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 Carmofur

Carmofur (INN) or HCFU (1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil) is a pyrimidine analogue used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of fluorouracil. Carmofur, in its oral form, has also been used as adjuvant chemotherapy for curatively resected colorectal cancer patients. Trials and meta-analyses have confirmed that the drug is effective on patients with this cancer type, extending their survival. 

 1: Miyazaki N, Tabata Y. Anti-tumor activity of carmofur water-solubilized by lactic acid oligomer-grafted pullulan nanogels. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2009 Aug;9(8):4797-804. PubMed PMID: 19928152.

2: Wang S, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Liu K, Yu P, Liu K, Luan J, Duan H, Lu Z, Wang F, Wu E, Yagasaki K, Zhang G. Suppression of growth, migration and invasion of highly-metastatic human breast cancer cells by berbamine and its molecular mechanisms of action. Mol Cancer. 2009 Oct 1;8:81. PubMed PMID: 19796390; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2765940.

3: Samuel M, Chow PK, Chan Shih-Yen E, Machin D, Soo KC. Neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy for surgical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jan 21;(1):CD001199. Review. PubMed PMID: 19160192.

4: Sakai T, Yamashita Y, Maekawa T, Mikami K, Hoshino S, Shirakusa T. Immunochemotherapy with PSK and fluoropyrimidines improves long-term prognosis for curatively resected colorectal cancer. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2008 Aug;23(4):461-7. PubMed PMID: 18771350.

5: Mizutani T. [Leukoencephalopathy caused by antineoplastic drugs]. Brain Nerve. 2008 Feb;60(2):137-41. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 18306661.

6: Mizutani T. [Drug-induced leukoencephalopathy]. Nippon Rinsho. 2007 Oct 28;65 Suppl 8:372-6. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 18074566.

7: Ota K, Kishida S. [Drug-induced leukoencephalopathy]. Nippon Naika Gakkai Zasshi. 2007 Aug 10;96(8):1641-5. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 17802714.

8: Baehring JM, Fulbright RK. Delayed leukoencephalopathy with stroke-like presentation in chemotherapy recipients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008 May;79(5):535-9. Epub 2007 Aug 6. PubMed PMID: 17682013.

9: Watanabe M, Kodaira S, Takahashi T, Tominaga T, Hojo K, Kato T, Kunitomo K, Isomoto H, Ohashi Y, Yasutomi M. Randomized trial of the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer with combination therapy incorporating the oral pyrimidine 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2006 Aug;391(4):330-7. Epub 2006 Jun 21. PubMed PMID: 16823593.

10: Taira N, Aogi K, Ohsumi S, Takashima S, Nishimura R, Doihara H, Saeki T. S-1 (TS-1) maintained complete response for approximately 10 years in a case of metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer. 2006;13(2):220-4. PubMed PMID: 16755122.

11: Mori T, Hirota T, Ohashi Y, Kodaira S; Prospective Trial of Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Colon Cancer Study Group (PAC). Significance of histologic type of primary lesion and metastatic lymph nodes as a prognostic factor in stage III colon cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006 Jul;49(7):982-92. PubMed PMID: 16625329.

12: Soni S, Babbar AK, Sharma RK, Maitra A. Delivery of hydrophobised 5-fluorouracil derivative to brain tissue through intravenous route using surface modified nanogels. J Drug Target. 2006 Feb;14(2):87-95. PubMed PMID: 16608735.

13: Akasu T. [Adjuvant chemotherapy for colorectal cancer]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2006 Mar;33(3):307-12. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 16531709.

14: Sakamoto J, Hamada C, Rahman M, Kodaira S, Ito K, Nakazato H, Ohashi Y, Yasutomi M. An individual patient data meta-analysis of adjuvant therapy with carmofur in patients with curatively resected colon cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2005 Sep;35(9):536-44. Epub 2005 Sep 9. PubMed PMID: 16155120.

15: Sadahiro S, Mitomi T, Noto T, Kumada K, Hiki Y, Yamakawa T, Amano T, Oki S, Otani Y, Oka H, Takahashi T, Takemiya S, Nishiyama K, Yamamura T, Tsuchiya S, Ogawa N; Study Group on Postoperative Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Kanagawa Prefecture. [Multicenter comparative study of the recurrence-inhibitory effect of oral fluoropyrimidine drugs in patients with colorectal cancer following curative resection]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2005 Jul;32(7):997-1005. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 16044962.

16: Kotake K, Ohashi Y, Kodaira S, Koyama Y; East-Japan Colorectal Cancer Chemotherapy Study Group. A multicenter randomized study comparing 5-fluorouracil continuous infusion (ci) plus 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil and 5-FU ci alone in colorectal cancer. Oncol Rep. 2005 Jul;14(1):129-34. PubMed PMID: 15944779.

17: Morimoto K, Koh M. [Postoperative changes in serum lipid levels of breast cancer and adjuvant chemotherapy]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2004 Oct;31(10):1517-24. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 15508443.

18: Tominaga T, Kimura M, Asaga T, Yoshida M, Awane H, Koyama H, Takatsuka Y, Mitsuyama S, Ikeda T, Ogita M, Aoyama H, Sano M, Abe R, Nishi T, Wada T, Danno M, Toi M, Takashima S. 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil + cyclophosphamide + tamoxifen versus CMF + tamoxifen in women with lymph node-positive breast cancer after primary surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Oncol Rep. 2004 Oct;12(4):797-803. PubMed PMID: 15375502.

19: Morimoto K, Koh M. Postoperative adjuvant use of carmofur for early breast cancer. Osaka City Med J. 2003 Dec;49(2):77-83. PubMed PMID: 15179836.

20: Watanabe M, Nishida O, Kunii Y, Kodaira S, Takahashi T, Tominaga T, Hojyo K, Kato T, Niimoto M, Kunitomo K, Isomoto H, Ohashi Y, Yasutomi M. Randomized controlled trial of the efficacy of adjuvant immunochemotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy for colorectal cancer, using different combinations of the intracutaneous streptococcal preparation OK-432 and the oral pyrimidines 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil and uracil/tegafur. Int J Clin Oncol. 2004 Apr;9(2):98-106. PubMed PMID: 15108041.

21: Tomita N, Monden M, Kikkawa N, Imamura M, Ohtoshi M, Ohhashi S, Sakamoto T, Tanigawa N, Nakano H, Hioki K, Hirakawa K, Yasutomi M, Yamamura T, Kameyama M, Iwanaga T; Kinki Cooperative Study Group of Chemotherapy for Colorectal Carcinoma. [Analysis of microsatellite instability and p53 LOH in advanced colorectal cancers--first report of the No. 3 protocol]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2004 Mar;31(3):367-72. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 15045942.

22: Sakamoto J, Ohashi Y, Hamada C, Buyse M, Burzykowski T, Piedbois P; Meta-Analysis Group of the Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum; Meta-Analysis Group in Cancer. Efficacy of oral adjuvant therapy after resection of colorectal cancer: 5-year results from three randomized trials. J Clin Oncol. 2004 Feb 1;22(3):484-92. PubMed PMID: 14752071.

23: Ito K, Okushiba S, Morikawa T, Kondo S, Katoh H. [Appropriate duration of postoperative oral adjuvant chemotherapy with HCFU for colorectal cancer]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2004 Jan;31(1):55-9. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 14750322.

24: Kotake K, Koyama Y, Shida S, Tajima Y, Ishikawa H, Kanazawa K, Miyata M, Nagamachi Y, Iwasaki Y, Omoto R, Tamakuma S, Kitajima M, Kodaira S; Neo-adjuvant Chemotherapy for Colorectal Cancer Study Group. [Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy with carmofur for colorectal cancer--a multi-institutional randomized controlled study]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2002 Nov;29(11):1917-24. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 12465390.

