advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1994;33 Suppl:S74-8. PubMed PMID: 8137488.

212: Iwamiya T, Sawada S, Ohta Y. Repeated arterial infusion chemotherapy for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma using an implantable drug delivery system. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1994;33 Suppl:S134-8. PubMed PMID: 8137474.

213: Hasegawa S, Suzuki H, Kojima Y, Iizuka I, Nomura Y, Tada K. [A new approach to intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy for breast cancer]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1993 Dec;20(15):2395-8. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 8259859.

214: Vermorken JB, Verweij J, de Mulder PH, Cognetti F, Clavel M, Rodenhuis S, Kirkpatrick A, Snow GB. Epirubicin in patients with advanced or recurrent adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck: a phase II study of the EORTC Head and Neck Cancer Cooperative Group. Ann Oncol. 1993 Nov;4(9):785-8. PubMed PMID: 8280659.

215: Nio Y, Tseng CC, Shiraishi T, Tsubono M, Kawabata K, Masai Y, Hayashi H, Fukumoto M, Nio M, Sato M, et al. A phase II study of 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, and 4'-epirubicin in the treatment of advanced solid cancers. Am J Clin Oncol. 1993 Apr;16(2):96-101. PubMed PMID: 8452115.

216: Mross K, Hamm K, Hossfeld DK. Effects of verapamil on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of epirubicin. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1993;31(5):369-75. PubMed PMID: 8431970.

217: Viladkar A, Chitnis M. Sensitization of P388 murine leukemia cells to epirubicin cytotoxicity by reserpine. Cancer Biother. 1993 Spring;8(1):77-85. PubMed PMID: 7812352.

218: Robert J. Epirubicin. Clinical pharmacology and dose-effect relationship. Drugs. 1993;45 Suppl 2:20-30. Review. PubMed PMID: 7693418.

219: Weiss RB. The anthracyclines: will we ever find a better doxorubicin? Semin Oncol. 1992 Dec;19(6):670-86. Review. PubMed PMID: 1462166.

220: Nicholls G, Clark BJ, Brown JE. Solid-phase extraction and optimized separation of doxorubicin, epirubicin and their metabolites using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 1992 Oct-Dec;10(10-12):949-57. PubMed PMID: 1298402.

221: Makino Y, Nagasue N, Kohno H, Taniura H, Hayashi T, Uchida M, Ohiwa K, Takemoto Y, Kimoto T, Ono T, et al. [Evaluation of repeated hepatic dearterialization combined with intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy of unresectable primary or secondary cancer of the liver]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1992 Aug;19(10 Suppl):1759-62. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 1530350.

222: Koren G, Beatty K, Seto A, Einarson TR, Lishner M. The effects of impaired liver function on the elimination of antineoplastic agents. Ann Pharmacother. 1992 Mar;26(3):363-71. Review. PubMed PMID: 1554959.

223: Onohara S, Ogita M, Shimada J, Hiraki Y, Abeyama K, Nakajo M. [Transarterial "pile-up" infusion therapy of cisplatin and lipiodol emulsion in hepatic malignancies without TAE (transcatheter arterial embolization)]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1992 Mar;19(3):315-21. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 1311912.

224: Alderton PM, Gross J, Green MD. Comparative study of doxorubicin, mitoxantrone, and epirubicin in combination with ICRF-187 (ADR-529) in a chronic cardiotoxicity animal model. Cancer Res. 1992 Jan 1;52(1):194-201. PubMed PMID: 1727379.

225: Wade JR, Kelman AW, Kerr DJ, Robert J, Whiting B. Variability in the pharmacokinetics of epirubicin: a population analysis. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1992;29(5):391-5. PubMed PMID: 1551178.

226: Herait P, Poutignat N, Marty M, Bugat R. Early assessment of a new anticancer drug analogue--are the historical comparisons obsolete? The French experience with pirarubicin. Eur J Cancer. 1992;28A(10):1670-6. PubMed PMID: 1389483.