25: Osterlund P, Orpana A, Elomaa I, Repo H, Joensuu H. Raltitrexed treatment promotes systemic inflammatory reaction in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Br J Cancer. 2002 Sep 9;87(6):591-9. PubMed PMID: 12237767; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2364241.

26: Iwagaki H, Tanaka N, Esato K, Kaibara N, Sano K, Dohi K, Toge T, Nakamura T, Nakasato H, Orita K. Post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy for colorectal cancer with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) infusion combined with 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil (HCFU) oral administration after curative resection. Anticancer Res. 2001 Nov-Dec;21(6A):4163-8. PubMed PMID: 11911312.

27: Fujikawa A, Tsuchiya K, Katase S, Kurosaki Y, Hachiya J. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of Carmofur-induced leukoencephalopathy. Eur Radiol. 2001;11(12):2602-6. Epub 2001 Jun 22. PubMed PMID: 11734966.

28: Ooi A, Ohkubo T, Higashigawa M, Kawasaki H, Kakito H, Kagawa Y, Kojima M, Sakurai M. Plasma, intestine and tumor levels of 5-fluorouracil in mice bearing L1210 ascites tumor following oral administration of 5-fluorouracil, UFT (mixed compound of tegafur and uracil), carmofur and 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine. Biol Pharm Bull. 2001 Nov;24(11):1329-31. PubMed PMID: 11725974.

29: Osako Y. [A case of reversible carmofur-induced leukoencephalopathy]. No To Shinkei. 2001 Oct;53(10):986-7. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 11725511.

30: Tominaga T, Sano M, Nishi T, Sasaki M, Yoshida K, Kimura M, Takashima S, Asano T, Yoshida M, Fujiwara J, Danno M. Postoperative chemoendocrine therapy for women with node-positive stage II breast cancer with combined cyclophosphamide, tamoxifen, and 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil. Eur J Surg. 2001 Aug;167(8):598-604. PubMed PMID: 11716446.

31: Takeda Y, Yoshizaki I, Nonaka Y, Yanagie H, Matsuzawa A, Eriguchi M. Docetaxel alone or orally combined with 5-fluorouracil and its derivatives: effects on mouse mammary tumor cell line MM2 in vitro and in vivo. Anticancer Drugs. 2001 Sep;12(8):691-8. PubMed PMID: 11604557.

32: Nagawa H, Muto T, Sunouchi K, Higuchi Y, Tsurita G, Watanabe T, Sawada T. Randomized, controlled trial of lateral node dissection vs. nerve-preserving resection in patients with rectal cancer after preoperative radiotherapy. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001 Sep;44(9):1274-80. PubMed PMID: 11584199.

33: Osterlund P, Elomaa I, Virkkunen P, Joensuu H. A phase I study of raltitrexed (Tomudex) combined with carmofur in metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncology. 2001;61(2):113-9. PubMed PMID: 11528249.

34: Abe T, Sakaguchi Y, Ohno S, Ikeda Y, Kitamura K, Maehara Y, Sugimachi K. Apoptosis and p53 overexpression in human rectal cancer; relationship with response to hyperthermo-chemo-radiotherapy. Anticancer Res. 2001 May-Jun;21(3C):2115-20. PubMed PMID: 11501834.

35: Nakamura T, Ohno M, Tabuchi Y, Kamigaki T, Fujii H, Yamagishi H, Kuroda Y; Kansai Carmofur Study Group. Optimal duration of oral adjuvant chemotherapy with Carmofur in the colorectal cancer patients: the Kansai Carmofur Study Group trial III. Int J Oncol. 2001 Aug;19(2):291-8. PubMed PMID: 11445841.

36: Kageyama T, Toizumi A, Tamura Y. [Inhibition of HCFU absorption after resection for gastric cancer--application of hydroxyaluminium gel]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2001 Jun;28(6):803-7. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 11432348.

37: Ono T, Yamanoi A, Nazmy El Assal O, Kohno H, Nagasue N. Adjuvant chemotherapy after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma causes deterioration of long-term prognosis in cirrhotic patients: metaanalysis of three randomized controlled trials. Cancer. 2001 Jun 15;91(12):2378-85. PubMed PMID: 11413528.

38: Choi SM, Lee SH, Yang YS, Kim BC, Kim MK, Cho KH. 5-fluorouracil-induced leukoencephalopathy in patients with breast cancer. J Korean Med Sci. 2001 Jun;16(3):328-34. PubMed PMID: 11410695.

39: Ito K, Wang L, Ye C, Ando H, Hibi K, Hidemura K, Akiyama S, Kasai Y, Nakao A. Oral HCFU for prevention of hepatic metastasis in an experimental colorectal carcinoma. Anticancer Res. 2001 Mar-Apr;21(2A):899-904. PubMed PMID: 11396182.

40: Furukawa M, Karakama T, Kaji M, Gomita S, Yoshimura M, Watanabe N. Collaborative work to evaluate toxicity on male reproductive organs by repeated dose studies in rats 16). Effects of short-term administration of carmofur on spermatogenesis. J Toxicol Sci. 2000 Oct;25 Spec No:163-71. PubMed PMID: 11349440.

41: Sakamoto J, Kodaira S, Hamada C, Ito K, Maehara Y, Takagi H, Sugimachi K, Nakazato H, Ohashi Y; Meta-Analysis Group of the Japanese Society of Strategies for Cancer Research and Therapy. An individual patient data meta-analysis of long supported adjuvant chemotherapy with oral carmofur in patients with curatively resected colorectal cancer. Oncol Rep. 2001 May-Jun;8(3):697-703. PubMed PMID: 11295105.

42: Iwagaki H, Tanaka N, Esato K, Kaibara N, Sano K, Dohi K, Nakamura T, Nakasato H, Orita K. Randomized controlled trial of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) infusion combined with 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil (HCFU) oral administration and HCFU alone as postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for colorectal cancer. Anticancer Res. 2000 Sep-Oct;20(5C):3727-34. PubMed PMID: 11268446.

43: Tokuda C, Miyama Y, Takeda H, Fukui H. [Antitumor activity of 1-hexylcarbamoyluracil which is carmofur substituted fluorine for hydrogen]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2000 Jul;27(7):1065-7. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 10925697.

44: Miyauchi M, Yamamoto N, Matsumoto M, Shishikura T, Hyakutake K. [Comparative clinical study on 5-FU concentrations for oral HCFU and i.v. 5-FU]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2000 Jul;27(7):1011-4. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 10925686.

45: Sasaki K, Takasaka H, Kawasaki H, Matsunaga T, Nakagawa N, Shibata K, Yabana T, Yasojima T, Furuhata T, Hata F, Hirata K. [Weekly low-dose CPT-11 and HCFU for advanced colorectal cancer on an outpatient treatment basis]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2000 Jun;27(6):915-9. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 10897221.

46: Ishida H, Tatsuta M, Furukawa H, Ohta H, Hashimoto K, Hayashi N, Morimoto O, Ikeda M, Miya A, Masutani S, Kawasaki T, Satomi T, Yoshioka H, Hanai J. Multiple inflammatory pseudotumors mimicking liver metastasis from colon cancer: report of a case. Surg Today. 2000;30(6):530-3. Review. PubMed PMID: 10883465.

47: Chan ES, Chow PK, Tai B, Machin D, Soo K. Neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy for operable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD001199. Review. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(1):CD001199. PubMed PMID: 10796754.

48: Ito K, Yamaguchi A, Miura K, Kato T, Baba S, Matsumoto S, Ishii M, Takagi H. Effect of oral adjuvant therapy with Carmofur (HCFU) for distant metastasis of colorectal cancer. Int J Clin Oncol. 2000 Feb;5(1):29-35. PubMed PMID: 20563694.

49: Nakanishi H, Abe A, Inada K, Tsukamoto T, Yasui K, Tatematsu M. Induction of apoptosis in metastatic foci from human gastric cancer xenografts in nude mice and reduction of circulating tumor cells in blood by 5-FU and 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1999 Dec;125(12):660-8. PubMed PMID: 10592098.

50: Fujii Y, Iwasa H, Hirai J, Hasumi K, Eriguchi M. [Effects of HCFU and TNP 470 on liver metastasis of BALB/c retroperitoneal sarcoma (LMFS)]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1999 Nov;26(13):2061-7. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 10584572.

51: Tanaka R, Fukushima H, Sato K, Matsuda M, Hanaoka T, Goya T. [Successful endocrine chemotherapy in patients with multiple bone metastases of breast cancer--a case report]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1999 Oct;26(11):1647-50. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 10553425.

52: Sato S, Ueyama T, Fukui H, Miyazaki K, Kuwano M. [Anti-tumor effects of carmofur on human 5-FU resistant cells]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1999 Oct;26(11):1613-6. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 10553419.

53: Ikehira H, Girard F, Obata T, Ito H, Yoshitomi H, Miyazaki M, Nakajima N, Kamei H, Kanazawa Y, Takano H, Ito H, Tanada S, Sasaki Y. A preliminary study for clinical pharmacokinetics of oral fluorine anticancer medicines using the commercial MRI system 19F-MRS. Br J Radiol. 1999 Jun;72(858):584-9. PubMed PMID: 10560341.

54: Sakamoto J, Hamada C, Kodaira S, Nakazato H, Ohashi Y. Adjuvant therapy with oral fluoropyrimidines as main chemotherapeutic agents after curative resection for colorectal cancer: individual patient data meta-analysis of randomized trials. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 1999 Feb;29(2):78-86. PubMed PMID: 10089948.

55: Matsuda T, Mabuchi K, Kitaoka H, Hirata N, Kitaoka U. [A case of multiple liver metastases showing good response by administration of carmofur alone in an aged patient with colorectal cancer]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1999 Feb;26(3):357-9. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 10065100.

56: Tominaga T. [Recent development of oral anti-cancer drugs for breast cancer]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1999 Feb;26(3):301-7. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 10065092.

57: Taguchi T. [Gastrointestinal cancer and oral anticancer agents]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1999 Feb;26(3):284-94. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 10065090.

58: Maehara Y, Sugimachi K, Ogawa M, Kakegawa T, Tomita M, Akiyoshi T. Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil in patients with colorectal cancer and at a high risk for recurrence. Anticancer Res. 1998 Nov-Dec;18(6B):4629-34. PubMed PMID: 9891531.

59: Maeda M, Nagawa H, Maeda T, Koike H, Kasai H. Alcohol consumption enhances liver metastasis in colorectal carcinoma patients. Cancer. 1998 Oct 15;83(8):1483-8. PubMed PMID: 9781941.

60: Figueredo A, Fine S, Maroun J, Walker-Dilks C, Wong S. Adjuvant therapy for stage III colon cancer after complete resection. Provincial Gastrointestinal Disease Site Group. Cancer Prev Control. 1997 Oct;1(4):304-19. Erratum in: Cancer Prev Control 1997 Dec;1(5):351. PubMed PMID: 9765754.

61: Sato S, Hirotani Y, Ogura N, Sasaki E, Kitagawa S. Enhancing effect of N-dodecyl-2-pyrrolidone on the percutaneous absorption of 5-fluorouracil derivatives. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1998 May;46(5):831-6. PubMed PMID: 9621418.

62: Kan S, Moriya F, Ishizu H. Effects of antineoplastics, antibiotics and antidiabetics on acetaldehyde metabolism after alcohol ingestion. Acta Med Okayama. 1998 Feb;52(1):9-17. PubMed PMID: 9548989.

63: Yasutomi M, Takahashi T, Kodaira S, Hojo K, Kato T, Ogawa M, Ichihashi H, Tominaga T, Tamada R, Kunii Y, Kikuchi K. [Prospective controlled study on the usefulness of Carmofur as a postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for colorectal cancer]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1997 Oct;24(13):1953-60. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 9350242.

64: Ozaki S, Kong X, Watanabe Y, Hoshiko T, Koga T, Ogasawara T, Takizawa T, Fujisawa H, Iigo M, Hoshi A. 5-Fluorouracil derivatives. XXII. Synthesis and antitumor activities of 1-carbamoyl-5-fluorouracils. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1997 Aug;45(8):1372-5. PubMed PMID: 9301037.

65: Ono T, Nagasue N, Kohno H, Hayashi T, Uchida M, Yukaya H, Yamanoi A. Adjuvant chemotherapy with epirubicin and carmofur after radical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective randomized study. Semin Oncol. 1997 Apr;24(2 Suppl 6):S6-18-S6-25. PubMed PMID: 9151912.

66: Tadaoka N, Takahashi N, Yoshinaga K, Yamada T, Inoue K, Mizutani H, Inomata Y, Sakuyama T, Kuroda T. [A case of recurrent gastric cancer with liver metastasis responding to combination chemotherapy with cisplatin and carmofur]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1997 Apr;24(6):729-32. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 9126312.

67: Ohno S, Tomoda M, Tomisaki S, Kitamura K, Mori M, Maehara Y, Sugimachi K. Improved surgical results after combining preoperative hyperthermia with chemotherapy and radiotherapy for patients with carcinoma of the rectum. Dis Colon Rectum. 1997 Apr;40(4):401-6. PubMed PMID: 9106687.

68: Fujii Y, Itoyanagi H, Hirose I, Hasumi K, Eriguchi M. [Characterization of spontaneous liver metastatic model of BALB/c retroperitoneal sarcoma (LMFS) injected in footpad and antitumor effects of HCFU]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1997 Feb;24(3):343-8. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 9051138.

69: Ito K, Yamaguchi A, Miura K, Kato T, Baba S, Matsumoto S, Ishii M, Takagi H. Oral adjuvant chemotherapy with carmofur (HCFU) for colorectal cancer: five-year follow-up. Tokai HCFU Study Group--third study on colorectal cancer. J Surg Oncol. 1996 Oct;63(2):107-11. PubMed PMID: 8888803.

70: Sakurai K, Yoshiga K, Tsumura M, Takada K. Effects of thermochemotherapy [1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil (HCFU) combined with hyperthermia]: a basic study on the most effective timing and sequence in vivo. Anticancer Res. 1996 Sep-Oct;16(5A):2729-33. PubMed PMID: 8917379.

71: Akiba T, Okeda R, Tajima T. Metabolites of 5-fluorouracil, alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine and fluoroacetic acid, directly injure myelinated fibers in tissue culture. Acta Neuropathol. 1996 Jul;92(1):8-13. PubMed PMID: 8811119.

72: Yamaguchi R, Yamaguchi A, Isogai M, Hori A, Kin Y. [Study on the combined preoperative treatment with CDDP and HCFU for gastric cancer]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1996 Jul;23(8):1089-91. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 8687229.

73: Hiwasa T, Tokita H, Ike Y. Differential chemosensitivity in oncogene-transformed cells. J Exp Ther Oncol. 1996 May;1(3):162-70. PubMed PMID: 9414400.

74: Kanno H, Yoden Y, Ohashi S, Utsunomiya J, Oshima A, Kameyama M, Iwanaga T, Kikkawa N, Hioki K, Fukuda I, Mori T, Yasutomi M. [Comparative study of the combined effect of HCFU and dipyridamole (DP) in colorectal carcinoma--TS inhibition rate. Kinki Cooperative Study Group of Chemotherapy for Colorectal Carcinoma]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1996 May;23(6):715-20. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 8645023.

75: Ito K, Yamaguchi A, Miura K, Kato T, Koike A, Takagi H. Prospective adjuvant therapy with mitomycin C and carmofur (HCFU) for colorectal cancer, 10-year follow-up: Tokai HCFU Study Group, the first study for colorectal cancer. J Surg Oncol. 1996 May;62(1):4-9. PubMed PMID: 8618399.