227: Kobayashi S, Narimatsu Y, Ogawa K, Hashimoto S, Nakatsuka S, Miura H, Ohzono H, Ka WJ, Ido K, Hiramatsu K, et al. Transcatheter hepatic arterial chemoembolization using epirubicin-lipiodol: experimental and pharmacological evaluation. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1992;31 Suppl:S45-50. PubMed PMID: 1333908.

228: Oda T, Konno T, Ohtsuka N, Kimura M, Mizumachi R. [Antitumor activities of oily suspended zinostatin stimalamer (YM 881) against VX2 carcinoma implanted in the liver of rabbits--comparison with another anticancer agent]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1991 Nov;18(14):2423-8. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 1835341.

229: Tseng CC, Nio Y, Shiraishi T, Tsubono M, Morimoto H, Kawabata K, Masai Y, Tun T, Fukumoto M, Tobe T. Comparative study on various combination chemotherapies against human gastric cancer xenograft lines of well- and poorly-differentiated adenocarcinomas transplanted in nude mice. Anticancer Drugs. 1991 Oct;2(5):457-64. PubMed PMID: 1804388.

230: Kimura H, Yamaguchi Y, Ebara M, Yosikawa M. [Infusion of LAK cells and anticancer drugs with a total implantable port to a patient with metastatic liver and spleen tumors]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1991 Aug;18(11):1996-2000. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 1877842.

231: Hongo T, Fujii Y. In vitro chemosensitivity of lymphoblasts at relapse in childhood leukemia using the MTT assay. Int J Hematol. 1991 Jun;54(3):219-30. PubMed PMID: 1747457.

232: Inoue Y, Nakamura H, Takashima S, Yamazaki K, Toyoshima H, Iwasaki M. Biloma following transcatheter oily chemoembolization. Radiat Med. 1991 Mar-Apr;9(2):57-60. PubMed PMID: 1658854.

233: van Kalken CK, van der Hoeven JJ, de Jong J, Giaccone G, Schuurhuis GJ, Maessen PA, Blokhuis WM, van der Vijgh WJ, Pinedo HM. Bepridil in combination with anthracyclines to reverse anthracycline resistance in cancer patients. Eur J Cancer. 1991;27(6):739-44. PubMed PMID: 1829915.

234: Brown TD, Burris HA, Havlin KA, O'Rourke TJ, Rodriguez GI, Wall JG, Weiss GR. New anticancer agents. Cancer Chemother Biol Response Modif. 1991;12:111-46. Review. PubMed PMID: 1718374.

235: Watanabe T, Nakasaki H, Mitomi T. Measurement of cross-reactive properties of adriamycin derivatives by the inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for adriamycin. Tokai J Exp Clin Med. 1990 Jul;15(4):327-34. PubMed PMID: 2130540.

236: Grankvist K, Bergström P, Henriksson R. Different effects of chlorpromazine on bleomycin- and epirubicin induced cytotoxicity. Biosci Rep. 1990 Apr;10(2):173-7. PubMed PMID: 1694095.

237: Tsukagoshi S. [Epirubicin (4'-epi-adriamycin]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1990 Jan;17(1):151-9. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 2404456.

238: Grankvist K, Bergström P, Jonsson O, Henriksson R. Pharmacological interaction with quinoid antitumor drugs. Free Radic Res Commun. 1990;8(4-6):383-90. PubMed PMID: 2354812.

239: Novell JR, Markham NI, Hobbs KE. New hope in irresectable hepatoma? Hepatogastroenterology. 1989 Aug;36(4):258-61. PubMed PMID: 2553569.

240: Preziosi P, Vacca M, Ragazzoni E, del Carmine R, Navarra P. Stress hormone changes after toxic doses of new anticancer drugs. Arch Toxicol Suppl. 1989;13:436-9. PubMed PMID: 2549916.