76: Yamamoto M, Arii S, Sugahara K, Tobe T. Adjuvant oral chemotherapy to prevent recurrence after curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg. 1996 Mar;83(3):336-40. PubMed PMID: 8665186.

77: Miyauchi S, Imaoka T, Okada T, Motoyama M, Kawaguchi T, Akiyama H, Odomi M. Leukopenia-inducing effect of a combination of a new 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-derived drug, BOF-A2 (emitefur), with other 5-FU-derived drugs or BV-araU (sorivudine) in rats. Jpn J Pharmacol. 1996 Feb;70(2):139-48. PubMed PMID: 8866751.

78: Osawa S, Shiroto H, Kondo Y, Nakanishi Y, Fujisawa J, Miyakawa K, Oku T, Nishimura A, Uchino J. [Randomized controlled study on adjuvant immunochemotherapy with carmofur (HCFU) for noncuratively resected and unresected gastric cancer]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1996 Feb;23(3):327-31. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 8712826.

79: Sugimachi K, Maehara Y, Ogawa M, Kakegawa T, Tomita M, Akiyoshi T. Postoperative chemotherapy for colorectal cancer by combining 5-fluorouracil infusion and 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil administration after curative resection. Cancer. 1996 Jan 1;77(1):36-43. PubMed PMID: 8630937.

80: Matsumoto S, Nishizawa S, Murakami M, Noma S, Sano A, Kuroda Y. Carmofur-induced leukoencephalopathy: MRI. Neuroradiology. 1995 Nov;37(8):649-52. PubMed PMID: 8748897.

81: Akaishi S, Kobari M, Yusa T, Yamanami H, Furukawa T, Matsuno S. [Transfer of carmofur (HCFU) to the serum, bile, pancreatic juice and pancreatic tumor tissue in the cases of peri-pancreatic head cancer]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1995 Apr;22(5):659-64. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 7717718.

82: Takenaka K, Yoshida K, Nishizaki T, Korenaga D, Hiroshige K, Ikeda T, Sugimachi K. Postoperative prophylactic lipiodolization reduces the intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Surg. 1995 Apr;169(4):400-4; discussion 405. PubMed PMID: 7694977.

83: Kusama M, Tominaga T, Enomoto K, Yoshida M, Koyama H, Sonoo H, Takashima S, Abe R, Nishi T, Yamaguchi S, et al. [Clinical effects of carmofur (Mifurol) on advanced and recurrent breast cancer in a cooperative study. Research association for re-evaluation of direct effects of Mifurol on breast cancer]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1995 Mar;22(4):467-75. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 7887639.

84: Ikeda M, Teshima K, Noda K, Yamagata S, Sugawa T, Okamura S, Kubo H, Sugimoto O, Nakajima H, Yamabe T, et al. [Long-term administration of carmofur as a post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy for cervical adenocarcinoma. Cervical Adenocarcinoma Cooperative Research Association]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1994 Sep;21(12):1967-74. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 8085847.

85: Sakuyama T, Takahashi N. [TS inhibition rate and flow cytometric analysis of DNA content in preoperative chemotherapy with biochemical modulator]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1994 May;21 Suppl 1:117-21. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 8203923.

86: Yoshino K, Sato T, Nakai Y, Tanabe M, Matsunaga T, Kozuka T, Sakai S, Miyaguchi M, Nishimura T, Matsuoka H, et al. [A comparative clinical study on the treatment of head and neck tumors by adjuvant chemotherapy with HCFU--Second Study by Kinki Head and Neck Tumor Study Group]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1994 May;21(6):777-83. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 8185335.

87: Katsumata K, Yamashita S, Hoshino S, Tani C, Yamamoto K, Kimura K. [Evaluation of neoadjuvant combination chemotherapy with pirarubicin, carmofur and tamoxifen citrate on outpatients with advanced and recurrence breast cancer]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1994 Feb;21(2):273-5. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 8311502.

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91: Hirayama F. [Development and pharmaceutical evaluation of hydrophobic cyclodextrin derivatives as modified-release drug carriers]. Yakugaku Zasshi. 1993 Jun;113(6):425-37. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 8355145.

92: Itsubo M. [The present status of chemotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1993 May;20(7):889-95. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 8387760.

93: Sakamoto O, Mori H, Kitaichi K, Koda A. Novel low immunosuppressive derivatives of the antitumor drug fluoropyrimidine, UK-21 and UK-25: effect on delayed type hypersensitivity and tumor immunity. Jpn J Pharmacol. 1993 Mar;61(3):209-20. PubMed PMID: 8483298.

94: Nakamura M, Fort FL, Kikuchi Y. Fetal liver micronucleus assay in mice of 5-fluorouracil and related compounds. Mutat Res. 1993 Feb;291(1):29-34. PubMed PMID: 7678912.

95: Kuzuhara S. [Neurological disorders induced by antineoplastic drugs]. No To Shinkei. 1992 Dec;44(12):1059-66. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 1296725.

96: Kuroda Y, Ohkuma R, Ohsato K. [Serum concentration of HCFU and 5-FU after oral administration of HCFU in postoperative digestive cancer patients]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1992 Sep;19(11):1831-6. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 1519925.

97: Kubota T, Kase S, Furukawa T, Tanino H, Kuo TH, Saikawa Y, Nishibori H, Ishibiki K, Kitajima M, Mabuchi K, et al. Modulation by l-leucovorin of 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil antitumor activity on human gastric and colon carcinomas serially transplanted into nude mice. Anticancer Res. 1992 Sep-Oct;12(5):1549-53. PubMed PMID: 1444220.

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99: Kikkawa N, Kato T, Iwanaga T, Utsunomiya J, Hioki K, Mori T, Yasutomi M, Fukuda I, Kameyama M. [Potentiation of thymidylate synthetase (TS) inhibition by combined administration of HCFU and dipyridamole: preliminary report. Kinki Cooperative Study Group of Chemotherapy for Colorectal Carcinoma]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1992 Jul;19(7):1083-6. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 1626945.

100: Hasegawa N, Kawamoto K, Uemura T. Studies on antitumor effects and mechanism of action of l-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil by DNA/BrdU double staining using flow cytometry. Hum Cell. 1992 Jun;5(2):167-73. PubMed PMID: 1382573.

101: Imai Y, Ito J, Tanzawa Y, Toda N, Okamoto M, Kobayashi K, Taniguchi M, Uta Y, Tagawa K, Unuma T, et al. [A case report of postoperative recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma effectively treated with HCFU administration combined with TAE]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1992 Jun;19(6):901-4. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 1318699.

102: Wada S, Yasumoto R, Kashihara N, Kishimoto T, Maekawa M, Hayahara N, Kawakita J, Nishijima T, Morikawa Y, Horii A, et al. [Study of preventive effect of 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil (HCFU) or combination of HCFU and 2.5-di-O-acetyl-D-glucaro (1-4) (6-3) dilactone (SLA) after preservative operation against bladder cancer]. Hinyokika Kiyo. 1992 Jan;38(1):19-24. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 1546564.

103: Nakashima T, Miyagi M, Kusumoto T. [Chemosensitivity of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas using subrenal capsule assay--comparative assay of 5-FU, FT, UFT, and HCFU and immunohistochemical study]. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho. 1992 Jan;95(1):95-103. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 1545316.

104: Kusumoto T, Sakaguchi Y, Maehara Y, Nakashima T, Furusawa M, Sugimachi K. Comparison of in vitro anticancer chemosensitivity between human squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Oncology. 1992;49(5):343-6. PubMed PMID: 1528569.

105: Yoshino K, Sato T, Nakai Y, Tanabe M, Matsunaga T, Kozuka T, Sakai S, Miyaguchi M, Nishimura T, Matsuoka H, et al. [A comparative clinical study of adjuvant chemotherapy of tumors in the head and neck areas by means of HCFU]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1991 Dec;18(15):2581-8. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 1746970.

106: Kajanti MJ, Pyrhönen SO. Phase II trial of oral carmofur in advanced pancreatic carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 1991 Nov-Dec;2(10):765-6. PubMed PMID: 1801884.

107: Kusumoto T, Maehara Y, Sakaguchi Y, Kohnoe S, Sugimachi K. Hyperthermia potentiates the cytotoxic activity of 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil in sarcoma-180 cells and human malignant tumor cells. Anticancer Res. 1991 Nov-Dec;11(6):1963-6. PubMed PMID: 1776828.

108: Inokuchi K. Prolonged survival of stomach cancer patients after extensive surgery and adjuvant treatment: an overview of the Japanese experience. Semin Surg Oncol. 1991 Nov-Dec;7(6):333-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 1759080.

109: Moriya Y, Sugihara K, Hojo K, Makuuchi M. Adjuvant hepatic intra-arterial chemotherapy after potentially curative hepatectomy for liver metastases from colorectal cancer: a pilot study. Eur J Surg Oncol. 1991 Oct;17(5):519-25. PubMed PMID: 1936300.

110: Shiiki S, Fuchimoto S, Iwagaki H, Akazai Y, Matsubara N, Watanabe T, Orita K. Comparative antitumor activity of 5-fluorouracil and its prodrugs in combination with hyperthermia in vitro. Acta Med Okayama. 1991 Oct;45(5):339-45. PubMed PMID: 1836706.

111: Horiuchi Y, Hirayama F, Uekama K. [Improvement of stability and bioavailability of 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil (HCFU) by O-carboxymethyl-O-ethyl-beta- cyclodextrin]. Yakugaku Zasshi. 1991 Oct;111(10):592-9. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 1812279.

112: Kohno H, Chang YC, Nagasue N, Nakamura T, Yukaya H, Ogawa Y, Sasaki K, Takahashi M. [Oral administration of 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil (HCFU) in repeated arterial bolus chemotherapy in metastatic liver cancer of humans--preliminary randomized trial]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1991 Jul;18(8):1371-3. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 1906265.

113: Yamauchi M, Satta T, Ito A, Kondo K, Akiyama S, Ito K, Watanabe T, Takagi H. Subrenal capsule assay using nude mice as a predictor of the response of the gastric cancer to chemotherapy. J Surg Oncol. 1991 Jun;47(2):98-101. PubMed PMID: 1905767.

114: Kubota T, Fujita S, Kodaira S, Yamamoto T, Josui K, Arisawa Y, Suto A, Ishibiki K, Abe O, Mabuchi K, et al. Antitumor activity of fluoropyrimidines and thymidylate synthetase inhibition. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1991 Apr;82(4):476-82. PubMed PMID: 1904428.

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116: Kusumoto T, Maehara Y, Sakaguchi Y, Emi Y, Kohnoe S, Sugimachi K. 1-Hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil alters the expression of heat shock protein in HeLa cells. Anticancer Drugs. 1991 Feb;2(1):45-8. PubMed PMID: 1958851.

117: Gröhn P, Heinonen E, Kumpulainen E, Länsimies H, Lantto A, Salmi R, Pyrhönen S, Numminen S. Oral carmofur in advanced gastrointestinal cancer. Am J Clin Oncol. 1990 Dec;13(6):477-9. PubMed PMID: 2239802.

118: Suzuki T, Koizumi J, Uchida K, Shiraishi H, Hori M. Carmofur-induced organic mental disorders. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol. 1990 Dec;44(4):723-7. PubMed PMID: 2096243.

119: Kusumoto H, Maehara Y, Sakaguchi Y, Kohnoe S, Kumashiro R, Sugimachi K. Modulation of cytotoxic effect of anticancer drugs by dipyridamole in HeLa cells in vitro. Anticancer Res. 1990 Nov-Dec;10(6):1643-5. PubMed PMID: 2285237.

120: Nakashima T, Maehara Y, Kohnoe S, Hayashi I, Katsuta Y. Histologic differentiation and chemosensitivity of human head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Head Neck. 1990 Sep-Oct;12(5):406-10. PubMed PMID: 2211101.

121: Tsuji Y, Nishimura A, Katsuki Y, Yasuda T. [Evaluation of intraperitoneal cancer chemotherapy using an implantable reservoir in patients with peritonitis carcinomatosa]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1990 Aug;17(8 Pt 2):1607-11. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 2117893.

122: Okuyama S, Mishina H, Nunokawa T. Medroxyprogesterone acetate for lung cancer. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1990 Jun;161(2):153-4. PubMed PMID: 2148230.

123: Tsubono M, Nio Y, Imai S, Shiraishi T, Morimoto H, Tseng CC, Tobe T. [Chemotherapy with fluoropyrimidines for MOPC-104E plasmacytoma transplanted in mice with CCl4 induced chronic liver dysfunction]. Nippon Gan Chiryo Gakkai Shi. 1990 Mar 20;25(3):640-7. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 2141051.

124: Nakatani K, Watanabe A, Nishiwada T, Sawada H, Okumura T, Yamada Y, Yano T, Shino Y, Nakano H. [Effect of concomitant use of anticancer drugs and a Ca2+ antagonist, on human gastric cancer transplanted into nude mice]. Nippon Gan Chiryo Gakkai Shi. 1990 Jan 20;25(1):98-102. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 2324591.

125: Imasaka K, Ueda H, Azuma T, Nagai T. Application of PHYCON 6600 to achieve sustained release of an antitumor drug (carmofur). Drug Des Deliv. 1989 Dec;5(2):159-65. PubMed PMID: 2577986.

126: Mori M, Hamazaki K, Mimura H, Orita K. [HCFU and 5-fluorouracil levels in the blood and tissue of hepatocellular carcinoma after oral administration of HCFU]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1989 Dec;16(12):3763-8. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 2556972.

127: Katsumi T, Murayama K. [A case of non-functioning adrenal cortical carcinoma with pulmonary and bony metastases]. Hinyokika Kiyo. 1989 Nov;35(11):1893-5. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 2618888.

128: Fukushima K. [Antitumor effects of 5-fluorouracil-bound organic silicon compound]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1989 Sep;16(9):3243-50. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 2782916.

129: Saitoh H, Shinohara Y, Fujita H, Aoki Y, Takagi S. A case of carmofur-induced leukoencephalopathy--MR images and CT findings. Tokai J Exp Clin Med. 1989 Sep;14(4):357-60. PubMed PMID: 2487975.

130: Takenaka K, Kanematsu T, Shimada M, Sugimachi K. Low dose 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil (HCFU) recommended for cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1989 Aug;25(8):1191-5. PubMed PMID: 2548869.

131: Morioka Y, Muto T, Kusama S, Kimura T, Tomiyama J, Ogawa N. [Outcome of adjuvant mifurol chemotherapy in patients with resected colonic carcinoma]. Gan No Rinsho. 1989 Aug;35(9):1031-41. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 2504972.

132: Sipilä P, Kivinen S, Gröhn P, Vesala J, Heinonen E. Phase II evaluation of peroral carmofur, cyclophosphamide, and hexamethylmelamine as a second-line therapy in advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 1989 Jul;34(1):27-9. PubMed PMID: 2500386.

133: Yamada T, Okamura S, Okazaki T, Ushiroyama T, Yanagawa Y, Ueki M, Sugimoto O, Yamazaki H, Sugino M, Masui Y. Leukoencephalopathy following treatment with carmofur: a case report and review of the Japanese literature. Asia Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol. 1989 Jun;15(2):161-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 2667512.

134: Komeda H, Horie M, Takahashi Y, Kobayashi S, Yamada S, Kuriyama M, Kawada Y. [A case of renal cell carcinoma with lung metastases successfully treated by interferon-beta]. Hinyokika Kiyo. 1989 Apr;35(4):637-41. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 2735268.