241: Vorobiof DA, Falkson G, Iturralde MP. Radionuclide angiographic monitoring in patients treated with potentially cardiotoxic cytostatic drugs. S Afr Med J. 1988 Sep 3;74(5):213-6. PubMed PMID: 3166211.

242: Okuma K, Ariyoshi Y, Ota K. [Clinical study of acute cardiotoxicity of anti-cancer agents-- analysis using Holter ECG monitoring]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1988 Jun;15(6):1893-900. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 3164181.

243: Weiss GR, Arteaga CL, Brown TD, Craig JB, Harman GS, Havlin KA, Koeller JM, Kuhn JG, Von Hoff DD. New anticancer agents. Cancer Chemother Biol Response Modif. 1988;10:85-116. Review. PubMed PMID: 2484323.

244: Sternberg CN, Sordillo PP, Cheng E, Chuang YJ, Niedzwiecki D. Evaluation of new anticancer agents against human pancreatic carcinomas in nude mice. Am J Clin Oncol. 1987 Jun;10(3):219-21. PubMed PMID: 2884864.

245: Niijima T, Koyanagi T, Maru A, Sakashita S, Koiso K, Ishikawa H, Uchida K, Shimazaki J, Isaka S, Akaza H, et al. [Cooperative phase II study of epirubicin (EPI) in bladder cancer, renal pelvic and ureteral tumors--Urological Cooperative Study Group of EPI]. Hinyokika Kiyo. 1986 Sep;32(9):1359-69. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 3468792.

246: Spadari S, Pedrali-Noy G, Focher F, Montecucco A, Bordoni T, Geroni C, Giuliani FC, Ventrella G, Arcamone F, Ciarrocchi G. DNA polymerases and DNA topoisomerases as targets for the development of anticancer drugs. Anticancer Res. 1986 Sep-Oct;6(5):935-40. PubMed PMID: 3026237.

247: Wadler S, Fuks JZ, Wiernik PH. Phase I and II agents in cancer therapy: I. Anthracyclines and related compounds. J Clin Pharmacol. 1986 Sep-Oct;26(7):491-509. Review. PubMed PMID: 2944917.

248: Tominaga T, Kitamura M, Nomura Y, Abe O, Enomoto K, Ikeda T, Izuo M, Iino Y, Taguchi T, Tamura K, et al. [Phase II study of epirubicin on breast cancer: a cooperative group study]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1986 Jun;13(6):2187-92. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 3459397.

249: Sakata Y, Yoshida Y. [Phase II study of epirubicin in inoperable or recurrent gastric cancer]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1986 May;13(5):1887-92. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 3458431.

250: Hurteloup P, Ganzina F. Clinical studies with new anthracyclines: epirubicin, idarubicin, esorubicin. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1986;12(1-3):233-46. Review. PubMed PMID: 3525075.

251: Lunt H, Dady PJ. Epirubicin, an effective new anticancer agent. N Z Med J. 1985 Dec 11;98(792):1057. PubMed PMID: 3867018.

252: Neri B, Cini-Neri G, D'Alterio M. Effect of anthracyclines and mitoxantrone on oxygen uptake and ATP intracellular concentration in rat heart slices. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1984 Dec 28;125(3):954-60. PubMed PMID: 6596102.

253: Tsushima T, Matsumura Y, Ozaki Y, Yoshimoto J, Obama T, Akagi T, Nasu Y, Ohmori H. [Intravesical chemotherapy with 4'-Epi-Adriamycin in patients with superficial bladder tumors]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1984 Dec;11(12 Pt 1):2502-5. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 6594972.

254: Kimura K, Wakui A, Saito T, Tominaga T, Niitani H, Fujimoto T, Masaoka T, Toki H, Tamura K. [A phase I study of 4'-epi-adriamycin, a new anthracycline anticancer agent]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1984 Nov;11(11):2414-9. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 6594078.

255: Ogawa M. [Current clinical status of new anticancer drugs]. Gan No Rinsho. 1983 Aug;29(10):1049-52. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 6415310.