135: Kusumoto T, Maehara Y, Sakaguchi Y, Sugimachi K. Hyperthermia enhances the in vitro activity of 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil compared to that of 5-fluorouracil. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1989 Mar;25(3):477-81. PubMed PMID: 2703002.

136: Kunii Y, Kikuchi K, Tanabe T, Abe O, Kondo T, Taguchi T, Hattori T, Komi N, Nakazato H, Nakajima T, et al. [Adjuvant chemotherapy for gastric cancer--the third study. First report: central randomization by telephone method and analysis of patients' background factors]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1989 Mar;16(3 Pt 1):349-55. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 2494949.

137: [Mitomycin C plus HCFU adjuvant chemotherapy for noncuratively resected cases of colorectal carcinoma. (Second report): 5-year survival rate. Cooperative Study Group of Kyushu and Chugoku for HCFU Adjuvant Chemotherapy]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1989 Mar;16(3 Pt 1):333-9. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 2494948.

138: Kanda Y, Akazawa S, Futatsugi K, Fujiki T, Saifuku K, Yamamoto K, Suzuki F, Nakajima T, Naoi Y, Muraoka M, et al. [A case of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with lung metastasis which responded to chemotherapy with a single use of 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil (HCFU)]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1989 Feb;16(2):269-72. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 2537606.

139: Hirao Y, Momose H, Samma S, Ozono S, Babaya K, Okajima E. [Experimental model of urinary bladder tumor in rats for evaluation of chemotherapeutic agents]. Hinyokika Kiyo. 1988 Nov;34(11):1885-93. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 3242363.

140: Nishiyama M, Takagami S, Kim R, Kirihara Y, Saeki T, Jinushi K, Niimoto M, Hattori T. [Inhibition of thymidylate synthetase and antiproliferative effect by 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1988 Nov;15(11):3109-13. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 3190249.

141: Yamamura Y, Nakazato H, Koike A, Ichihashi H. [A randomized controlled trial comparing short-term MF chemotherapy with MF plus long-term HCFU chemotherapy as an adjuvant to a curative resection of stomach cancer: Mifurol Study Group for Stomach Cancer]. Gan No Rinsho. 1988 Nov;34(14):1936-42. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 3144615.

142: Nishiyama M, Takagami S, Kirihara Y, Saeki T, Hirabayashi N, Nosoh Y, Niimoto M, Hattori T. The antiproliferative effects of fluoropyrimidine derivatives against human tumor xenografts in a subrenal capsule assay. Jpn J Surg. 1988 Nov;18(6):725-8. PubMed PMID: 2977626.

143: Okeda R, Shibutani M, Matsuo T, Kuroiwa T. Subacute neurotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil and its derivative, carmofur, in cats. Acta Pathol Jpn. 1988 Oct;38(10):1255-66. PubMed PMID: 3218507.

144: Nishiyama M, Takagami S, Kirihara Y, Saeki T, Niimi K, Kim R, Jinushi K, Toge T, Niimoto M, Hattori T. [Combined effects of interferon alpha-A/D with fluoropyrimidine derivatives in the subrenal capsule assay]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1988 Aug;15(8):2285-90. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 3136700.

145: Taniguchi H, Shioaki Y, Itoh A, Seiki K, Shimotsuma M, Yamaguchi T, Sawai K, Takahashi T, Kitai S, Shimamura Y. [Trans-arterial embolization or transarterial infusion of anti-cancer drugs suspended in a lipid contrast medium against unresectable metastatic liver cancer]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1988 Aug;15(8 Pt 2):2568-72. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 2843125.

146: Tsumura M, Yoshiga K, Takada K. Enhancement of antitumor effects of 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil combined with hyperthermia on Ehrlich ascites tumor in vivo and Nakahara-Fukuoka sarcoma cell in vitro. Cancer Res. 1988 Jul 15;48(14):3977-80. PubMed PMID: 3383192.

147: Ozono S, Iwata H, Tsunemi K, Takahashi S, Matsuki H, Sasaki K, Hirao Y, Okajima E. Effect of 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil on development of rat urinary bladder tumor induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine. Jpn J Exp Med. 1988 Jun;58(3):123-7. PubMed PMID: 3184501.

148: Kawaguchi T, Kanazawa A, Takayama K, Machida R, Nagai T. [Release profiles of 5-fluorouracil and its lipophilic derivatives from lipiodol solutions]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1988 Jun;15(6):1995-7. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 2838003.

149: Kamata H, Murakami A, Miyagawa N, Yasui H, Nagano H, Abe S, Ueda K, Kisida S. [A case of leukoencephalopathy caused by HCFU]. Gan No Rinsho. 1988 May;34(6):783-6. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 3379758.

150: Takahashi M. [Experimental study of anti-tumor agent microcapsules--the effects of embolization and drug releasing]. Nippon Geka Gakkai Zasshi. 1988 May;89(5):684-93. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 2842648.

151: Suenaga M. [5-FU and HCFU concentrations in serum and tissues in hepatocellular carcinoma after HCFU oral administration]. Gan No Rinsho. 1988 May;34(6):744-8. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 2837592.

152: Seo Y, Hara Y, Furusawa M, Nakane H, Saeki K, Tsujitani S, Sonoda T, Nohtsuka T, Kameda K, Tomoda H. [5-FU concentration in portal blood after oral administration of 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil (HCFU)]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1988 May;15(5):1803-5. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 2453163.

153: Takizawa K, Ino Y, Isono T, Sato M, Yokoo I, Iguchi T, Takeda Y. [Estimation of 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil (HCFU) and 5-FU concentrations in sera and resected specimens from patients with ovarian tumors]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1988 Apr;15(4 Pt 1):697-702. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 3355187.

154: Ichihashi H, Yamauchi M, Watanabe T, Takagi H, Kondo T. [Prospective adjuvant chemotherapy of mitomycin C plus HCFU for colorectal cancer (2d report)--6-year survival after surgery: Tokai Cooperative Study Group of Surgical Adjuvant Chemotherapy]. Gan No Rinsho. 1988 Apr;34(4):451-6. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 3128670.

155: Kikuchi M, Uekama K. [Effect of dimethyl beta-cyclodextrin on oral or rectal absorption of 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil (HCFU)]. Yakugaku Zasshi. 1988 Feb;108(2):156-63. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 3404404.

156: Kusumoto T, Maehara Y, Anai H, Kusumoto H, Miyamoto K, Fukuchi K, Sugimachi K. [Human colorectal carcinoma is more sensitive to HCFU than 5-FU and tegafur in in vitro and in vivo drug sensitivity tests]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1988 Feb;15(2):257-61. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 3124767.

157: Maehara Y, Kusumoto T, Kusumoto H, Anai H, Sugimachi K. UFT is more antineoplastic against gastric carcinoma than 5-fluorouracil, 1-(2-tetrahydrofuryl)-5-fluorouracil and 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil. Chemotherapy. 1988;34(6):484-9. PubMed PMID: 3149571.

158: Anai H, Maehara Y, Kusumoto H, Kusumoto T, Sugimachi K. Sensitivity test for 5-fluorouracil and its analogues, 1-(2-tetrahydrofuryl)-5-fluorouracil, uracil/1-(2-tetrahydrofuryl)-5-fluorouracil (4:1) and 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil, using the subrenal capsule assay. Oncology. 1988;45(3):144-7. PubMed PMID: 3130595.

159: Maehara Y, Anai H, Kusumoto H, Kusumoto T, Sugimachi K. Colorectal carcinoma in vitro is more sensitive to 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil compared with six other antitumor drugs: carboquone, Adriamycin, mitomycin C, aclacinomycin A, cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil. Dis Colon Rectum. 1988 Jan;31(1):62-7. PubMed PMID: 3130239.

160: Mishina H, Okuyama S. Principia of cancer therapy. XIX. Effects of per rectum carmofur on radiotherapeutic efficacy of rectal carcinomas. Sci Rep Res Inst Tohoku Univ Med. 1987 Dec;34(1-4):1-5. PubMed PMID: 3455007.

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162: Noda J, Umeda S, Mori K, Fukunaga T, Mizoi Y. Disulfiram-like reaction associated with carmofur after celiac plexus alcohol block. Anesthesiology. 1987 Nov;67(5):809-10. PubMed PMID: 3674485.

163: Furuya A, Shiroyama H, Yano Y, Kishida S, Okeda R. [Report on an autopsy of a cancer patient with Carmofur (HCFU) leukoencephalopathy]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 1987 Nov;27(11):1430-40. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 3329075.

164: Maehara Y, Kusumoto H, Anai H, Kusumoto T, Hiramoto Y, Sugimachi K. 1-Hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil is more cytostatic than 5-fluorouracil against human tumors in vitro. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1987 Oct;23(10):1511-5. PubMed PMID: 3678315.

165: Higashi H, Takenaka K, Kanematsu T, Matsumata T, Yoshida Y, Sugimachi K. [1-Hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil (HCFU) effective in hepatocellular carcinoma metastatic to the lungs--a case report]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1987 Oct;14(10):2956-9. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 2821925.

166: Niimoto M, Hattori T, Tamada R, Sugimachi K, Inokuchi K, Ogawa N. Mitomycin C plus carmofur (HCFU) adjuvant chemotherapy for noncuratively resected cases of colorectal carcinoma (interim report). Jpn J Surg. 1987 Sep;17(5):354-61. PubMed PMID: 3123756.

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169: Inoue Y, Nasu H, Nakamura J, Arakawa H, Masamune O, Sato M. [A case of esophageal cancer of superficial depressive type in an advanced age successfully treated with HCFU]. Nippon Gan Chiryo Gakkai Shi. 1987 May 20;22(4):785-9. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 3668353.

170: Ito M, Taki T, Reshad K, Ninomiya K, Ikeda S. [Studies on the pleural permeability of carmofur]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1987 Apr;14(4):1167-8. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 3566309.

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173: Kato T, Ota K. [Effects of derivatives of Ara-C, 5-fluorouracil and nitrosourea against intracerebral implanted L1210 leukemia]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1987 Feb;14(2):502-5. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 2949703.

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176: Kuzuhara S. [Central nervous system toxicity of carmofur, an antineoplastic drug]. No To Shinkei. 1986 Dec;38(12):1197-200. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 3814445.

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178: Harada T, Yamagiwa M, Kubo M, Ito Y, Fukukita K, Sakakura Y. [Clinical study of HCFU in combination with irradiation therapy in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1986 Aug;13(8):2538-43. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 3740856.

179: Nakazato H, Koike A, Ichihashi S. [The dose finding of adjuvant carmofur chemotherapy in patients with stomach cancer]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1986 Jun;13(6):2227-9. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 3717966.

180: Taketa C. [Clinical study of HCFU and radiation therapy in head and neck cancer]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1986 Jun;13(6):2169-74. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 3717961.

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182: Nakanishi Y. [A randomized controlled trial of immunochemotherapy using carmofur (HCFU), mitomycin C and immunopotentiators in advanced gastric cancer following noncurative resection and nonresection]. Gan No Rinsho. 1986 May;32(5):475-80. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 3088298.

183: Takashima S, Kinami Y, Kiriyama M, Tomita F, Ueno K, Miyazaki I. [Distribution of 1-hexycarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil in rats and human patients, and clinical results in patients with colorectal cancer]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1986 Mar;13(3 Pt 1):549-55. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 3954377.

184: Terabe K, Yamauchi M, Watanabe T, Ichihashi H, Takagi H, Imaizumi M, Kondo T. [Prospective adjuvant chemotherapy, with mitomycin C plus long-term carmofur in colorectal cancer]. Gan No Rinsho. 1986 Mar;32(3):261-7. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 3086597.

185: Miyamoto H, Dokiya T, Tominaga J, Kunieda E, Shigematsu N, Hashimoto S. [Combined effects of radiation and 5-FU derivatives]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1986 Mar;13(3 Pt 1):570-7. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 3082291.

186: Aoki N. Reversible leukoencephalopathy caused by 5-fluorouracil derivatives, presenting as akinetic mutism. Surg Neurol. 1986 Mar;25(3):279-82. PubMed PMID: 3080815.

187: Nakazato H, Koike A, Ichihashi H. [A randomized controlled trial comparing short-term MF chemotherapy with MF and long-term carmofur chemotherapy as an adjuvant to curative resection of stomach cancer]. Gan No Rinsho. 1986 Feb;32(2):159-64. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 3083146.

188: Kato S, Matsuno S, Kakizaki K, Fukaya Y, Akaishi S. [Effects of urokinase on the transfer of 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil (HCFU) into the blood, bile and pancreatic juice]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1985 Nov;12(11):2134-8. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 4062312.

189: Yasue M, Ishijima B, Sato J, Mizutani T, Morimatsu Y. [A case of toxic leucoencephalopathy induced by 5FU derivatives]. No Shinkei Geka. 1985 Nov;13(11):1229-34. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 3937066.

190: Onji M, Kondo H, Yamashita Y, Ohta Y, Mori K, Fuse M. [Blood level of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) by oral administration of 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil (HCFU) and tegafur in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma]. Nippon Gan Chiryo Gakkai Shi. 1985 Oct 20;20(9):2063-72. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 3005446.

191: Tanikawa K, Hirai K, Kawazoe Y, Yamashita K, Kumagai M, Abe M. [One-shot therapy and transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) therapy of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1985 Oct;12(10):1930-7. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 2996439.

192: Matsumoto S, Nagai K, Sugimoto T, Kutsuna T, Nomoto S, Yoshizaki S. [Comparison of the concentration of HCFU, tegafur and 5-FU in the thoracic duct lymph after oral administration of HCFU and tegafur]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1985 Aug;12(8):1697-8. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 3927851.

193: Sawada M. [Experimental chemotherapy of ovarian cancers heterotransplanted in nude mice]. Nippon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi. 1985 Aug;37(8):1400-8. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 2995515.

194: Misaki T, Hisazumi H, Sakai A, Nakamura T, Kanda S, Mikawa I, Miyagi T, Katsumi T, Orito M, Kawaguchi K, et al. [A randomized controlled study to compare 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil (HCFU) and 1-(2-tetrahydrofuryl)-5-fluorouracil (Tegafur) for the prevention of post-operative recurrence of bladder cancer]. Hinyokika Kiyo. 1985 Jul;31(7):1233-41. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 3933287.

195: Ueda K, Jinno H, Watanabe H, Ohtaguro K. [Combination effects of CDDP, ACR and HCFU on progressive urothelial tumors]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1985 Jun;12(6):1318-22. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 3859251.

196: Asakawa H, Koyama K, Otake S, Otawa H. [Evaluation of combined radiotherapy of gastric carcinoma]. Gan No Rinsho. 1985 May;31(5):527-30. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 3927034.

197: Nakatani K, Ezaki T, Sakamoto K, Sugizaki T, Miyagi N. [Effects of combination therapy of carmofur and nicardipine of human gastric cancer in nude mice]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1985 Apr;12(4):969-71. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 3985648.

198: Nakazato H, Kito T, Yasue M, Yamamura Y, Kobari T, Hirakawa T, Hatta M. [Influence of immunopotentiators on the activation of 5-FU derivatives]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1985 Apr;12(4):867-74. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 3920971.

199: Okawa T, Ikeda M, Mikuriya S, Hashimoto S, Amino S, Horiuchi J, Matsuda T, Ebata K, Kaneda K. [A clinical study of radiotherapy with HCFU for advanced and recurrent breast cancers. Radiation and HCFU Study Group for breast cancer]. Gan No Rinsho. 1985 Feb;31(2):131-6. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 2985837.

200: Ueoka H, Kuroda S, Ohnoshi T, Kimura I, Numoto A, Hino I, Takahashi M, Tsuji M. [Intraarterial Adriamycin for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and metastatic liver carcinoma]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1984 Dec;11(12 Pt 1):2579-84. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 6095763.

201: Akiharu W, Higashi T, Kobayashi M, Nakatsukasa H, Fujiwara M, Shiota T, Yamauchi Y, Ito T, Yamamoto H, Nagashima H. [Role of oral administration of 1-hexyl-carbamoyl-5-fluorouracil (HCFU) for multimodal treatment of inoperable cirrhotics with hepatocellular carcinoma]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1984 Dec;11(12 Pt 1):2506-12. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 6095760.

202: Shiraishi K, Kubo Y, Majima Y, Sato K, Sakemi T, Sakai T, Hirai K, Ninomiya F, Abe M, Tanikawa K. [Clinical evaluation of 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil (HCFU) in hepatocellular carcinoma]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1984 Nov;11(11):2348-55. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 6093712.

203: Katayama K, Yoshitake Y. [Blood concentration of HCFU in gastrectomized patients]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1984 Aug;11(8):1697-8. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 6476840.

204: Akazawa S, Honda T, Sampi K, Nakagawa T, Fujiki T, Kanda Y, Futatsuki K, Izuno O, Suda Y. [Combination chemotherapy of CIS-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) and fluoropyrimidine derivatives for advanced gastric cancer: a preliminary report]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1984 Jun;11(6):1248-52. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 6428322.

205: Okeda R, Karakama T, Kimura S, Toizumi S, Mitsushima T, Yokoyama Y. Neuropathologic study on chronic neurotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil and its masked compounds in dogs. Acta Neuropathol. 1984;63(4):334-43. PubMed PMID: 6433643.

206: Maeta M, Koga S, Yamane T, Shimizu N, Oda M, Masaki T, Yoshida Y, Watnabe S, Tanida O, Kishimoto H, et al. [Combination chemotherapy with neocarzinostatin(NCS), HCFU and picibanil(NHO therapy) for advanced carcinoma of the digestive system--a comparative study with NF, and NFO therapy]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1984 Jan;11(1):69-74. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 6230056.

207: Sawada M, Matsui Y, Okudaira Y. Concentrations of a new antitumor agent, 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil in serum and gynecologic tumor tissue. Nippon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi. 1983 Dec;35(12):2421-6. PubMed PMID: 6663150.

208: Noda T, Kosakai H, Tsujimura K, Nakanishi A, Shintani M, Kamamoto Y, Shimamoto I, Ichijo M. [Clinical trial of carmofur (HCFU) in the treatment of malignant ovarian cancer--The first report: combination therapy with endoxan, mitomycin C, and toyomycin]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1983 Sep;10(9):1972-9. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 6412635.

209: Honda T. [Clinical study of HCFU and radiation therapy for head and neck cancer]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1983 Mar;10(3):799-804. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 6881999.

210: Sueyoshi K, Majima H. [Cerebrospinal fluid distributions of systemically administered fluorinated pyrimidines]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1983 Mar;10(3):818-23. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 6309096.

211: Koyama Y. [Phase II study of carmofur (HCFU) fine granules]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1982 May;9(5):906-14. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 7184433.

212: Hara Y, Kono A, Tanaka M. [Evaluation of the optimum method of administration of a new antineoplastic agent, HCFU, based on the serum 5-FU concentration following oral administration]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1982 Feb;9(2):293-300. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 7184403.

213: Sato H, Satoh H, Isono K, Onoda S, Okuyama K, Tounosu N, Yamamoto Y, Kimura M, Chin F, Kouzu T, Ryu M, Hirasawa H. [Evaluation of the therapeutic effect of HCFU (1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil) on non-resectable stomach cancer]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1982 Jan;9(1):103-8. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 7184358.

214: Nakajima O, Yoshida Y, Isoda T, Takemasa Y, Imamura Y, Koyama Y. Quantitative determination of 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil and its metabolites in man. J Chromatogr. 1981 Sep 11;225(1):91-7. PubMed PMID: 7298763.

215: Iigo M, Nakamura A, Kuretani K, Hoshi A. Excretion of 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil in urine of mice. J Pharmacobiodyn. 1981 Jul;4(7):490-6. PubMed PMID: 6795334.

216: Koyama Y. 1-Hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil (HCFU)--a masked 5-fluorinated pyrimidine. Cancer Treat Rev. 1981 Jun;8(2):147-56. PubMed PMID: 7018683.

217: Iigo M, Kuretani K, Hoshi A. Metabolic fate on 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil and 5-fluorouracil in mice bearing ascites sarcoma 180. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1981 Feb;66(2):345-9. PubMed PMID: 6935483.

218: Kobari T, Iguro Y, Ujiie A, Namekawa H. Metabolism of 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil (HCFU), a new antitumour agent, in rats, rabbits and dogs. Xenobiotica. 1981 Jan;11(1):57-62. PubMed PMID: 7222730.

219: Sakurai Y. Studies of analogs of fluorinated pyrimidine in Japan. Recent Results Cancer Res. 1981;76:91-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 6785851.

220: Iigo M, Nakamura A, Kuretani K, Hoshi A. Metabolic fate of 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil after oral administration in mice. Xenobiotica. 1980 Nov;10(11):847-54. PubMed PMID: 7467400.

221: Tokuzen R, Iigo M, Hoshi A, Kuretani K. Effect of 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil on spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma of mice. Gann. 1980 Oct;71(5):724-8. PubMed PMID: 7227721.

222: Hoshi A, Yoshida M, Inomata M, Iigo M, Ando N, Kuretani K. Antitumor activity of metabolites of 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil and related compounds against L1210 leukemia in vivo and L5178Y lymphoma cells in vitro. J Pharmacobiodyn. 1980 Sep;3(9):478-81. PubMed PMID: 7463306.

223: Koyama Y, Koyama Y. Phase I study of a new antitumor drug, 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil (HCFU), administered orally: an HCFU clinical study group report. Cancer Treat Rep. 1980 Aug-Sep;64(8-9):861-7. PubMed PMID: 7448823.

224: Matsukura N, Aoyagi M, Kawachi T, Uchida E, Yoshida S, Hirashima T, Takasugi T, Ushio K, Hirota T, Sugimura T. Chemotherapeutic study on canine gastric cancer induced by N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Gann. 1980 Jun;71(3):349-55. PubMed PMID: 7418981.

225: Kono A, Hara Y, Eguchi S, Tanaka M, Matsushima Y. Determination of two new metabolites of 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil in biomedical specimens by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr. 1980 Apr 11;182(1):125-9. PubMed PMID: 7380898.

226: Tsuruo T, Iida H, Naganuma K, Tsukagoshi S, Sakurai Y. Inhibition of murine colon adenocarcinomas and Lewis lung carcinoma by 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1980;4(2):83-7. PubMed PMID: 7389060.

227: Taguchi T. Review of a new antimetabolic agent 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil (HCFU). Recent Results Cancer Res. 1980;70:125-32. PubMed PMID: 7355244.

228: Kono A, Tanaka M, Eguchi S, Hara Y, Matsushima Y. Determination of 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil and its metabolites in biomedical specimens by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr. 1979 May 1;163(1):109-13. PubMed PMID: 528621.

229: Kobari T, Tan K, Kumakura M, Watanabe S, Shirakawa I, Kobayashi H, Ujiie A, Miyama Y, Namekawa H, Yamamoto H. Metabolic fate of 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil in rats. Xenobiotica. 1978 Sep;8(9):547-56. PubMed PMID: 695698.

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